Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2/2010

01-02-2010

Interrelations Between Executive Function and Symptoms of Hyperactivity/Impulsivity and Inattention in Preschoolers: A Two Year Longitudinal Study

Auteurs: Karin C. Brocki, Lilianne Eninger, Lisa B. Thorell, Gunilla Bohlin

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 2/2010

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

The present study, including children at risk for developing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), examined the idea that complex executive functions (EFs) build upon more simple ones. This notion was applied in the study of longitudinal interrelations between core EF components — simple and complex inhibition, selective attention, and working memory (WM) — at age 5 and 6 as well as their predictive relations to ADHD symptoms at age 7. The results showed that simple inhibition and selective attention at age 5 independently predicted complex inhibition and WM at age 6. In addition, EFs primarily predicted symptoms of inattention rather than hyperactivity/impulsivity even at this young age. Finally, age 6 complex inhibition was shown to act as a mediator in the relations between simple inhibition and selective attention at age 5 and symptoms of inattention at age 7. These findings provide novel longitudinal support for the theory that fundamental EF components show a progression with age toward more complex executive control (see Garon et al. Psychological Bulletin 134(1):31–60 2008). Further, complex inhibition, implicating both inhibition and WM, seems to be a particularly strong correlate of ADHD symptoms in young children and should as such be the focus of future studies examining the relation between cognitive function and ADHD symptoms from a developmental perspective.
Literatuur
go back to reference AmericanPsychiatricAssociation. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington: Author. AmericanPsychiatricAssociation. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington: Author.
go back to reference Barkley, R. A. (1997). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, self-regulation, and time: toward a more comprehensive theory. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 18(4), 271–279.CrossRefPubMed Barkley, R. A. (1997). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, self-regulation, and time: toward a more comprehensive theory. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 18(4), 271–279.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Baron, M. R. & Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.CrossRefPubMed Baron, M. R. & Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Berlin, L. & Bohlin, G. (2002). Response inhibition, hyperactivity, and conduct problems among preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(2), 242–251.PubMed Berlin, L. & Bohlin, G. (2002). Response inhibition, hyperactivity, and conduct problems among preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(2), 242–251.PubMed
go back to reference Berlin, L. Bohlin, G. & Rydell, A. M. (2003). Relations between inhibition, executive functioning, and ADHD symptoms: a longitudinal study from age 5 to 8(1/2) years. Child Neuropsychology, 9(4), 255–266.PubMed Berlin, L. Bohlin, G. & Rydell, A. M. (2003). Relations between inhibition, executive functioning, and ADHD symptoms: a longitudinal study from age 5 to 8(1/2) years. Child Neuropsychology, 9(4), 255–266.PubMed
go back to reference Bjorklund, D. F. & Harnishfeger, K. K. (1990). The resources construct in cognitive-development — diverse sources of evidence and a theory of inefficient inhibition. Developmental Review, 10(1), 48–71.CrossRef Bjorklund, D. F. & Harnishfeger, K. K. (1990). The resources construct in cognitive-development — diverse sources of evidence and a theory of inefficient inhibition. Developmental Review, 10(1), 48–71.CrossRef
go back to reference Brocki, K. C. & Bohlin, G. (2004). Executive functions in children aged 6 to 13: a dimensional and developmental study. Developmental Neuropsychology, 26(2), 571–593.CrossRefPubMed Brocki, K. C. & Bohlin, G. (2004). Executive functions in children aged 6 to 13: a dimensional and developmental study. Developmental Neuropsychology, 26(2), 571–593.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Brocki, K. C. & Bohlin, G. (2006). Developmental change in the relation between executive functions and symptoms of ADHD and co-occurring behaviour problems. Infant and Child Development, 15(1), 19–40.CrossRef Brocki, K. C. & Bohlin, G. (2006). Developmental change in the relation between executive functions and symptoms of ADHD and co-occurring behaviour problems. Infant and Child Development, 15(1), 19–40.CrossRef
go back to reference Brocki, K. C. Nyberg, L. Thorell, L. B. & Bohlin, G. (2007). Early concurrent and longitudinal symptoms of ADHD and ODD: relations to different types of inhibitory control and working memory. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(10), 1033–1041.CrossRefPubMed Brocki, K. C. Nyberg, L. Thorell, L. B. & Bohlin, G. (2007). Early concurrent and longitudinal symptoms of ADHD and ODD: relations to different types of inhibitory control and working memory. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(10), 1033–1041.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Brocki, K. C., Randall, K. D., Bohlin, G., & Kerns, K. A. (2008). Working memory in school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined type: Are deficits modality specific and are they independent of impaired inhibitory control? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 1–11. Brocki, K. C., Randall, K. D., Bohlin, G., & Kerns, K. A. (2008). Working memory in school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined type: Are deficits modality specific and are they independent of impaired inhibitory control? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 1–11.
go back to reference Carlson, S. M. (2005). Developmentally sensitive measures of executive function in preschool children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28(2), 595–616.CrossRefPubMed Carlson, S. M. (2005). Developmentally sensitive measures of executive function in preschool children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28(2), 595–616.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Casey, B. J. & Durston, S. (2006). From behavior to cognition to the brain and back: What have we learned from functional imaging studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(6), 957–960.CrossRefPubMed Casey, B. J. & Durston, S. (2006). From behavior to cognition to the brain and back: What have we learned from functional imaging studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(6), 957–960.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Castellanos, F. X. Sonuga-Barke, E. J. Milham, M. P. & Tannock, R. (2006). Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(3), 117–123.CrossRefPubMed Castellanos, F. X. Sonuga-Barke, E. J. Milham, M. P. & Tannock, R. (2006). Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(3), 117–123.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Chhabildas, N. Pennington, B. F. & Willcutt, E. G. (2001). A comparison of the neuropsychological profiles of the DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(6), 529–540.CrossRefPubMed Chhabildas, N. Pennington, B. F. & Willcutt, E. G. (2001). A comparison of the neuropsychological profiles of the DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(6), 529–540.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Davidson, M. C. Amso, D. Anderson, L. C. & Diamond, A. (2006). Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching. Neuropsychologia, 44(11), 2037–2078.CrossRefPubMed Davidson, M. C. Amso, D. Anderson, L. C. & Diamond, A. (2006). Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching. Neuropsychologia, 44(11), 2037–2078.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Dempster, F. (1992). The rise and fall of the inhibitory mechanism: toward a unified theory of cognitive development and aging. Developmental Review, 12, 45–75.CrossRef Dempster, F. (1992). The rise and fall of the inhibitory mechanism: toward a unified theory of cognitive development and aging. Developmental Review, 12, 45–75.CrossRef
go back to reference Diamond, A. Barnett, W. S. Thomas, J. & Munro, S. (2007). Preschool program improves cognitive control. Science, 318(5855), 1387–1388.CrossRefPubMed Diamond, A. Barnett, W. S. Thomas, J. & Munro, S. (2007). Preschool program improves cognitive control. Science, 318(5855), 1387–1388.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference DuPaul, G. J. Power, T. J. Anastopoulos, A. D. & Reid, R. T. (1998). ADHD Rating Scale IV. Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. New York: Guilford. DuPaul, G. J. Power, T. J. Anastopoulos, A. D. & Reid, R. T. (1998). ADHD Rating Scale IV. Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. New York: Guilford.
go back to reference Espy, K. A. & Bull, R. (2005). Inhibitory processes in young children and individual variation in short-term memory. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28(2), 669–688.CrossRefPubMed Espy, K. A. & Bull, R. (2005). Inhibitory processes in young children and individual variation in short-term memory. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28(2), 669–688.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Garon, N. Bryson, S. E. & Smith, I. M. (2008). Executive function in preschoolers: a review using an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 134(1), 31–60.CrossRefPubMed Garon, N. Bryson, S. E. & Smith, I. M. (2008). Executive function in preschoolers: a review using an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 134(1), 31–60.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Gerstadt, C. L. Hong, Y. J. & Diamond, A. (1994). The relationship between cognition and action: performance of children 3 1/2–7 years old on a Stroop-like \-night test. Cognition, 53(2), 129–153.CrossRefPubMed Gerstadt, C. L. Hong, Y. J. & Diamond, A. (1994). The relationship between cognition and action: performance of children 3 1/2–7 years old on a Stroop-like \-night test. Cognition, 53(2), 129–153.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hughes, C. Dunn, J. & White, A. (1998). Trick or treat?: uneven understanding of mind and emotion and executive dysfunction in "hard-to-manage" preschoolers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(7), 981–994.CrossRefPubMed Hughes, C. Dunn, J. & White, A. (1998). Trick or treat?: uneven understanding of mind and emotion and executive dysfunction in "hard-to-manage" preschoolers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(7), 981–994.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kipp, K. (2005). A developmental perspective on the measurement of cognitive deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1256–1260.CrossRefPubMed Kipp, K. (2005). A developmental perspective on the measurement of cognitive deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1256–1260.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Korkman, M., Kemp, S. L., & Kirk, U. (1998/2000). NEPSY — A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment Manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation(Psykologiforlaget AB, Stockholm). Korkman, M., Kemp, S. L., & Kirk, U. (1998/2000). NEPSY — A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment Manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation(Psykologiforlaget AB, Stockholm).
go back to reference Mariani, M. A. & Barkley, R. A. (1997). Neuropsychological and academic functioning in preschool boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Neuropsychology, 13(1), 111–129.CrossRef Mariani, M. A. & Barkley, R. A. (1997). Neuropsychological and academic functioning in preschool boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Neuropsychology, 13(1), 111–129.CrossRef
go back to reference Martell, M. Nikolas, M. & Nigg, J. T. (2007). Executive Function in Adolescents with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1437–1444.CrossRef Martell, M. Nikolas, M. & Nigg, J. T. (2007). Executive Function in Adolescents with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1437–1444.CrossRef
go back to reference Martinussen, R. Hayden, J. Hogg-Johnson, S. & Tannock, R. (2005). A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(4), 377–384.CrossRefPubMed Martinussen, R. Hayden, J. Hogg-Johnson, S. & Tannock, R. (2005). A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(4), 377–384.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference McInerney, R. J. Hrabok, M. & Kerns, K. A. (2005). The children's size-ordering task: a new measure of nonverbal working memory. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27(6), 735–745.CrossRefPubMed McInerney, R. J. Hrabok, M. & Kerns, K. A. (2005). The children's size-ordering task: a new measure of nonverbal working memory. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27(6), 735–745.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Mostofsky, S. H. Schafer, J. G. Abrams, M. T. Goldberg, M. C. Flower, A. A. Boyce, A. et al. (2003). fMRI evidence that the neural basis of response inhibition is task-dependent. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, 17(2), 419–430.CrossRefPubMed Mostofsky, S. H. Schafer, J. G. Abrams, M. T. Goldberg, M. C. Flower, A. A. Boyce, A. et al. (2003). fMRI evidence that the neural basis of response inhibition is task-dependent. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, 17(2), 419–430.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Murray, K. T. & Kochanska, G. (2002). Effortful control: factor structure and relation to externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(5), 503–514.CrossRefPubMed Murray, K. T. & Kochanska, G. (2002). Effortful control: factor structure and relation to externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(5), 503–514.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Nigg, J. T. & Casey, B. J. (2005). An integrative theory of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder based on the cognitive and affective neurosciences. Development and Psychopathology, 17(3), 785–806.CrossRefPubMed Nigg, J. T. & Casey, B. J. (2005). An integrative theory of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder based on the cognitive and affective neurosciences. Development and Psychopathology, 17(3), 785–806.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Nigg, J. T. Willcutt, E. G. Doyle, A. E. & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2005). Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1224–1230.CrossRefPubMed Nigg, J. T. Willcutt, E. G. Doyle, A. E. & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2005). Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1224–1230.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Posner, M. & Rothbart, M. (1998). Attention, self-regulation and consciousness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 353, 1915–1927.CrossRef Posner, M. & Rothbart, M. (1998). Attention, self-regulation and consciousness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 353, 1915–1927.CrossRef
go back to reference Preacher, K. J. & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717–731. Preacher, K. J. & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717–731.
go back to reference Rapport, M. D. Alderson, R. M. Kofler, M. J. Sarver, D. E. Bolden, J. & Sims, V. (2008). Working memory deficits in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): the contribution of central executive and subsystem processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(6), 825–837.CrossRefPubMed Rapport, M. D. Alderson, R. M. Kofler, M. J. Sarver, D. E. Bolden, J. & Sims, V. (2008). Working memory deficits in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): the contribution of central executive and subsystem processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(6), 825–837.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Rothbart, M. & Posner, M. (2001). Mechanism and variation in the development of attentional networks. In C. Nelson & M. Luciana (Eds.), Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience (pp. 353–363). Cambridge: MIT. Rothbart, M. & Posner, M. (2001). Mechanism and variation in the development of attentional networks. In C. Nelson & M. Luciana (Eds.), Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience (pp. 353–363). Cambridge: MIT.
go back to reference Sonuga-Barke, E. J. Dalen, L. Daley, D. & Remington, B. (2002). Are planning, working memory, and inhibition associated with individual differences in preschool ADHD symptoms? Developmental Neuropsychology, 21(3), 255–272.CrossRefPubMed Sonuga-Barke, E. J. Dalen, L. Daley, D. & Remington, B. (2002). Are planning, working memory, and inhibition associated with individual differences in preschool ADHD symptoms? Developmental Neuropsychology, 21(3), 255–272.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Sonuga-Barke, E. J. Dalen, L. & Remington, B. (2003). Do executive deficits and delay aversion make independent contributions to preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(11), 1335–1342.CrossRefPubMed Sonuga-Barke, E. J. Dalen, L. & Remington, B. (2003). Do executive deficits and delay aversion make independent contributions to preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(11), 1335–1342.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Stavro, G. M. Ettenhofer, M. L. & Nigg, J. T. (2007). Executive functions and adaptive functioning in young adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(2), 324–334.CrossRefPubMed Stavro, G. M. Ettenhofer, M. L. & Nigg, J. T. (2007). Executive functions and adaptive functioning in young adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(2), 324–334.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Thorell, L. B. (2007). Do delay aversion and executive function deficits make distinct contributions to the functional impact of ADHD symptoms? A study of early academic skill deficits. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(11), 1061–1070.CrossRef Thorell, L. B. (2007). Do delay aversion and executive function deficits make distinct contributions to the functional impact of ADHD symptoms? A study of early academic skill deficits. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(11), 1061–1070.CrossRef
go back to reference Thorell, L. B. & Wahlstedt, C. (2006). Executive functioning deficits in relation to symptoms of ADHD and/or ODD in preschool children. Infant and Child Development, 15(5), 503–518.CrossRef Thorell, L. B. & Wahlstedt, C. (2006). Executive functioning deficits in relation to symptoms of ADHD and/or ODD in preschool children. Infant and Child Development, 15(5), 503–518.CrossRef
go back to reference Wahlstedt, C., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2008). Heterogeneity in ADHD: Neuropsychological Pathways, Comorbidity and Symptom Domains. J Abnorm Child Psychol, Wahlstedt, C., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2008). Heterogeneity in ADHD: Neuropsychological Pathways, Comorbidity and Symptom Domains. J Abnorm Child Psychol,
go back to reference Wechsler, D. (1991). Manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation. Wechsler, D. (1991). Manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Wechsler, D. (1992/1994). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (3rd edn; Psykologiförlaget AB, Stockholm, Trans.). London: Psychological Corporation. Wechsler, D. (1992/1994). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (3rd edn; Psykologiförlaget AB, Stockholm, Trans.). London: Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Willcutt, E. G. Pennington, B. F. Boada, R. Ogline, J. S. Tunick, R. A. Chhabildas, N. A. et al. (2001). A comparison of the cognitive deficits in reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(1), 157–172.CrossRefPubMed Willcutt, E. G. Pennington, B. F. Boada, R. Ogline, J. S. Tunick, R. A. Chhabildas, N. A. et al. (2001). A comparison of the cognitive deficits in reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(1), 157–172.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Willcutt, E. G. Doyle, A. E. Nigg, J. T. Faraone, S. V. & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1336–1346.CrossRefPubMed Willcutt, E. G. Doyle, A. E. Nigg, J. T. Faraone, S. V. & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1336–1346.CrossRefPubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Interrelations Between Executive Function and Symptoms of Hyperactivity/Impulsivity and Inattention in Preschoolers: A Two Year Longitudinal Study
Auteurs
Karin C. Brocki
Lilianne Eninger
Lisa B. Thorell
Gunilla Bohlin
Publicatiedatum
01-02-2010
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 2/2010
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-009-9354-9

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2010

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2/2010 Naar de uitgave