Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

07-01-2019 | Original Paper

Indulgent Parenting, Helicopter Parenting, and Well-being of Parents and Emerging Adults

Auteurs: Ming Cui, Carol A. Darling, Catherine Coccia, Frank D. Fincham, Ross W. May

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 3/2019

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Objectives

Research on indulgent parenting in childhood and adolescence and its association with helicopter parenting in emerging adulthood and the well-being of parents and emerging adult children is limited. In this study, we examined (1) the association between indulgent parenting in childhood and adolescence and helicopter parenting in emerging adulthood, (2) the association between indulgent parenting and parents’ parenting stress and negative well-being, and (3) whether helicopter parenting mediated the association between indulgent parenting and emerging adults’ psychological problems.

Methods

The sample was composed of 449 college students with a subsample of 142 parent-student dyads.

Results

Results from analyses on parents (Part I, N = 142) and emerging adults (Part II, N = 449) suggested that (1) indulgent parenting in childhood and adolescence was associated with helicopter parenting in emerging adulthood (b = .69, p < .01 in Part I; b = .58, p < .01 in Part II), (2) there was a positive association between indulgent parenting and parents’ negative well-being (b = .26, p < .01 in Part I) and parenting stress (b = .29, p < .01 in Part I), and (3) helicopter parenting mediated the association between indulgent parenting and emerging adults’ depressive and anxiety symptoms and emotional dysregulation (.15, 95% CI .03 to .43 in Part II).

Conclusions

Implications for parenting and emerging adult health programs were discussed.
Literatuur
go back to reference Abidin, R. R. (1992). The determinants of parenting behavior. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 407–412.CrossRef Abidin, R. R. (1992). The determinants of parenting behavior. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 407–412.CrossRef
go back to reference Abidin, R. R. (1995). Parenting stress index. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Abidin, R. R. (1995). Parenting stress index. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
go back to reference Ashton-James, C. E., Kushlev, K., & Dunn, E. W. (2013). Parents reap what they sow: child-centrism and parental well-being. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 635–642.CrossRef Ashton-James, C. E., Kushlev, K., & Dunn, E. W. (2013). Parents reap what they sow: child-centrism and parental well-being. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 635–642.CrossRef
go back to reference Bahr, S., & Hoffmann, J. (2010). Parenting style, religiosity, peers, and adolescent heavy drinking. Journal of Studies of Alcohol and Drugs, 71, 539–543.CrossRef Bahr, S., & Hoffmann, J. (2010). Parenting style, religiosity, peers, and adolescent heavy drinking. Journal of Studies of Alcohol and Drugs, 71, 539–543.CrossRef
go back to reference Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
go back to reference Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43–88.CrossRefPubMed Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43–88.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bayer, J. K., Sanson, A. V., & Hemphill, S. A. (2006). Parent influences on early childhood internalizing difficulties. J Applied Developmental Psychology, 27, 542–559.CrossRef Bayer, J. K., Sanson, A. V., & Hemphill, S. A. (2006). Parent influences on early childhood internalizing difficulties. J Applied Developmental Psychology, 27, 542–559.CrossRef
go back to reference Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 6, 893–897.CrossRef Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 6, 893–897.CrossRef
go back to reference Bredehoft, D., & Walcheski, M. (2008). Overindulgence: parental overindulgence assessment scale (1.2). St. Paul, MN: Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, Concordia University. Bredehoft, D., & Walcheski, M. (2008). Overindulgence: parental overindulgence assessment scale (1.2). St. Paul, MN: Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, Concordia University.
go back to reference Chen, X., Liu, M., & Li, D. (2000). Parental warmth, control, and indulgence and their relations to adjustment in Chinese children: a longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 401–419.CrossRefPubMed Chen, X., Liu, M., & Li, D. (2000). Parental warmth, control, and indulgence and their relations to adjustment in Chinese children: a longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 401–419.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Clarke, J. I., Dawson, C., & Bredehoft, D. (2014). How much is too much?. Boston: De Capo Press. Clarke, J. I., Dawson, C., & Bredehoft, D. (2014). How much is too much?. Boston: De Capo Press.
go back to reference Coccia, C., & Darling, C. A. (2017). Indulgent parenting and life satisfaction of college students: examination of eating, weight, and body image. Journal of Family Issues, 38, 1191–1214.CrossRef Coccia, C., & Darling, C. A. (2017). Indulgent parenting and life satisfaction of college students: examination of eating, weight, and body image. Journal of Family Issues, 38, 1191–1214.CrossRef
go back to reference Crnic, K. A., & Low, C. (2002). Everyday stresses and parenting. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 5. Practical issues in parenting. 2nd Ed (pp. 243–267). Mahwah, NJ: Earlbaum. Crnic, K. A., & Low, C. (2002). Everyday stresses and parenting. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 5. Practical issues in parenting. 2nd Ed (pp. 243–267). Mahwah, NJ: Earlbaum.
go back to reference Dearing, E., & Hamilton, L. C. (2006). Contemporary advances and classic advice for analyzing mediating and moderating variables. Monographs of the Society Research in Child Development, 71, 88–104. Dearing, E., & Hamilton, L. C. (2006). Contemporary advances and classic advice for analyzing mediating and moderating variables. Monographs of the Society Research in Child Development, 71, 88–104.
go back to reference Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.CrossRefPubMed Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Elder, G. H., & Giele, J. Z. (Eds.) (2009). The craft of life course research. New York: Guilford Press. Elder, G. H., & Giele, J. Z. (Eds.) (2009). The craft of life course research. New York: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Gar, N. S., & Hudson, J. L. (2008). An examination of the interactions between mothers and children with anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1266–1274.CrossRefPubMed Gar, N. S., & Hudson, J. L. (2008). An examination of the interactions between mothers and children with anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1266–1274.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference García, F., & Gracia, E. (2014). The indulgent parenting style and developmental outcomes in South European and Latin American countries. In H. Selin (Ed.), Parenting across cultures (pp. 419–433). Netherlands: Springer. García, F., & Gracia, E. (2014). The indulgent parenting style and developmental outcomes in South European and Latin American countries. In H. Selin (Ed.), Parenting across cultures (pp. 419–433). Netherlands: Springer.
go back to reference Goodman, S. H., & Tully, E. (2008). Children of depressed mothers. Implications for the etiology, treatment, and prevention of depression in children and adolescents. In J. Z. Abela & B. L. Hankin (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents (pp. 415–440). New York: Guilford Press. Goodman, S. H., & Tully, E. (2008). Children of depressed mothers. Implications for the etiology, treatment, and prevention of depression in children and adolescents. In J. Z. Abela & B. L. Hankin (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents (pp. 415–440). New York: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Kindlon, D. (2001). Too much of a good thing. New York: Hyperion. Kindlon, D. (2001). Too much of a good thing. New York: Hyperion.
go back to reference Kline, R.B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford publications. Kline, R.B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford publications.
go back to reference Kouros, C., Pruitt, M., Ekas, N., Kiriaki, R., & Sunderland, M. (2017). Helicopter parenting, autonomy support, and students’ mental health and well-being: the moderating role of sex and ethnicity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 939–949.CrossRef Kouros, C., Pruitt, M., Ekas, N., Kiriaki, R., & Sunderland, M. (2017). Helicopter parenting, autonomy support, and students’ mental health and well-being: the moderating role of sex and ethnicity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 939–949.CrossRef
go back to reference Lavee, Y., Sharlin, S., & Katz, R. (1996). The effect of parenting stress on marital quality an integrated mother-father model. Journal of Family Issues, 17, 114–135.CrossRef Lavee, Y., Sharlin, S., & Katz, R. (1996). The effect of parenting stress on marital quality an integrated mother-father model. Journal of Family Issues, 17, 114–135.CrossRef
go back to reference Lenhard, W., & Lenhard, A. (2014). Hypothesis tests for comparing correlations. Bibergau (Germany): Psychometrica. Lenhard, W., & Lenhard, A. (2014). Hypothesis tests for comparing correlations. Bibergau (Germany): Psychometrica.
go back to reference Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., Simon, R. L., Whitbeck, L. B., & Elder, Jr, G. H. (1991). Economic pressure and marital quality: An illustration of the method variance problem in the causal modeling of family processes. Jouranl of Marriage and Family, 53, 375–388.CrossRef Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., Simon, R. L., Whitbeck, L. B., & Elder, Jr, G. H. (1991). Economic pressure and marital quality: An illustration of the method variance problem in the causal modeling of family processes. Jouranl of Marriage and Family, 53, 375–388.CrossRef
go back to reference Lorenz, F. O., Melby, J. N., Conger, R. D., & Xu, X. (2007). The effects of context on the correspondence between observational ratings and questionnaire reports of hostile behavior: a multitrait, multimethod approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 498–509.CrossRefPubMed Lorenz, F. O., Melby, J. N., Conger, R. D., & Xu, X. (2007). The effects of context on the correspondence between observational ratings and questionnaire reports of hostile behavior: a multitrait, multimethod approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 498–509.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen, E. M. Hetherington, (Eds.) Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development. 4th Edn. (pp. 1–101). New York: Wiley. Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen, E. M. Hetherington, (Eds.) Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development. 4th Edn. (pp. 1–101). New York: Wiley.
go back to reference Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nielson, M. G. (2015). Is hovering smothering or loving? An examination of parental warmth as a moderator of relations between helicopter parenting and emerging adults’ indices of adjustment. Emerging Adulthood, 3, 282–285.CrossRef Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nielson, M. G. (2015). Is hovering smothering or loving? An examination of parental warmth as a moderator of relations between helicopter parenting and emerging adults’ indices of adjustment. Emerging Adulthood, 3, 282–285.CrossRef
go back to reference Nelson, S. K., Kushlev, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). The pains and pleasures of parenting: when, why, and how is parenthood associated with more or less well-being? Psychological Bulletin, 140, 846–895.CrossRefPubMed Nelson, S. K., Kushlev, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). The pains and pleasures of parenting: when, why, and how is parenthood associated with more or less well-being? Psychological Bulletin, 140, 846–895.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Nomaguchi, K. (2012). Parenthood and psychological well-being: clarifying the role of child age and parent-child relationship quality. Social Sciences Research, 41, 489–498.CrossRef Nomaguchi, K. (2012). Parenthood and psychological well-being: clarifying the role of child age and parent-child relationship quality. Social Sciences Research, 41, 489–498.CrossRef
go back to reference Odenweller, K., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Weber, K. (2014). Investigating helicopter parenting, family environments, and relational outcomes for millennials. Communication Studies, 65, 407–425.CrossRef Odenweller, K., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Weber, K. (2014). Investigating helicopter parenting, family environments, and relational outcomes for millennials. Communication Studies, 65, 407–425.CrossRef
go back to reference Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down?: establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1177–1190.CrossRefPubMed Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down?: establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1177–1190.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.CrossRef Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.CrossRef
go back to reference Schafer, J. L. (1997). Analysis of incomplete multivariate data. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRef Schafer, J. L. (1997). Analysis of incomplete multivariate data. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRef
go back to reference Sears, R. R., Maccoby, E. E., & Levin, H. (1957). Patterns of child rearing. Evanston, IL: Row Peterson. Sears, R. R., Maccoby, E. E., & Levin, H. (1957). Patterns of child rearing. Evanston, IL: Row Peterson.
go back to reference Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., Bauer, A., & Murphy, M. T. (2012). The association between overparenting, parent-child communication, and entitlement and adaptive traits in adult children. Family Relations, 61, 237–252.CrossRef Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., Bauer, A., & Murphy, M. T. (2012). The association between overparenting, parent-child communication, and entitlement and adaptive traits in adult children. Family Relations, 61, 237–252.CrossRef
go back to reference Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., & Montgomery, N. (2013). Parent and child traits associated with overparenting. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32, 569–595.CrossRef Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., & Montgomery, N. (2013). Parent and child traits associated with overparenting. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32, 569–595.CrossRef
go back to reference Smetana, J. G. (1995). Parenting styles and conceptions of parental authority during adolescence. Child Development, 66, 299–316.CrossRefPubMed Smetana, J. G. (1995). Parenting styles and conceptions of parental authority during adolescence. Child Development, 66, 299–316.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Somers, P., & Settle, J. (2010). The helicopter parent: research toward a typology. College and University: The Journal of the American Association of Collegiate Registrars, 86, 18–27. Somers, P., & Settle, J. (2010). The helicopter parent: research toward a typology. College and University: The Journal of the American Association of Collegiate Registrars, 86, 18–27.
go back to reference Victor, S. E., & Klonsky, E. D. (2016). Validation of a brief version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS-18) in five samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38, 1–8.CrossRef Victor, S. E., & Klonsky, E. D. (2016). Validation of a brief version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS-18) in five samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38, 1–8.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Indulgent Parenting, Helicopter Parenting, and Well-being of Parents and Emerging Adults
Auteurs
Ming Cui
Carol A. Darling
Catherine Coccia
Frank D. Fincham
Ross W. May
Publicatiedatum
07-01-2019
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 3/2019
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-01314-3

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2019

Journal of Child and Family Studies 3/2019 Naar de uitgave