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23-01-2019 | Original Article

Inducing spontaneous future thoughts in younger and older adults by priming future-oriented personal goals

Auteurs: Magda Jordão, Maria Salomé Pinho, Peggy L. St. Jacques

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 4/2019

Abstract

In the past 15 years, the study of spontaneous thoughts (i.e., thoughts coming to mind without intention and effort) has received increased attention. Spontaneous future thoughts (SFTs) are particularly important (e.g., in planning), yet difficult to study with regard to age differences. Two main problems arise: (1) lab tasks including word-cues induce more past than future thoughts; (2) younger adults report more spontaneous thoughts than older adults. To improve the elicitation of SFTs, we developed a future-oriented goal-related priming procedure and analyzed the extension of the goal-related priming effect in SFTs to older adults, to examine whether age-related changes in personal goals compromise the elicitation of SFTs. We also controlled for methodological factors that could influence age groups differently (including demand, retrospection, meta-awareness and instruction bias). Twenty-seven younger and 27 older adults performed a low-demand vigilance task including word-cues and were periodically stopped to describe their thoughts. The vigilance task was divided into two parts and, between them, participants performed a future-oriented goal-related priming task. An additional group of 27 younger participants performed the same procedure with a control task based on word counting. We found a significant increase in SFTs after priming in both age groups, but not in the control group, indicating that the priming manipulation was effective. This result suggests that age-related changes in personal goals do not disrupt the relation between personal goals and SFT frequency. The similar pattern of overall spontaneous thought in both age groups is also discussed considering methodological factors.

vorige artikel Space–time interaction: visuo-spatial processing affects the temporal focus of mind wandering

volgende artikel Absence of age effects on spontaneous past and future thinking in daily life

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An additional interaction between task and probe order F(1, 50) = 5.05, MSE = 0.21, p = 0.029, η _p ² = 0.09 was found. Although this probe order effect does not impact the present analysis, given the complete counterbalancing used in all groups, it suggests that fixed probe orders may significantly influence spontaneous thought elicitation, and should be avoided in future experiments.

Note that the absence of evidence of significant differences in the group that reported spontaneous thoughts before priming is not due to a ceiling effect, as the mean proportion for this group before (M = 0.45, SD= 0.24) and after priming (M = 0.43, SD= 0.29) is far from the maximum 1, with no signs of skewness before (0.93, SE = 0.38) or after (0.25, SE = 0.38) priming.

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Titel: Inducing spontaneous future thoughts in younger and older adults by priming future-oriented personal goals
Auteurs: Magda Jordão
Maria Salomé Pinho
Peggy L. St. Jacques
Publicatiedatum: 23-01-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research / Uitgave 4/2019
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01146-w

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