Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1/2009

01-01-2009 | Empirical Research

Individual Characteristics and the Multiple Contexts of Adolescent Bullying: An Ecological Perspective

Auteurs: Gia Elise Barboza, Lawrence B. Schiamberg, James Oehmke, Steven J. Korzeniewski, Lori A. Post, Cedrick G. Heraux

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 1/2009

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

This paper uses an ecological perspective to explore the risk factors associated with bullying behaviors among a representative sample of adolescents aged 11–14 \( {\text{(}}n = 9816,\;\overline X = {\text{12}}{\text{.88}}, s = {\text{.9814)}}. \) Data derived from the Health Behavior in School Children: WHO Cross-National Survey were used to model the relationship between bullying and media effects, peer and family support systems, self-efficacy, and school environment. Overall, the results of this study suggest that bullying increases among children who watch television frequently, lack teacher support, have themselves been bullied, attend schools with unfavorable environments, have emotional support from their peers, and have teachers and parents who do not place high expectations on their school performance. In addition, we found an inverse relationship between being Asian or African American, feeling left out of school activities and bullying. Our results lend support to the contention that bullying arises out of deficits in social climate, but that social support systems mediate bullying behavior irrespective of the student’s racial/ethnic characteristics, parental income levels or media influences. Because the number of friends and the ability to talk to these friends increases the likelihood of bullying, we suggest that bullying is not simply an individual response to a particular environment but is a peer-group behavior. We conclude that limiting television viewing hours, improving student’s abilities to access family support systems and improving school atmospheres are potentially useful interventions to limit bullying behavior.
Voetnoten
1
When proportionality is unrealistic, the partial proportional ordinal logistic model appropriately allows for the possibility that some of the estimated coefficients are the same for all values of j while others are not. As Lall et al. (2002) contend, “strikingly” different results can be obtained when using alternative ordinal models. An additional benefit is that this model is much more parsimonious than other models frequently employed when the proportional odds assumption is deemed invalid. Accordingly, the following was fit to the data
$$ {\begin{gathered} {\text{log}}\left[ {\frac{{{\text{Pr}}(Y \le y_j |X_{\text{1}} \cdots X_p )}} {{{\text{Pr}}(Y > y_j |X_{\text{1}} \cdots X_p )}}} \right] = \alpha _j + \left( {\left[ {\beta _{\text{1}} X_{\text{1}} + \gamma _{j1} T_{\text{1}} } \right] + \left[ {\beta _{\text{2}} X_{\text{2}} + \gamma _{j2} T_{\text{2}} } \right] + \left[ {\beta _q X_q + \gamma _{jq} T_q } \right] + \cdots + \left[ {\beta _p X_p }\right]} \right),j = {\text{1, 2}},...,M - {\text{1}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} } $$
where X 1, X 2,...,X p are the set of covariates, q of which are known to have proportional odds and pq do not. In the parameterization of the partial proportional odds model used in this paper, each X has a constant component associated with it (see Table 4). In addition, each X can have M−2 gamma coefficients (entitled “Increment at cut-off points” in Table 4) where M = 5 (the number of categories in Y) (See Lall et al. 2002 for further explanation). The gamma coefficients represent deviations from the proportionality assumption, in other words if the gammas for a variable are all 0 then the variable meets the proportional odds assumption (Williams 2005).
 
Literatuur
go back to reference Anderson, C. A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L. R., Johnson, J. D., Linz, D., Malamuth, N., & Wartela, E. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 81–110.CrossRef Anderson, C. A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L. R., Johnson, J. D., Linz, D., Malamuth, N., & Wartela, E. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 81–110.CrossRef
go back to reference Anderson, M., Kaufman, J., Simon, T., Barrios, L., Paulozzi, L., Ryan, G., Hammond, R., Modzeleski, W., Feucht, T., Potter, L. & the School-Associated Violent Deaths Study Group. (2001). School-associated violent deaths in the United States, 1994–1999. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 2695–2702.PubMedCrossRef Anderson, M., Kaufman, J., Simon, T., Barrios, L., Paulozzi, L., Ryan, G., Hammond, R., Modzeleski, W., Feucht, T., Potter, L. & the School-Associated Violent Deaths Study Group. (2001). School-associated violent deaths in the United States, 1994–1999. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 2695–2702.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
go back to reference Batsche, G. M., & Knoff, H. M. (1994). Bullies and their victims: Understanding a pervasive problem in the schools. School Psychology Review, 23, 165–174. Batsche, G. M., & Knoff, H. M. (1994). Bullies and their victims: Understanding a pervasive problem in the schools. School Psychology Review, 23, 165–174.
go back to reference Borg, M. G. (1998). The emotional reactions of school bullies and their victims. Educational Psychology, 18, 433–444.CrossRef Borg, M. G. (1998). The emotional reactions of school bullies and their victims. Educational Psychology, 18, 433–444.CrossRef
go back to reference Bowers, L., Smith, P. K., & Binney, V. (1994). Perceived family relationships of bullies, victims and bully/victims in middle childhood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 215–232.CrossRef Bowers, L., Smith, P. K., & Binney, V. (1994). Perceived family relationships of bullies, victims and bully/victims in middle childhood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 215–232.CrossRef
go back to reference Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. (1998). The ecology of developmental process. The Handbook of Child Psychology, 1, 993–1029. Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. (1998). The ecology of developmental process. The Handbook of Child Psychology, 1, 993–1029.
go back to reference Brown, M. (2003). Bully-proof your school. Today’s School (3) 5. Dayton, OH: Peter Li Education Group. Brown, M. (2003). Bully-proof your school. Today’s School (3) 5. Dayton, OH: Peter Li Education Group.
go back to reference Bushman, B. J., & Anderson C. A. (2002). Violent video games and hostile expectations: A test of the general aggression model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1679–1686.CrossRef Bushman, B. J., & Anderson C. A. (2002). Violent video games and hostile expectations: A test of the general aggression model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1679–1686.CrossRef
go back to reference Cesarone, B. (1994). Video games and children. ERIC Digest ED365477. Cesarone, B. (1994). Video games and children. ERIC Digest ED365477.
go back to reference Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1999). ‘Superiority’ is in the eye of the beholder: A comment on Sutton, Smith, Swettenham. Social Development, 8, 128–131.CrossRef Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1999). ‘Superiority’ is in the eye of the beholder: A comment on Sutton, Smith, Swettenham. Social Development, 8, 128–131.CrossRef
go back to reference DeLara, E. (2006). Bullying and violence in American schools. In N. E. Dowd, D. G. Singer, & R. F. Wilson (Eds.), Handbook of children, culture and violence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. DeLara, E. (2006). Bullying and violence in American schools. In N. E. Dowd, D. G. Singer, & R. F. Wilson (Eds.), Handbook of children, culture and violence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
go back to reference Duncan, R. D. (1999). Peer and sibling aggression: An investigation of intra- and extra-familial bullying. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 871–886.CrossRef Duncan, R. D. (1999). Peer and sibling aggression: An investigation of intra- and extra-familial bullying. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 871–886.CrossRef
go back to reference Duncan, R. D. (2004). The impact of family relationships on school bullies and their victims. In D. L. Espelage & S. M. Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in American schools: A social ecological perspective on prevention and intervention (pp. 227–244). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Duncan, R. D. (2004). The impact of family relationships on school bullies and their victims. In D. L. Espelage & S. M. Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in American schools: A social ecological perspective on prevention and intervention (pp. 227–244). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
go back to reference Elsea, M., & Mukhtar, K. (2000). Bullying and racism among Asian schoolchildren in Britain. Educational Research, 42, 207–217.CrossRef Elsea, M., & Mukhtar, K. (2000). Bullying and racism among Asian schoolchildren in Britain. Educational Research, 42, 207–217.CrossRef
go back to reference Espelage, D. L., Holt, M. K., & Henkel, R. R. (2003). Examination of peer-group contextual effects on aggression during early adolescents. Child Development, 74, 205–220.PubMedCrossRef Espelage, D. L., Holt, M. K., & Henkel, R. R. (2003). Examination of peer-group contextual effects on aggression during early adolescents. Child Development, 74, 205–220.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Espelage, D., & Swearer, S. (2004). Bullying in American schools: A social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Espelage, D., & Swearer, S. (2004). Bullying in American schools: A social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
go back to reference Fleming, M., & Towey, K. (2002). Educational forum on adolescent health: Youth bullying (pp. 4–16). Chicago: American Medical Association. Fleming, M., & Towey, K. (2002). Educational forum on adolescent health: Youth bullying (pp. 4–16). Chicago: American Medical Association.
go back to reference Garbarino, J., & deLara, E. (2002). And words can hurt forever. New York: The Free Press. Garbarino, J., & deLara, E. (2002). And words can hurt forever. New York: The Free Press.
go back to reference Gentile, D. A., & Walsh, D. A. (2002). A normative study of family media habits. Journal of Applied Psychology, 23, 157–178. Gentile, D. A., & Walsh, D. A. (2002). A normative study of family media habits. Journal of Applied Psychology, 23, 157–178.
go back to reference Graham, S., & Juvonen, J. (2002). Ethnicity, peer harassment, and adjustment in middle school: An exploratory study. Journal of Early Adolescence, 22, 173–199.CrossRef Graham, S., & Juvonen, J. (2002). Ethnicity, peer harassment, and adjustment in middle school: An exploratory study. Journal of Early Adolescence, 22, 173–199.CrossRef
go back to reference Hartup, W., & Stevens, N. (1997). Friendships and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 355–370.CrossRef Hartup, W., & Stevens, N. (1997). Friendships and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 355–370.CrossRef
go back to reference Haynie, D. L., Nansel, T., Eitel P., Davis-Crump, A., Saylor, K., Yu, K., & Simons-Morton, B. (2001). Bullies, victims, and bully/victims: Distinct groups of at-risk youth. Journal of Early Adolescence, 21, 29–49.CrossRef Haynie, D. L., Nansel, T., Eitel P., Davis-Crump, A., Saylor, K., Yu, K., & Simons-Morton, B. (2001). Bullies, victims, and bully/victims: Distinct groups of at-risk youth. Journal of Early Adolescence, 21, 29–49.CrossRef
go back to reference Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Smailes, E. M., Kasen, S., & Brooks, J. S. (2002). Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood. Science, 295, 2468–2471.PubMedCrossRef Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Smailes, E. M., Kasen, S., & Brooks, J. S. (2002). Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood. Science, 295, 2468–2471.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kaltiala-Heino, R., Rimpela, M., Marttunen, M., Rimpela, A., & Rantenan, P. (1999). Bullying, depression, and suicidal ideation in Finnish adolescents: School survey. British Medical Journal, 319, 348–351.PubMed Kaltiala-Heino, R., Rimpela, M., Marttunen, M., Rimpela, A., & Rantenan, P. (1999). Bullying, depression, and suicidal ideation in Finnish adolescents: School survey. British Medical Journal, 319, 348–351.PubMed
go back to reference Kuntsche, E. N. (2004). Hostility among adolescents in Switzerland? Multivariate relations between excessive media use and forms of violence. Journal of Adolescent Mental Health, 34, 230–236. Kuntsche, E. N. (2004). Hostility among adolescents in Switzerland? Multivariate relations between excessive media use and forms of violence. Journal of Adolescent Mental Health, 34, 230–236.
go back to reference Lall, R., Campbell, M. J., Walters, S. J., & Morgan, K. (2002). A review of ordinal regression models applied on health-related quality of life assessments. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 11, 1–19.CrossRef Lall, R., Campbell, M. J., Walters, S. J., & Morgan, K. (2002). A review of ordinal regression models applied on health-related quality of life assessments. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 11, 1–19.CrossRef
go back to reference Lickel, B., Schmader, T., & Hamilton, D. L. (2003). A case of collective responsibility: Who else was to blame for the Columbine High School shootings? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 194–204.PubMedCrossRef Lickel, B., Schmader, T., & Hamilton, D. L. (2003). A case of collective responsibility: Who else was to blame for the Columbine High School shootings? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 194–204.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Limber, S. P. (2004). Implementation of the Olweus bullying prevention program: Lessons learned from the field. In D. Espellage, & S. Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in American schools: A social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention (pp. 351–363). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Limber, S. P. (2004). Implementation of the Olweus bullying prevention program: Lessons learned from the field. In D. Espellage, & S. Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in American schools: A social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention (pp. 351–363). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
go back to reference Limber, S. P. (2006). Peer victimization: The nature and prevalence of bullying among children and youth. In N. E. Dowd, D. G. Singer, & R. F. Wilson (Eds.), Handbook of children, culture and violence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Limber, S. P. (2006). Peer victimization: The nature and prevalence of bullying among children and youth. In N. E. Dowd, D. G. Singer, & R. F. Wilson (Eds.), Handbook of children, culture and violence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
go back to reference Long, J. S. (1997). Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Sage Publications. Long, J. S. (1997). Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Sage Publications.
go back to reference Merton, D. E. (1996). Visibility and vulnerability: Responses to rejection by nonaggressive junior high school boys. Journal of Early Adolescence, 16, 5–26. CrossRef Merton, D. E. (1996). Visibility and vulnerability: Responses to rejection by nonaggressive junior high school boys. Journal of Early Adolescence, 16, 5–26. CrossRef
go back to reference Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Ruan, W. J., Scheidt, P., Simons-Morton, B., & Pilla, R. (2001). Bullying behaviors among U.S. youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 258, 2094–2100.CrossRef Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Ruan, W. J., Scheidt, P., Simons-Morton, B., & Pilla, R. (2001). Bullying behaviors among U.S. youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 258, 2094–2100.CrossRef
go back to reference National Television Violence Study. (1998). Santa Barbara, Center for Communication and Social Policy, University of California. National Television Violence Study. (1998). Santa Barbara, Center for Communication and Social Policy, University of California.
go back to reference Natvig, G. K., Albrektsen, G., & Qvarnstrøm, U. (2001). School-related stress experience as a risk factor for bullying behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 561–575.CrossRef Natvig, G. K., Albrektsen, G., & Qvarnstrøm, U. (2001). School-related stress experience as a risk factor for bullying behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 561–575.CrossRef
go back to reference Olweus, D. (1991). Bully/victim problems among school children: Basic facts and effects of a school-based intervention program. In K. Rubin & D. Pepler (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 411–488). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Olweus, D. (1991). Bully/victim problems among school children: Basic facts and effects of a school-based intervention program. In K. Rubin & D. Pepler (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 411–488). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
go back to reference Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
go back to reference Olweus, D. (1997). Bully/victim problems at school: Knowledge base and an effective intervention program. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 18, 170–190. Olweus, D. (1997). Bully/victim problems at school: Knowledge base and an effective intervention program. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 18, 170–190.
go back to reference Olweus D., Limber S. P., & Mihalic, S. (1999). The bullying prevention program: Blueprints for violence prevention, Vol. 10. Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence. Olweus D., Limber S. P., & Mihalic, S. (1999). The bullying prevention program: Blueprints for violence prevention, Vol. 10. Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.
go back to reference O’Moore, A. M., & Hillery, B. (1989). Bullying in Dublin schools. Irish Journal of Psychology, 10, 426–441. O’Moore, A. M., & Hillery, B. (1989). Bullying in Dublin schools. Irish Journal of Psychology, 10, 426–441.
go back to reference O’Moore M., & Kirkham, C. (2001). Self-esteem and its relationship to bullying behaviour. Aggressive Behavior, 27, 269–283.CrossRef O’Moore M., & Kirkham, C. (2001). Self-esteem and its relationship to bullying behaviour. Aggressive Behavior, 27, 269–283.CrossRef
go back to reference Ortega, R., & Lera, M. J. (2000). The Seville anti-bullying in school project. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 113–123.CrossRef Ortega, R., & Lera, M. J. (2000). The Seville anti-bullying in school project. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 113–123.CrossRef
go back to reference Pearce, J. B., & Thompson, A. E. (1998). Practical approaches to reduce the impact of bullying. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 79, 528–531.PubMedCrossRef Pearce, J. B., & Thompson, A. E. (1998). Practical approaches to reduce the impact of bullying. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 79, 528–531.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pellegrini, A., & Bartini, M. (2000). A longitudinal study of bullying, victimization, and peer affiliation during the transition from primary school to middle school. American Educational Research Journal, 37, 699–725. Pellegrini, A., & Bartini, M. (2000). A longitudinal study of bullying, victimization, and peer affiliation during the transition from primary school to middle school. American Educational Research Journal, 37, 699–725.
go back to reference Perry, D. G., Kusel, S. J., & Perry, L. C. (1988). Victims of peer aggression. Developmental Psychology, 24, 807–814.CrossRef Perry, D. G., Kusel, S. J., & Perry, L. C. (1988). Victims of peer aggression. Developmental Psychology, 24, 807–814.CrossRef
go back to reference Rigby, K., & Cox, I. (1996). The contribution of bullying at school and low self-esteem to acts of delinquency among Australian teenagers. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 609–612.CrossRef Rigby, K., & Cox, I. (1996). The contribution of bullying at school and low self-esteem to acts of delinquency among Australian teenagers. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 609–612.CrossRef
go back to reference Roberts, D. F., Henriksen, L., & Foehr, U. G. (2004). Adolescents and media. In R. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd ed., pp. 487–521). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. Roberts, D. F., Henriksen, L., & Foehr, U. G. (2004). Adolescents and media. In R. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd ed., pp. 487–521). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
go back to reference Rigby, K., & Slee, P. T. (1991). Dimensions of interpersonal relation among Australian children and implications for psychological well-being. The Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 33–42. Rigby, K., & Slee, P. T. (1991). Dimensions of interpersonal relation among Australian children and implications for psychological well-being. The Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 33–42.
go back to reference Rodkin, P. C., & Hodges, E. V. (2003). Bullies and victims in the peer ecology: Four questions for psychologists and school professionals. School Psychology Review, 32, 384–400. Rodkin, P. C., & Hodges, E. V. (2003). Bullies and victims in the peer ecology: Four questions for psychologists and school professionals. School Psychology Review, 32, 384–400.
go back to reference Seals, D., & Young, J. (2003). Bullying victimization: prevalence and relationship to gender, grade level, ethnicity, self-esteem, and depression. Adolescence, 38, 735–747.PubMed Seals, D., & Young, J. (2003). Bullying victimization: prevalence and relationship to gender, grade level, ethnicity, self-esteem, and depression. Adolescence, 38, 735–747.PubMed
go back to reference Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Parental mistreatment and emotional dysregulation as risk factors for bullying and victimization in middle school children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 349–363.PubMedCrossRef Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Parental mistreatment and emotional dysregulation as risk factors for bullying and victimization in middle school children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 349–363.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Slee, P. T., & Rigby, K. (1993). The relationship of Eysenck’s personality factors and self-esteem to bully-victim behavior in Australian schoolboys. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 371–373.CrossRef Slee, P. T., & Rigby, K. (1993). The relationship of Eysenck’s personality factors and self-esteem to bully-victim behavior in Australian schoolboys. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 371–373.CrossRef
go back to reference Smith, P. K. (2004). Bullying: Recent developments. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 9, 98–103.CrossRef Smith, P. K. (2004). Bullying: Recent developments. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 9, 98–103.CrossRef
go back to reference Smith, P., & Brain, P. (2000). Bullying in schools: Lessons from two decades of research. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 1–9.CrossRef Smith, P., & Brain, P. (2000). Bullying in schools: Lessons from two decades of research. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 1–9.CrossRef
go back to reference Smith P., Sharp S. (Eds.). (1994). School bullying: Insights and perspectives. London: Routledge. Smith P., Sharp S. (Eds.). (1994). School bullying: Insights and perspectives. London: Routledge.
go back to reference StataCorp (2003). Stata Statistical Software, Stata Coorporation College Station, TX. StataCorp (2003). Stata Statistical Software, Stata Coorporation College Station, TX.
go back to reference Swearer, S. M., & Espelage, D. L. (2004). Introduction: A social-ecological framework of bullying among youth. In D. L. Espelage, & S. M. Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in American schools (pp. 1–12). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Swearer, S. M., & Espelage, D. L. (2004). Introduction: A social-ecological framework of bullying among youth. In D. L. Espelage, & S. M. Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in American schools (pp. 1–12). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
go back to reference Tritt, C., & Duncan, R. D. (1997). The relationship between childhood bullying and young adult self-esteem and loneliness. Journal of Humanistic Education and Development, 36, 35–44. Tritt, C., & Duncan, R. D. (1997). The relationship between childhood bullying and young adult self-esteem and loneliness. Journal of Humanistic Education and Development, 36, 35–44.
go back to reference Underwood, M. K. (2002). Sticks and stones and social exclusion: Aggression among girls and boys. In P. K. Smith & C. H. Hart (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of childhood social development (pp. 533–548). Blackwell: Oxford. Underwood, M. K. (2002). Sticks and stones and social exclusion: Aggression among girls and boys. In P. K. Smith & C. H. Hart (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of childhood social development (pp. 533–548). Blackwell: Oxford.
go back to reference Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Oldehinkel, A., DeWinter, A., & Verhulst, F.C. (2005). Bullying and victimization in elementary schools: A comparison of bullies, victims, bully/victims and uninvolvled preadolescents. Developmetal Psychology, 41(4), 672–682.CrossRef Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Oldehinkel, A., DeWinter, A., & Verhulst, F.C. (2005). Bullying and victimization in elementary schools: A comparison of bullies, victims, bully/victims and uninvolvled preadolescents. Developmetal Psychology, 41(4), 672–682.CrossRef
go back to reference Whitney, I., & Smith, P. K. (1993). A survey of the nature and extent of bullying in junior/middle and secondary schools. Educational Research, 35, 3–25. Whitney, I., & Smith, P. K. (1993). A survey of the nature and extent of bullying in junior/middle and secondary schools. Educational Research, 35, 3–25.
go back to reference WHO Organization. (2003). “Health behavior in school-aged children, 1997–1998.” [UNITED STATES] [Computer file]. ICPSR version. Calverton, MD: Macro International [producer], 2002. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. WHO Organization. (2003). “Health behavior in school-aged children, 1997–1998.” [UNITED STATES] [Computer file]. ICPSR version. Calverton, MD: Macro International [producer], 2002. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].
go back to reference Wolke, D., & Samara, M. (2004). Bullied by siblings: Association with peer victimization and behavior problems in Israeli lower secondary school children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1015–1029.PubMedCrossRef Wolke, D., & Samara, M. (2004). Bullied by siblings: Association with peer victimization and behavior problems in Israeli lower secondary school children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1015–1029.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Wolke, D., Woods, S., Bloomfield, L., Karstadt, L. (2001). Bullying involvement in primary school and common health problems. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 85, 197–201.PubMedCrossRef Wolke, D., Woods, S., Bloomfield, L., Karstadt, L. (2001). Bullying involvement in primary school and common health problems. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 85, 197–201.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Zimmerman, F. J., Glew, G. M., Christakis, D. A., & Katon, W. (2005). Early cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and television watching as predictors of subsequent bullying among grade-school children. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 159, 384–388.CrossRef Zimmerman, F. J., Glew, G. M., Christakis, D. A., & Katon, W. (2005). Early cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and television watching as predictors of subsequent bullying among grade-school children. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 159, 384–388.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Individual Characteristics and the Multiple Contexts of Adolescent Bullying: An Ecological Perspective
Auteurs
Gia Elise Barboza
Lawrence B. Schiamberg
James Oehmke
Steven J. Korzeniewski
Lori A. Post
Cedrick G. Heraux
Publicatiedatum
01-01-2009
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 1/2009
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9271-1

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2009

Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1/2009 Naar de uitgave