Introduction
Holding Hands Young Parents
Method
Participants
CTQ-SF subscale | Mean | SD | Clinical range |
---|---|---|---|
Emotional abuse | 14.50 | 7.14 | Severe |
Physical abuse | 14.50 | 6.18 | Severe |
Sexual abuse | 12.75 | 7.23 | Severe |
Emotional neglect | 10.50 | 2.87 | Moderate |
Physical neglect | 10.25 | 3.70 | Severe |
Study Design and Procedure
Measures
Demographics
Parent Trauma History
Parent–Child Relationship
Parent Self-regulation
Mental Health
Parent Stress
Child Emotional and Behavioural Problems
Treatment
Data Analysis
Results
Parent–Child Relationship
Coefficient | Reciprocity | Parent sensitivity | Child engagement | Dyadic negative states | Parent intrusiveness | Child withdrawal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ß0 Start score | 3.40 (2.74 to 4.05) | 3.33 (2.90 to 3.76) | 3.20 (2.78 to 3.61) | 1.44 (0.97 to 1.91) | 1.82 (1.38 to 2.26) | 1.29 (0.85 to 1.73) |
ß1 Trend during baseline | − 0.11 (− 0.27 to 0.05) | − 0.11 (− 0.22 to 0.01) | − 0.05 (− 0.16 to 0.06) | 0.11 (− 0.02 to 0.25) | 0.05 (− 0.07 to 0.18) | 0.11 (− 0.01 to 0.24) |
ß2 Shift at start of treatment | − 0.65 (− 1.32 to 0.02) | − 0.53 (− 1.02 to − 0.04) | − 0.53 (− 1.00 to − 0.06) | 0.40 (− 0.17 to 0.97) | − 0.17 (− 0.71 to 0.38) | 0.50 (− 0.04 to 1.04) |
ß3 Shift at start of follow-up | − 0.71 (− 2.41 to 0.99) | 0.11 (− 1.13 to 1.35) | − 0.50 (− 1.70 to 0.69) | 0.48 (− 0.94 to 1.90) | − 1.80 (− 3.11 to − 0.49) | − 0.04 (− 1.35 to 1.28) |
ß4 Additional trend during treatment | 0.17 (0.01 to 0.33) | 0.15 (0.03 to 0.26) | 0.10 (− 0.02 to 0.21) | − 0.14 (− 0.28 to − 0.01) | − 0.06 (− 0.19 to 0.07) | − 0.14 (− 0.27 to − 0.01) |
ß5 Additional trend during follow-up | 0.16 (− 0.00 to 0.33) | 0.13 (0.00 to 0.25) | 0.09 (− 0.03 to 0.21) | − 0.14 (− 0.28 to 0.00) | 0.01 (− 0.13 to 0.15) | − 0.11 (− 0.25 to 0.02) |
Variable | Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
CIB reciprocity | − 8.58* | − 4.89* | − 1.05 | − 10.98* |
CIB parent sensitivity | − 5.28* | − 3.90* | − 2.17* | − 6.41* |
CIB child engagement | − 3.54* | − 1.50 | − 0.50 | − 3.71* |
CIB Dyad negative states | 1.33 | 0.59 | 0.16 | 2.44* |
CIB parent intrusiveness | 0.82 | 2.62* | 1.09 | 3.30* |
CIB child withdrawal | 2.01* | 2.10* | 0.13 | 3.71* |
MaaP total | − 7.28* | − 5.70* | − 5.70* | − 7.12* |
MaaP—Self-Sufficiency | − 3.58* | − 2.68* | − 2.68* | − 6.25* |
MaaP—Self-Efficacy | − 2.73* | − 2.73* | − 2.12* | − 4.56* |
MaaP—Personal Agency | − 2.66* | − 0.66 | − 3.76* | − 2.77* |
MaaP—Self-Management | − 5.26* | − 5.58* | − 1.86 | − 1.09 |
DASS—Depression | 2.11* | 3.16* | 4.22* | 1.05 |
DASS—Anxiety | 1.13 | 4.52* | 1.13 | − 3.39* |
DASS—Stress | 6.39* | 6.39* | 3.19* | 7.45* |
PSI—Total | 3.84* | 6.43* | 1.24 | 1.86 |
PSI—Parent Distress | 2.68* | 2.46* | 1.34 | 0.89 |
PSI—CDI | 0.46 | 2.06* | 0.92 | 0.92 |
PSI—Difficult Child | 3.74* | 0.44 | 0.00 | 1.54 |
CBCL Total | 6.39* | 6.39* | 7.99* | 10.22* |
CBCL Internalising | 1.28 | 1.92 | 0.64 | 1.07 |
CBCL Externalising | 2.27* | 0.25 | 3.79* | 4.04* |