Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Quality of Life Research 7/2013

01-09-2013

Impact of hepatitis B and C co-infection on health-related quality of life in HIV positive individuals

Auteurs: Jennifer Gillis, Curtis Cooper, Sean Rourke, Sergio Rueda, Kelly O’Brien, Evan Collins, Anita Rachlis, Trevor A. Hart, Janet Raboud, the OHTN Cohort Study Group

Gepubliceerd in: Quality of Life Research | Uitgave 7/2013

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Purpose

Concurrent infection with HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) often occurs due to the commonality in risk factors for acquisition. Few studies have examined the effect of co-infection on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in HIV positive individuals.

Methods

Ontario HIV Treatment Network Cohort Study (OCS) participants who completed an annual interviewer-administered questionnaire on up to three occasions were included. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to assess the impact of HBV and HCV co-infection on physical and mental HRQOL component summary scores (range 0–100) as measured by the Medical Outcomes SF-36 health survey.

Results

As of March 2010, 1,223 participants had completed the questionnaire; 964 were HIV mono-infected, 128 were HIV–HBV co-infected, 112 were HIV–HCV co-infected, and 19 were HIV–HBV–HCV tri-infected. Eighty percent were male, median age 46 (IQR 40–53) years, 61 % Caucasian, median CD4 count 464 (IQR 319–636) cells/mm3, and 74 % had undetectable HIV viremia. Physical HRQOL was lower in HIV–HBV and HIV–HCV co-infected individuals (49.4 (IQR 42.0–53.9) and 48.1 (IQR 36.9–52.8) vs. 51.5 (IQR 45.0–55.4); p = 0.01 and <0.0001) compared to mono-infected individuals. In the multivariable GEE model, the negative impact of HCV remained significant (−2.18; p = 0.01) after adjusting for drug use, smoking, age, and gender. Unadjusted mental HRQOL was lower in HIV–HCV co-infected individuals (44.6 (IQR 34.6–54.0) vs. 48.9 (IQR 36.8–55.9); p = 0.03) compared to mono-infected individuals but no association of mental HRQOL with either co-infection was observed in multivariable GEE models.

Conclusions

HCV appears to negatively impact physical HRQOL suggesting a greater health burden for co-infected individuals. HBV and HCV co-infections were not related to lower mental HRQOL among people living with HIV/AIDS.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Literatuur
1.
go back to reference Koziel, M. J., & Peters, M. G. (2007). Viral hepatitis and HIV infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 356, 1445–1454.PubMedCrossRef Koziel, M. J., & Peters, M. G. (2007). Viral hepatitis and HIV infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 356, 1445–1454.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference La Torre, G., Miele, L., Chiaradia, G., Mannocci, A., Reali, M., Gasbarrini, G., et al. (2007). Socio-demographic determinants of co-infections by HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses in central Italian prisoners. BMC Infectious Diseases, 7, 100–109.PubMedCrossRef La Torre, G., Miele, L., Chiaradia, G., Mannocci, A., Reali, M., Gasbarrini, G., et al. (2007). Socio-demographic determinants of co-infections by HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses in central Italian prisoners. BMC Infectious Diseases, 7, 100–109.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Weinbaum, C. M., Sabin, K. M., & Santibanez, S. S. (2005). Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV in correctional populations: A review of epidemiology and prevention. AIDS, 19(Suppl 3), S41–S46.PubMedCrossRef Weinbaum, C. M., Sabin, K. M., & Santibanez, S. S. (2005). Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV in correctional populations: A review of epidemiology and prevention. AIDS, 19(Suppl 3), S41–S46.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Wylie, J. L., Shah, L., & Jolly, A. M. (2006). Demographic, risk behaviour and personal network variables associated with prevalent hepatitis C, hepatitis B and HIV infection in injection drug users in Winnipeg, Canada. BMC Public Health, 6, 229–248.PubMedCrossRef Wylie, J. L., Shah, L., & Jolly, A. M. (2006). Demographic, risk behaviour and personal network variables associated with prevalent hepatitis C, hepatitis B and HIV infection in injection drug users in Winnipeg, Canada. BMC Public Health, 6, 229–248.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Ong, S. C., Mak, B., Aung, M. O., Li, S. C., & Lim, S. G. (2008). Health-related quality of life in chronic hepatitis B patients. Hepatology, 47, 1108–1117.PubMedCrossRef Ong, S. C., Mak, B., Aung, M. O., Li, S. C., & Lim, S. G. (2008). Health-related quality of life in chronic hepatitis B patients. Hepatology, 47, 1108–1117.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Ware, J. E., Bayliss, M. S., Mannocchia, M., Davis, G. L., & The International Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. (1999). Health-related quality of life in chronic hepatitis C: Impact of disease and treatment response. Hepatology, 30, 550–555.PubMedCrossRef Ware, J. E., Bayliss, M. S., Mannocchia, M., Davis, G. L., & The International Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. (1999). Health-related quality of life in chronic hepatitis C: Impact of disease and treatment response. Hepatology, 30, 550–555.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Younossi, Z., Kallman, J., & Kincaid, J. (2007). The effects of HCV infection and management on health-related quality of life. Hepatology, 45, 806–816.PubMedCrossRef Younossi, Z., Kallman, J., & Kincaid, J. (2007). The effects of HCV infection and management on health-related quality of life. Hepatology, 45, 806–816.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Spiegel, B. M. R., Younossi, Z. M., Hays, R. D., Revicki, D., Robbins, S., & Kanwal, F. (2005). Impact of hepatitis C on health-related quality of life: A systematic review and quantitative assessment. Hepatology, 41, 790–800.PubMedCrossRef Spiegel, B. M. R., Younossi, Z. M., Hays, R. D., Revicki, D., Robbins, S., & Kanwal, F. (2005). Impact of hepatitis C on health-related quality of life: A systematic review and quantitative assessment. Hepatology, 41, 790–800.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Call, S. A., Klapow, J. C., Steward, K. E., Westfall, A. O., Mallinger, A. P., DeMasi, R. A., et al. (2000). Health-related quality of life and virologic outcomes in an HIV clinic. Quality of Life Research, 9, 977–985.PubMedCrossRef Call, S. A., Klapow, J. C., Steward, K. E., Westfall, A. O., Mallinger, A. P., DeMasi, R. A., et al. (2000). Health-related quality of life and virologic outcomes in an HIV clinic. Quality of Life Research, 9, 977–985.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Protopopescu, C., Marcellin, F., Spire, B., Preau, M., Verdon, R., Peyramond, D., et al. (2007). Health-related quality of life in HIV-1-infected patients on HAART: A five-years longitudinal analysis accounting for dropout in APROCO-COPILOTE cohort (ANRS CO-8). Quality of Life Research, 16, 577–591.PubMedCrossRef Protopopescu, C., Marcellin, F., Spire, B., Preau, M., Verdon, R., Peyramond, D., et al. (2007). Health-related quality of life in HIV-1-infected patients on HAART: A five-years longitudinal analysis accounting for dropout in APROCO-COPILOTE cohort (ANRS CO-8). Quality of Life Research, 16, 577–591.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Fleming, C. A., Christiansen, D., Nunes, D., Heeren, T., Thornton, D., Horsburgh, C. R., et al. (2004). Health-related quality of life of patients with HIV disease: Impact of hepatitis C coinfection. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38, 572–578.PubMedCrossRef Fleming, C. A., Christiansen, D., Nunes, D., Heeren, T., Thornton, D., Horsburgh, C. R., et al. (2004). Health-related quality of life of patients with HIV disease: Impact of hepatitis C coinfection. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38, 572–578.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Kanwal, F., Gralnek, I. M., Hays, R. D., Dulai, G. S., Spiegel, B. M. R., Bozzette, S., et al. (2005). Impact of chronic viral hepatitis on health-related quality of life in HIV: Results from a nationally representative sample. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 100, 1984–1994.PubMedCrossRef Kanwal, F., Gralnek, I. M., Hays, R. D., Dulai, G. S., Spiegel, B. M. R., Bozzette, S., et al. (2005). Impact of chronic viral hepatitis on health-related quality of life in HIV: Results from a nationally representative sample. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 100, 1984–1994.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Briongos-Figuero, L. S., Bachiller-Luque, P., Palacios-Martin, T., Gonzalez-Sagrado, M., & Eiros-Bouza, J. M. (2011). Assessment of factors influencing health related quality of life in HIV-infected patients. HIV Medicine, 12, 22–30.PubMedCrossRef Briongos-Figuero, L. S., Bachiller-Luque, P., Palacios-Martin, T., Gonzalez-Sagrado, M., & Eiros-Bouza, J. M. (2011). Assessment of factors influencing health related quality of life in HIV-infected patients. HIV Medicine, 12, 22–30.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Tsui, J. I., Bangsberg, D. R., Ragland, K., Hall, C. S., & Riley, E. D. (2007). The impact of chronic hepatitis C on health related quality of life in homeless and marginally housed individuals with HIV. AIDS and Behavior, 11(4), 603–610.PubMedCrossRef Tsui, J. I., Bangsberg, D. R., Ragland, K., Hall, C. S., & Riley, E. D. (2007). The impact of chronic hepatitis C on health related quality of life in homeless and marginally housed individuals with HIV. AIDS and Behavior, 11(4), 603–610.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Rourke, S., Gardner, S., Burchell, A. N., Raboud, J. M., Rueda, S., Bayoumi, A. M., et al. (2012). Cohort profile: The Ontario HIV Treatment Network Cohort Study (OCS). International Journal of Epidemiology. doi:10.1093/ije/dyr230. Rourke, S., Gardner, S., Burchell, A. N., Raboud, J. M., Rueda, S., Bayoumi, A. M., et al. (2012). Cohort profile: The Ontario HIV Treatment Network Cohort Study (OCS). International Journal of Epidemiology. doi:10.​1093/​ije/​dyr230.
16.
go back to reference Ware, J. E., & Kosinski, M. (1996) The SF-36 health survey (version 2.0). Technical note. Boston, MA: Health Assessment Lab, September 20, 1996 (updates September 27, 1997). Ware, J. E., & Kosinski, M. (1996) The SF-36 health survey (version 2.0). Technical note. Boston, MA: Health Assessment Lab, September 20, 1996 (updates September 27, 1997).
17.
go back to reference McHorney, C. A., Ware, J. E., Ly, J. F. R., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1994). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): III tests for data quality, scaling assumptions and reliability across diverse patient groups. Medical Care, 32, 40–66.PubMedCrossRef McHorney, C. A., Ware, J. E., Ly, J. F. R., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1994). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): III tests for data quality, scaling assumptions and reliability across diverse patient groups. Medical Care, 32, 40–66.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Wu, A. W., Hays, R. D., Kelly, S., Malitz, F., & Bozzette, S. A. (1997). Applications of the medical outcomes study health-related quality of life measures in HIV/AIDS. Quality of Life Research, 6, 531–554.PubMedCrossRef Wu, A. W., Hays, R. D., Kelly, S., Malitz, F., & Bozzette, S. A. (1997). Applications of the medical outcomes study health-related quality of life measures in HIV/AIDS. Quality of Life Research, 6, 531–554.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference McHorney, C. A., Ware, J. E., & Raczek, A. E. (1993). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): II psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Medical Care, 31, 247–263.PubMedCrossRef McHorney, C. A., Ware, J. E., & Raczek, A. E. (1993). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): II psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Medical Care, 31, 247–263.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Hays, R. D., Cunningham, W. E., Ettl, M. K., & Beck, C. K. (1995). Health related quality of life in HIV disease. Assessment, 2, 363–380.CrossRef Hays, R. D., Cunningham, W. E., Ettl, M. K., & Beck, C. K. (1995). Health related quality of life in HIV disease. Assessment, 2, 363–380.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Ware, J., Kosinski, M., Bjorner, J., Tunrer-Bowker, D., Gandek, B., & Maruish, M. (2007). User’s manual for the SF-36v2 health survey (2nd ed.). Lincoln, RI: Quality Metric Incorporated. Ware, J., Kosinski, M., Bjorner, J., Tunrer-Bowker, D., Gandek, B., & Maruish, M. (2007). User’s manual for the SF-36v2 health survey (2nd ed.). Lincoln, RI: Quality Metric Incorporated.
22.
go back to reference Sherbourne, C. D., & Stewart, A. L. (1991). The MOS social support survey. Social Science and Medicine, 32, 705–714.PubMedCrossRef Sherbourne, C. D., & Stewart, A. L. (1991). The MOS social support survey. Social Science and Medicine, 32, 705–714.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.CrossRef Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: consider the brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 92–100.PubMedCrossRef Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: consider the brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 92–100.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1997). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 2–21.CrossRef Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1997). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 2–21.CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Berger, B. E., Ferrans, C. E., & Lashley, F. R. (2001). Measuring stigma in people with HIV: psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale. Research in Nursing & Health, 24, 518–529.CrossRef Berger, B. E., Ferrans, C. E., & Lashley, F. R. (2001). Measuring stigma in people with HIV: psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale. Research in Nursing & Health, 24, 518–529.CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Shields, M. (2004). Stress, health and the benefit of social support. Health Reports, 15, 9–38.PubMed Shields, M. (2004). Stress, health and the benefit of social support. Health Reports, 15, 9–38.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Liang, K. Y., & Zeger, S. L. (1986). Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika, 73, 13–22.CrossRef Liang, K. Y., & Zeger, S. L. (1986). Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika, 73, 13–22.CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Preau, M., Marcellin, F., Carrieri, M. P., Lert, F., Obadia, Y., Spire, B., et al. (2007). Health-related quality of life in French people living with HIV in 2003: Results from the national ANRS-EN12-VESPA Study. AIDS, 21(suppl 1), S19–S27.PubMedCrossRef Preau, M., Marcellin, F., Carrieri, M. P., Lert, F., Obadia, Y., Spire, B., et al. (2007). Health-related quality of life in French people living with HIV in 2003: Results from the national ANRS-EN12-VESPA Study. AIDS, 21(suppl 1), S19–S27.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Marcellin, F., Preau, M., Ravaux, I., Dellamonica, P., Spire, B., & Carrieri, M. P. (2007). Self-reported fatigue and depressive symptoms as main indicators of the quality of life (QOL) of patients living with HIV and hepatitis C: Implications of clinical management and future research. HIV Clinical Trials, 8, 320–327.PubMedCrossRef Marcellin, F., Preau, M., Ravaux, I., Dellamonica, P., Spire, B., & Carrieri, M. P. (2007). Self-reported fatigue and depressive symptoms as main indicators of the quality of life (QOL) of patients living with HIV and hepatitis C: Implications of clinical management and future research. HIV Clinical Trials, 8, 320–327.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Poynard, T., Cacoub, P., Ratziu, V., Myers, R. P., Dezailles, M. H., Mercadier, A., et al. (2002). Fatigue in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 9, 295–303. Poynard, T., Cacoub, P., Ratziu, V., Myers, R. P., Dezailles, M. H., Mercadier, A., et al. (2002). Fatigue in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 9, 295–303.
32.
go back to reference Barkhuizen, A., Rosen, H. R., Wolf, S., Flora, K., Benner, K., & Bennett, R. M. (1999). Musculoskeletal pain and fatigue are associated with chronic hepatitis C: A report of 239 hepatology clinic patients. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 94, 1355–1360.PubMed Barkhuizen, A., Rosen, H. R., Wolf, S., Flora, K., Benner, K., & Bennett, R. M. (1999). Musculoskeletal pain and fatigue are associated with chronic hepatitis C: A report of 239 hepatology clinic patients. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 94, 1355–1360.PubMed
33.
go back to reference Abayli, B., Canataroglu, A., & Akkiz, H. (2003). Serum profile of T helper 1 and T helper 2 cytokines in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology, 14, 7–11.PubMed Abayli, B., Canataroglu, A., & Akkiz, H. (2003). Serum profile of T helper 1 and T helper 2 cytokines in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology, 14, 7–11.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Kallinowski, B., Haseroth, K., Marinos, G., et al. (1998). Induction of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor type p55 and p75 in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 111, 269–277.PubMedCrossRef Kallinowski, B., Haseroth, K., Marinos, G., et al. (1998). Induction of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor type p55 and p75 in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 111, 269–277.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Leroy, V., Vigan, I., Mosnier, J. F., et al. (2003). Phenotypic and functional characterization of intrahepatic T lymphocytes during chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology, 38, 829–841.PubMed Leroy, V., Vigan, I., Mosnier, J. F., et al. (2003). Phenotypic and functional characterization of intrahepatic T lymphocytes during chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology, 38, 829–841.PubMed
36.
go back to reference Teuber, G., Schäfer, A., Rimpel, J., Paul, K., Keicher, C., Scheurlen, M., et al. (2008). Deterioration of health-related quality of life and fatigue in patients with chronic hepatitis C: Association with demographic factors, inflammatory activity, and degree of fibrosis. Journal of Hepatology, 49, 923–929.PubMedCrossRef Teuber, G., Schäfer, A., Rimpel, J., Paul, K., Keicher, C., Scheurlen, M., et al. (2008). Deterioration of health-related quality of life and fatigue in patients with chronic hepatitis C: Association with demographic factors, inflammatory activity, and degree of fibrosis. Journal of Hepatology, 49, 923–929.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Vassilopoulos, D., & Calabrese, L. H. (2003). Rheumatic manifestations of hepatitis C infection. Current Rheumatology Reports, 5(3), 200–204.PubMedCrossRef Vassilopoulos, D., & Calabrese, L. H. (2003). Rheumatic manifestations of hepatitis C infection. Current Rheumatology Reports, 5(3), 200–204.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Buskila, D., Shnaider, A., Neumann, L., Zilberman, D., Hilzenrat, N., & Sikuler, E. (1997). Fibromyalgia in hepatitis C virus infection. Another infectious disease relationship. Archives of Internal Medicine, 157, 2497–2500.PubMedCrossRef Buskila, D., Shnaider, A., Neumann, L., Zilberman, D., Hilzenrat, N., & Sikuler, E. (1997). Fibromyalgia in hepatitis C virus infection. Another infectious disease relationship. Archives of Internal Medicine, 157, 2497–2500.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Kozanoglu, E., Canataroglu, A., Abayli, B., Colakoglu, S., & Goncu, K. (2003). Fibromyalgia syndrome in patients with hepatitis C infection. Rheumatology International, 23, 248–251.PubMedCrossRef Kozanoglu, E., Canataroglu, A., Abayli, B., Colakoglu, S., & Goncu, K. (2003). Fibromyalgia syndrome in patients with hepatitis C infection. Rheumatology International, 23, 248–251.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Gibson, K., Rueda, S., Rourke, S. B., Bekele, T., Gardner, S., Fenta, H., et al. (2011). Mastery and coping moderate the negative effect of acute and chronic stressors on mental health-related quality of life in HIV. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 25, 371–381.PubMedCrossRef Gibson, K., Rueda, S., Rourke, S. B., Bekele, T., Gardner, S., Fenta, H., et al. (2011). Mastery and coping moderate the negative effect of acute and chronic stressors on mental health-related quality of life in HIV. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 25, 371–381.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Jia, H., Uphold, C. R., Wu, S., Reid, K., Findley, K., & Duncan, P. W. (2004). Health-related quality of life among men with HIV infection: Effects of social support, coping and depression. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 18, 594–603.PubMedCrossRef Jia, H., Uphold, C. R., Wu, S., Reid, K., Findley, K., & Duncan, P. W. (2004). Health-related quality of life among men with HIV infection: Effects of social support, coping and depression. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 18, 594–603.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Van Dijk, A. P., Toet, J., & Verdurmen, J. E. E. (2004). The relationship between health related quality of life and two measures of alcohol consumption. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65, 241–249.PubMed Van Dijk, A. P., Toet, J., & Verdurmen, J. E. E. (2004). The relationship between health related quality of life and two measures of alcohol consumption. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65, 241–249.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Liu, C., Johnson, L., Ostrow, D., Silvestre, A., Visscher, B., & Jacobsen, L. (2006). Predictors for lower quality of life in the HAART era among HIV-infected men. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 42, 470–477.PubMedCrossRef Liu, C., Johnson, L., Ostrow, D., Silvestre, A., Visscher, B., & Jacobsen, L. (2006). Predictors for lower quality of life in the HAART era among HIV-infected men. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 42, 470–477.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Stranges, S., Notaro, J., Freudenheim, J. L., Calogero, R. M., Muti, P., Farinaro, E., et al. (2006). Alcohol drinking pattern and subjective health in a population-based study. Addiction, 101, 1265–1276.PubMedCrossRef Stranges, S., Notaro, J., Freudenheim, J. L., Calogero, R. M., Muti, P., Farinaro, E., et al. (2006). Alcohol drinking pattern and subjective health in a population-based study. Addiction, 101, 1265–1276.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Yee, T. T., Griffioen, A., Sabin, C. A., Dusheiko, G., & Lee, C. A. (2000). The natural history of HCV in a cohort of haemophilic patients infected between 1961 and 1985. Gut, 47(6), 845–851.PubMedCrossRef Yee, T. T., Griffioen, A., Sabin, C. A., Dusheiko, G., & Lee, C. A. (2000). The natural history of HCV in a cohort of haemophilic patients infected between 1961 and 1985. Gut, 47(6), 845–851.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Public Health Agency of Canada. (2009). HIV and AIDS in Canada. Surveillance report to December 31, 2008. Ottawa: Surveillance and Risk Assessment Division, Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Canada. Public Health Agency of Canada. (2009). HIV and AIDS in Canada. Surveillance report to December 31, 2008. Ottawa: Surveillance and Risk Assessment Division, Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Canada.
Metagegevens
Titel
Impact of hepatitis B and C co-infection on health-related quality of life in HIV positive individuals
Auteurs
Jennifer Gillis
Curtis Cooper
Sean Rourke
Sergio Rueda
Kelly O’Brien
Evan Collins
Anita Rachlis
Trevor A. Hart
Janet Raboud
the OHTN Cohort Study Group
Publicatiedatum
01-09-2013
Uitgeverij
Springer Netherlands
Gepubliceerd in
Quality of Life Research / Uitgave 7/2013
Print ISSN: 0962-9343
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2649
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-012-0283-7

Andere artikelen Uitgave 7/2013

Quality of Life Research 7/2013 Naar de uitgave