Introduction
Methods
Study design and participants
Measurements and data collection
Clinical characteristics
Pulmonary assessment
Cardiac evaluation
Questionnaires
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics
All (n = 186) | No COPD (n = 118) | COPD (n = 68) |
P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 76 [68–82] | 76 [67–82] | 76 [69–84] | 0.55 |
Male sex | 129 (69%) | 78 (66%) | 51 (75%) | 0.25 |
BMI, kg/m2
| 29 (±5) | 29 (±5) | 28 (±5) | 0.08 |
LVEF, % Preserved EF | 44 [32–54] 57 (31%) | 46 [32–57] 40 (38%) | 43 [30–50] 17 (27%) | 0.11 0.18 |
NYHA class
|
0.014
| |||
NYHA I NYHA II NYHA III NYHA IV | 47 (25%) 99 (53%) 38 (20%) 2 (1%) | 38 (32%) 61 (52%) 18 (15%) 1 (1%) | 9 (13%) 38 (56%) 20 (29%) 1 (2%) | |
Cause of HF
| 0.33 | |||
CAD DCM HHD | 91 (49%) 35 (19%) 33 (18%) | 51 (43%) 25 (21%) 23 (20%) | 40 (59%) 10 (15%) 10 (15%) | |
Co-morbidity
| ||||
Hypertension Diabetes mellitus Hyper-Cholesterolaemia CVA/TIA PAD | 114 (61%) 49 (26%) 133 (72%) 17 (9%) 6 (3%) | 77 (65%) 32 (27%) 86 (73%) 11 (9%) 3 (3%) | 37 (54%) 17 (25%) 47 (69%) 6 (9%) 3 (4%) | 0.16 0.86 0.62 1.0 0.67 |
Smoking history
|
0.001
| |||
Non-smoker Current smoker Former smoker | 49 (26%) 22 (12%) 106 (57%) | 42 (37%) 10 (9%) 61 (54%) | 7 (11%) 12 (19%) 45 (70%) | |
Symptoms and clinical findings
Blood pressure
| ||||
– Systolic | 125 (±21) | 129 (±21) | 118 (±19) |
<0.001
|
– Diastolic | 69 (±11) | 70 (±11) | 68 (±11) | 0.29 |
– Pulse | 71 [62–80] | 70 [62–80] | 72 [64–81] | 0.55 |
O2 saturation (n = 134) | 97 [96–98] | 98 [97–98] | 97 [96–98] |
0.005
|
NT-proBNP | 93 [33–229] | 81 [28–205] | 98 [42–247] | 0.50 |
History of COPD I–IV | 28 (15%) | 3 (3%) | 25 (37%) |
<0.001
|
History of asthma | 7 (4%) | 2 (2%) | 5 (7%) | 0.10 |
Exacerbation last year | 6 (3%) | 1 (1%) | 5 (7%) |
0.02
|
Inhalation therapy without proper diagnosis | 14 (8%) | 7 (6%) | 7 (10%) | 0.39 |
Inhalation therapy | 34 (18%) | 10 (9%) | 24 (35%) |
<0.001
|
Cardiac medication
| ||||
ACE-I ARB β-blockers Diuretics Aldosterone antagonists | 110 (59%) 59 (32%) 172 (93%) 147 (79%) 74 (40%) | 70 (59%) 35 (30%) 109 (92%) 91 (77%) 42 (36%) | 40 (60%) 24 (35%) 63 (93%) 56 (82%) 32 (47%) | 1.0 0.51 1.0 0.46 0.16 |
Spirometry
| ||||
FEV1, L FEV1, % predicted FVC, L FVC, % predicted FEV1/FVC, % | 2.4 (±0.8) 94 (±23) 3.4 (±0.90) 103.7 (±17) 71 (±12) | 2.7 (±0.7) 105 (±17) 3.4 (±0.9) 106.2 (±15) 78 (±5) | 2.0 (±0.64) 75 (±21) 3.4 (±0.9) 99.5 (±20) 58 (±9) |
<0.001
<0.001
0.97
0.01
<0.001
|
COPD prevalence
All (n = 186) | No COPD (n = 118) | COPD (n = 68) |
P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
mMRC scale
|
0.006
| |||
0 1 2 3 4 | 29 (16%) 74 (40%) 31 (17%) 42 (23%) 10 (5%) | 23 (20%) 52 (44%) 17 (14%) 24 (20%) 2 (2%) | 6 (9%) 22 (32%) 14 (21%) 18 (27%) 8 (12%) | |
CAT score (n = 156) | 14 [9–20] | 13 [8–19] | 16 [11–22] | 0.07 |
6-MWT, m (n = 141) | 397 [318–460] | 402 [308–462] | 393 [318–442] | 0.68 |
Quality of life and survival
QOL | Overall (n = 186) | No COPD (n = 118) | COPD (n = 68) |
P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
KCCQ score | 78 (±20) | 82 (±19) | 73 (±21) |
0.005
|
Physical limitation | 52 (±16) | 54 (±15) | 47 (±16) |
0.002
|
Symptoms | 75 (±24) | 79 (±24) | 67 (±22) |
0.001
|
Symptom stability | 44 (±13) | 46 (±13) | 41 (±13) |
0.022
|
Social limitation | 62 (±21) | 64 (±21) | 58 (±20) | 0.08 |
Self-efficacy | 78 (±18) | 80 (±17) | 74 (±21) | 0.11 |
Quality of life | 65 (±19) | 67 (±19) | 61 (±19) | 0.08 |
ADO score | 4[3–5] | 4[3–4] | 4[3–6] |
0.001
|
BODE score | 1[0–4] | 0[0–3] | 2[0–5] |
0.004
|