Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1/2018

21-11-2017 | Empirical Research

Identifying as American among Adolescents from Asian Backgrounds

Auteurs: Lisa Kiang, Melissa R. Witkow

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 1/2018

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

An important aspect of identity development requires adolescents to consider and select the cultural label or labels that best fit with their conception of who they are. Yet, little is known about the longitudinal development of such labeling preferencs and their possible links with adjustment. Using longitudinal data from 180 Asian Americans (60% female; 74% U.S.-born), intra-individual and group-level changes in adolescents’ American label use were tracked. Over time, 48% chose an American label as their “best-fitting” label and 42% chose an American label at least once, but did not include an American label during at least one other time point. American label use was not associated with continuous measures of American identity, but the use of American labels was linked with lower levels of ethnic identity. American identity, whether indicated by label use or continuous scale scores, was generally linked with positive psychological and academic adjustment, with some effects of label use moderated by gender and generational status. Developmental implications of American cultural labels as markers of adolescent identity and broader adjustment are discussed.
Literatuur
go back to reference Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994). Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 10(2), 77–84. Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994). Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 10(2), 77–84.
go back to reference Armenta, B. E., Lee, R. M., Pituc, S. T., Jung, K. R., Park, I. J., Soto, J. A., Kim, S. Y., & Schwartz, S. J. (2013). Where are you from? A validation of the Foreigner Objectification Scale and the psychological correlates of foreigner objectification among Asian Americans and Latinos. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19(2), 131–142.CrossRefPubMed Armenta, B. E., Lee, R. M., Pituc, S. T., Jung, K. R., Park, I. J., Soto, J. A., Kim, S. Y., & Schwartz, S. J. (2013). Where are you from? A validation of the Foreigner Objectification Scale and the psychological correlates of foreigner objectification among Asian Americans and Latinos. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19(2), 131–142.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bowman, P. J., & Howard, C. (1985). Race-related socialization, motivation, and academic achievement: A study of Black youths in three-generation families. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24(2), 134–141.CrossRefPubMed Bowman, P. J., & Howard, C. (1985). Race-related socialization, motivation, and academic achievement: A study of Black youths in three-generation families. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24(2), 134–141.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Buriel, R, Cardoza, D. (1993). Mexican American ethnic labeling: An intrafamilial and intergenerational analysis. In: M. E. Bernal, & G. P. Knight (Eds.), Ethnic identity: Formation and transmission among Hispanics and other minorities. (pp. 197–210). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Buriel, R, Cardoza, D. (1993). Mexican American ethnic labeling: An intrafamilial and intergenerational analysis. In: M. E. Bernal, & G. P. Knight (Eds.), Ethnic identity: Formation and transmission among Hispanics and other minorities. (pp. 197–210). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
go back to reference Citrin, J., Wong, C., & Duff, B. (2001). The meaning of American national identity. In R. D. Ashmore, L. Jussim & D. Wilder (Eds.), Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction (pp. 71–100). New York: Oxford University Press. Citrin, J., Wong, C., & Duff, B. (2001). The meaning of American national identity. In R. D. Ashmore, L. Jussim & D. Wilder (Eds.), Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction (pp. 71–100). New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Deaux, K. (2008). To be an American: Immigration, hyphenation, and incorporation. Journal of Social Issues, 64(4), 925–943.CrossRef Deaux, K. (2008). To be an American: Immigration, hyphenation, and incorporation. Journal of Social Issues, 64(4), 925–943.CrossRef
go back to reference Devos, T., & Mohamed, H. (2014). Shades of American identity: Implicit relations between ethnic and national identities. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8, 739–754.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Devos, T., & Mohamed, H. (2014). Shades of American identity: Implicit relations between ethnic and national identities. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8, 739–754.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Dion, K. K., & Dion, K. L. (2001). Gender and cultural adaptation in immigrant families. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 511–521.CrossRef Dion, K. K., & Dion, K. L. (2001). Gender and cultural adaptation in immigrant families. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 511–521.CrossRef
go back to reference Doan, G. O., & Stephan, C. W. (2006). The functions of ethnic identity: A New Mexico Hispanic example. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(2), 229–241.CrossRef Doan, G. O., & Stephan, C. W. (2006). The functions of ethnic identity: A New Mexico Hispanic example. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(2), 229–241.CrossRef
go back to reference Eccles, J. S. (1983). Expectancies, values, and academic behaviors. In J. T. Spence (Ed.), Achievement and achievement motivation (pp. 75–146). San Francisco, CA: Freeman. Eccles, J. S. (1983). Expectancies, values, and academic behaviors. In J. T. Spence (Ed.), Achievement and achievement motivation (pp. 75–146). San Francisco, CA: Freeman.
go back to reference Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. Oxford, England: Norton & Co. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. Oxford, England: Norton & Co.
go back to reference Espiritu, Y. L. (1993). Asian American panethnicity: Bridging institutions and identities. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Espiritu, Y. L. (1993). Asian American panethnicity: Bridging institutions and identities. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
go back to reference Ethier, K. A., & Deaux, K. (1994). Negotiating social identity when contexts change: Maintaining identification and responding to threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 243–251.CrossRef Ethier, K. A., & Deaux, K. (1994). Negotiating social identity when contexts change: Maintaining identification and responding to threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 243–251.CrossRef
go back to reference Fuligni, A. J., Kiang, L., Witkow, M. R., & Baldelomar, O. (2008). Stability and change in ethnic labeling among adolescents from Asian and Latin American immigrant families. Child Development, 79(4), 944–956.CrossRefPubMed Fuligni, A. J., Kiang, L., Witkow, M. R., & Baldelomar, O. (2008). Stability and change in ethnic labeling among adolescents from Asian and Latin American immigrant families. Child Development, 79(4), 944–956.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Garcia Coll, C., Crnic, K., Lamberty, G., Wasik, B. H., Jenkins, R., Garcia, H. V., & McAdoo, H. P. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891–1914.CrossRefPubMed Garcia Coll, C., Crnic, K., Lamberty, G., Wasik, B. H., Jenkins, R., Garcia, H. V., & McAdoo, H. P. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891–1914.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Gartner, M., Kiang, L., & Supple, A. (2014). Prospective links between ethnic socialization, ethnic and American identity, and well-being among Asian-American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(10), 1715–1727.CrossRefPubMed Gartner, M., Kiang, L., & Supple, A. (2014). Prospective links between ethnic socialization, ethnic and American identity, and well-being among Asian-American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(10), 1715–1727.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Goto, S. G., Gee, G. C., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2002). Strangers still? The experience of discrimination among Chinese Americans. Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 211–224.CrossRef Goto, S. G., Gee, G. C., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2002). Strangers still? The experience of discrimination among Chinese Americans. Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 211–224.CrossRef
go back to reference Haritatos, J., & Benet-Martı́nez, V. (2002). Bicultural identities: The interface of cultural, personality, and socio-cognitive processes. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 598–606.CrossRef Haritatos, J., & Benet-Martı́nez, V. (2002). Bicultural identities: The interface of cultural, personality, and socio-cognitive processes. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 598–606.CrossRef
go back to reference Kiang, L. (2008). Ethnic self-labeling in young American adults from Chinese backgrounds. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(1), 97–111.CrossRef Kiang, L. (2008). Ethnic self-labeling in young American adults from Chinese backgrounds. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(1), 97–111.CrossRef
go back to reference Kiang, L., Witkow, M. R., & Champagne, M. C. (2013). Normative changes in ethnic and American identities and links with adjustment among Asian American adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 49(9), 1713–1722.CrossRefPubMed Kiang, L., Witkow, M. R., & Champagne, M. C. (2013). Normative changes in ethnic and American identities and links with adjustment among Asian American adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 49(9), 1713–1722.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kiang, L., Witkow, M. R., Gonzalez, L. M., Stein, G. L., & Andrews, K. (2015). Changes in academic aspirations and expectations among Asian American adolescents. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 6(3), 252–262.CrossRef Kiang, L., Witkow, M. R., Gonzalez, L. M., Stein, G. L., & Andrews, K. (2015). Changes in academic aspirations and expectations among Asian American adolescents. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 6(3), 252–262.CrossRef
go back to reference Kiang, L., & Supple, A. J. (2016). Theoretical perspectives on Asian American youth and families in rural and new immigrant destinations. In L. Crockett & G. Carlo (Eds.), Ethnic minority youth in the rural U.S. (71–88). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. Kiang, L., & Supple, A. J. (2016). Theoretical perspectives on Asian American youth and families in rural and new immigrant destinations. In L. Crockett & G. Carlo (Eds.), Ethnic minority youth in the rural U.S. (71–88). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
go back to reference Kiang, L., Cheah, C., Huynh, V., Wang, Y., & Yoshikawa, H. (2016). Annual review of Asian American psychology, 2015. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 7, 219–255. Kiang, L., Cheah, C., Huynh, V., Wang, Y., & Yoshikawa, H. (2016). Annual review of Asian American psychology, 2015. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 7, 219–255.
go back to reference Kibria, N. (2000). Race, ethnic options, and ethnic binds: Identity negotiations of second-generation Chinese and Korean Americans. Sociological Perspectives, 43(1), 77–95.CrossRef Kibria, N. (2000). Race, ethnic options, and ethnic binds: Identity negotiations of second-generation Chinese and Korean Americans. Sociological Perspectives, 43(1), 77–95.CrossRef
go back to reference Kim, J. (2012). Asian American racial identity development theory. In C. L. Wijeyesinghe & B. W. Jackson, III (Eds.), New perspectives on racial identity development: Integrating emerging frameworks, 2nd Ed. (pp. 138–160). New York: New York University Press. Kim, J. (2012). Asian American racial identity development theory. In C. L. Wijeyesinghe & B. W. Jackson, III (Eds.), New perspectives on racial identity development: Integrating emerging frameworks, 2nd Ed. (pp. 138–160). New York: New York University Press.
go back to reference Mistry, J., Li, J., Yoshikawa, H., Tseng, V., Tirrell, J. M., Kiang, L., Mistry, R., & Wang, Y. (2016). An integrated conceptual framework for developmental research on Asian American children and youth. Child Development, 87, 1013–1032.CrossRef Mistry, J., Li, J., Yoshikawa, H., Tseng, V., Tirrell, J. M., Kiang, L., Mistry, R., & Wang, Y. (2016). An integrated conceptual framework for developmental research on Asian American children and youth. Child Development, 87, 1013–1032.CrossRef
go back to reference Mroczek, D. K., & Kolarz, C. M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect: a developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(5), 1333–1349.CrossRefPubMed Mroczek, D. K., & Kolarz, C. M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect: a developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(5), 1333–1349.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Okamoto, D. G. (2006). Institutional panethnicity: Boundary formation in Asian-American organizing. Social Forces, 85, 1–25.CrossRef Okamoto, D. G. (2006). Institutional panethnicity: Boundary formation in Asian-American organizing. Social Forces, 85, 1–25.CrossRef
go back to reference Pew Research Center. (2012). The rise of Asian Americans. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center. (2012). The rise of Asian Americans. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
go back to reference Phinney, J. S. (1992). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 156–176.CrossRef Phinney, J. S. (1992). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 156–176.CrossRef
go back to reference Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2001). The story of the immigrant second generation: Legacies. New York: Russell Sage. Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2001). The story of the immigrant second generation: Legacies. New York: Russell Sage.
go back to reference Qin‐Hilliard, D. B. (2003). Gendered expectations and gendered experiences: Immigrant students’ adaptation in schools. New Directions for Youth Development, 100, 91–109.CrossRef Qin‐Hilliard, D. B. (2003). Gendered expectations and gendered experiences: Immigrant students’ adaptation in schools. New Directions for Youth Development, 100, 91–109.CrossRef
go back to reference Qin, D. (2006). The role of gender in immigrant children’s educational adaptation. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 9(1), 8–19. Qin, D. (2006). The role of gender in immigrant children’s educational adaptation. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 9(1), 8–19.
go back to reference Rivas‐Drake, D., Seaton, E. K., Markstrom, C., Quintana, S., Syed, M., Lee, R. M., et al. (2014). Ethnic and racial identity in adolescence: Implications for psychosocial, academic, and health outcomes. Child Development, 85(1), 40–57.CrossRefPubMed Rivas‐Drake, D., Seaton, E. K., Markstrom, C., Quintana, S., Syed, M., Lee, R. M., et al. (2014). Ethnic and racial identity in adolescence: Implications for psychosocial, academic, and health outcomes. Child Development, 85(1), 40–57.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Rosenberg, M. (1986). Conceiving the self. Melbourne, FL: Kreiger. Rosenberg, M. (1986). Conceiving the self. Melbourne, FL: Kreiger.
go back to reference Rowley, S. J., Sellers, R. M., Chavous, T. M., & Smith, M. A. (1998). The relationship between racial identity and self-esteem in African American college and high school students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 715–724.CrossRefPubMed Rowley, S. J., Sellers, R. M., Chavous, T. M., & Smith, M. A. (1998). The relationship between racial identity and self-esteem in African American college and high school students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 715–724.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Rumbaut, R. G. (1994). The crucible within: Ethnic identity, self-esteem, and segmented assimilation among children of immigrants. International Migration Review, 28, 748–794.CrossRef Rumbaut, R. G. (1994). The crucible within: Ethnic identity, self-esteem, and segmented assimilation among children of immigrants. International Migration Review, 28, 748–794.CrossRef
go back to reference Schwartz, S. J., & Zamboanga, B. L. (2008). Testing Berry’s model of acculturation: A confirmatory latent class approach. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(4), 275–285.CrossRefPubMed Schwartz, S. J., & Zamboanga, B. L. (2008). Testing Berry’s model of acculturation: A confirmatory latent class approach. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(4), 275–285.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Sellers, R. M., Smith, M. A., Shelton, J. N., Rowley, S. A. J., & Chavous, T. M. (1998). Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 18–39. Sellers, R. M., Smith, M. A., Shelton, J. N., Rowley, S. A. J., & Chavous, T. M. (1998). Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 18–39.
go back to reference Supple, A. J., McCoy, S. Z., & Wang, Y. (2010). Parental influences on Hmong university students’ success. Hmong Studies Journal, 11, 1–37. Supple, A. J., McCoy, S. Z., & Wang, Y. (2010). Parental influences on Hmong university students’ success. Hmong Studies Journal, 11, 1–37.
go back to reference Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Yip, T., Seaton, E. K., & Sellers, R. M. (2006). African American racial identity across the lifespan: Identity status, identity content, and depressive symptoms. Child Development, 77(5), 1504–1517.CrossRefPubMed Yip, T., Seaton, E. K., & Sellers, R. M. (2006). African American racial identity across the lifespan: Identity status, identity content, and depressive symptoms. Child Development, 77(5), 1504–1517.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Zha, B. X., Detzner, D. F., & Cleveland, M. J. (2004). Southeast Asian adolescents’ perceptions of immigrant parenting practices. Hmong Studies Journal, 5, 1–20. Zha, B. X., Detzner, D. F., & Cleveland, M. J. (2004). Southeast Asian adolescents’ perceptions of immigrant parenting practices. Hmong Studies Journal, 5, 1–20.
Metagegevens
Titel
Identifying as American among Adolescents from Asian Backgrounds
Auteurs
Lisa Kiang
Melissa R. Witkow
Publicatiedatum
21-11-2017
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 1/2018
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0776-3

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2018

Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1/2018 Naar de uitgave