Top

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology

Gepubliceerd in:

01-05-2009

Heterogeneity in ADHD: Neuropsychological Pathways, Comorbidity and Symptom Domains

Auteurs: Cecilia Wåhlstedt, Lisa B. Thorell, Gunilla Bohlin

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 4/2009

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate different neuropsychological impairments and comorbid behavioral problems in relation to symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), studying the independent effects of different functions as well as specific relations to symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention. A community-based sample of school children (n = 182; the higher end of the ADHD symptom range was oversampled) completed neuropsychological tasks designed to measure executive function (EF), state regulation and delay aversion. Behavioral symptoms were measured through parental and teacher ratings of the DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Both categorical and dimensional analyses were used to acquire a deeper understanding of ADHD. The results supported the notion that EF and state regulation constitute independent pathways to ADHD, primarily to symptoms of inattention. In addition, the present study points to the importance of viewing ADHD as a heterogeneous condition also with regard to the differential impact of neuropsychological functioning and comorbidity on different ADHD symptom groups and the two ADHD symptom domains.

vorige artikel Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, Inattention (HIA) and Conduct Problems among African American Youth: The Roles of Neighborhood and Gender

volgende artikel Adrenocortical Functioning in Boys with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Examining Subtypes of ADHD and Associated Comorbid Conditions

Alderson, R. M., Rapport, M. D., & Kofler, M. J. (2007). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and behavioral inhibition: a meta-analytic review of the stop-signal paradigm. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 745–758.PubMedCrossRef

American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Barkley, R. A. (1997). ADHD and the nature of self-control. New York: Guilford.

Barkley, R. A. (1998). Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (2ndnd ed.). New York: Guilford.

Bauermeister, J. J., Shrout, P. E., Ramirez, R., Bravo, M., Alegria, M., Martinez-Taboas, A., et al. (2007). ADHD Correlates, comorbidity, and impairment in community and treated samples of children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 883–898. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9141-4.PubMedCrossRef

Berlin, L., & Bohlin, G. (2002). Response inhibition, hyperactivity and conduct problems among preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 242–251.PubMed

Berlin, L., Bohlin, G., Nyberg, L., & Janols, L.-O. (2004). How well do measures of inhibition and other executive functions discriminate between children with ADHD and controls? Child Neuropsychology, 1, 1–13.

Berwid, O. G., Curko Kera, E. A., Marks, D. J., Santra, A., Bender, H. A., & Halperin, J. M. (2005). Sustained attention and response inhibition in young children at risk for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 46, 1219–1229. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.00417.x.PubMedCrossRef

Biederman, J. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1215–1220. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.020.PubMedCrossRef

Bitsakou, P., Psychogiou, L., Thompson, M., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2008). Inhibitory deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are independent of basic processing efficiency and IQ. Journal of Neural Transmission, 115, 261–268. doi:10.1007/s00702-007-0828-z.PubMedCrossRef

Brocki, K. C., & Bohlin, G. (2006). Developmental change in the relation between executive functions and symptoms of ADHD and co-occurring behaviour problems. Infant and Child Development, 15, 19–40. doi:10.1002/icd.413.CrossRef

Brocki, K. C., Nyberg, L., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2007). Early concurrent and longitudinal symptoms of ADHD and ODD: relations to different types of inhibitory control and working memory. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 48, 1033–1041. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01811.x.PubMedCrossRef

Castellanos, F. X., & Tannock, R. (2002). Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 3, 617–628.PubMed

Castellanos, F. X., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Milham, M. P., & Tannock, R. (2006). Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 117–123. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.01.011.PubMedCrossRef

Chen, L. A., Welsh, A. H., & Chan, W. (2001). Estimators for the linear regression model based on Winsorized observations. Statistica Sinica, 11, 147–172.

Chhabildas, N. A., Pennington, B. F., & Willcutt, E. G. (2001). A comparison of the cognitive deficit in the DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 9, 28–32.

Clarke, S. D., Kohn, M. R., Hermens, D. F., Rabbinge, M., Clark, C. R., Gordon, E., & Williams, L. M. (2007). Distinguishing symptom profiles in adolescent ADHD using an objective cognitive test battery. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 19, 355–367.PubMed

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2ndnd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Dalen, L., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Hall, M., & Remington, B. (2004). Inhibitory deficits, delay aversion and preschool AD/HD: implications for the dual pathway model. Neural Plasticity, 11, 1–11. doi:10.1155/NP.2004.1.PubMedCrossRef

DuPaul, G. J., Power, T. J., Anastopoulos, A. D., & Reid, R. (1998). ADHD rating Scale IV. Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. New York: Guilford.

Epstein, J. N., Erkanli, A., Conners, C. K., Klaric, J., Costello, J. E., & Angold, A. (2003). Relations between continuous performance test performance measures and ADHD behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 543–554. doi:10.1023/A:1025405216339.PubMedCrossRef

Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Weber, W., & Russell, R. L. (1998). Psychiatric, neuropsychological, and psychosocial features of DSM-IV subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a clinically reffered sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 185–193.PubMedCrossRef

Friedman, N. P., Haberstick, B. C., Willcutt, E. G., Miyake, A., Young, S. E., Corley, R. P., & Hewitt, J. K. (2007). Greater attention problems during childhood predict poorer executive functioning in late adolescence. Psychological Science, 18, 893–900. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01997.x.PubMedCrossRef

Gaub, M., & Carlson, C. L. (1997). Behavioral characteristics of DSM-IV ADHD subtypes in a school-based population. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 103–111. doi:10.1023/A:1025775311259.PubMedCrossRef

Gerstadt, C. L., Hong, Y. J., & Diamond, A. (1994). The relationship between cognition and action: performance of children 3 1/2–7 years old on a Stroop-like day-night test. Cognition, 53, 129–153. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90068-X.PubMedCrossRef

Geurts, H. M., Verté, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005). ADHD subtypes: do they differ in their executive functioning profile? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 457–477. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.11.001.PubMedCrossRef

Groth-Marnat, G. (1997). Handbook of psychological assessment (3rdrd ed.). New York: Wiley and Sons.

Henricsson, X., & Rydell, A.-M. (2006). Children with behavior problems: Development during the first 6 years of school. Infant and Child Development, 15, 347–366.CrossRef

Huang-Pollock, C. L., Mikami, A. Y., Pfiffner, L., & McBurnett, K. (2007). ADHD subtype differences in motivational respnsivity but not inhibitory control: evidence from a reward-based variation of the stop signal paradigm. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 127–136.PubMed

Johnson, K. A., Kelly, S. P., Bellgrove, M. A., Barry, E., Cox, M., Gill, M., & Robertson, I. H. (2007). Response variability in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: evidence for neuropsychological heterogeneity. Neuropsychologia, 45, 630–638. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.03.034.PubMedCrossRef

Kalff, A. C., De Sonneville, L. M. J., Hurks, P. P. M., Hendriksen, J. G. M., Kroes, M., Feron, F. J. M., Steyaert, J., et al. (2005). Speed, speed variability, and accuracy of information processing in 5 to 6 year-old children at risk of ADHD. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 173–183. doi:10.1017/S1355617705050216.PubMedCrossRef

Klein, C., Wendling, K., Huettner, P., Ruder, H., & Peper, M. (2006). Intra-subject variability in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 1088–1097. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.003.PubMedCrossRef

Kraemer, H. C., Noda, A., & O’Hara, R. (2004). Categorical versus dimensional approaches to diagnosis: methodological challenges. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38, 17–25. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(03)00097-9.PubMedCrossRef

Kuntsi, J., Oosterlaan, J., & Stevenson, J. (2001). Psychological mechanisms in hyperactivity: I response inhibition deficit, working memory impairment, delay aversion, or something else? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 42, 199–210. doi:10.1017/S0021963001006709.PubMedCrossRef

Kuntsi, J., Andreou, P., Ma, J., Börger, N. A., & Van der Meere, J. J. (2005). Testing assumptions for endophenotype studies in ADHD: Reliability and validity of tasks in a general population sample. BMC Psychiatry, 5, 40. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-5-40.PubMedCrossRef

Levy, F., Hay, D. A., McStephen, M., Wood, C., & Waldman, I. (1997). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a category or a continuum? Genetic analysis of a large-scale twin study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 737–744. doi:10.1097/00004583-199706000-00009.PubMedCrossRef

Lijffijt, M., Kenemans, J. L., Verbaten, M. N., & van Engeland, H. (2005). A meta-analytic review of stopping performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: deficient inhibitory motor control? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2, 216–222. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.2.216.CrossRef

Malmberg, M., Rydell, A.-M., & Smedje, H. (2003). Validity of the Swedish version of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ-Swe). Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 57, 357–363. doi:10.1080/08039480310002697.PubMedCrossRef

Martinussen, R., Hayden, J., Hogg-Johnson, S., & Tannock, R. (2005). A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 377–384. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000153228.72591.73.PubMedCrossRef

Martell, M., Nikolas, M., & Nigg, J. T. (2007). Executive function in adolescents with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1437–1444. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31814cf953.CrossRef

Massetti, G. M., Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Loney, J., Ehrhardt, A., Lee, S. S., & Kipp, H. (2008). Academic achievement over 8 years among children who met modified criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at 4-6 years of age. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 399–410. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9186-4.PubMedCrossRef

McInerney, R. J., Hrabok, M., & Kerns, K. A. (2005). The children’s size-ordering task: a new measure of nonverbal working memory. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 735–745. doi:10.1081/13803390490918633.PubMedCrossRef

Nassauer, K. W., & Halperin, J. M. (2003). Dissociation of perceptual and motor inhibition processes through the use of novel computerized conflict tasks. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 25–30. doi:10.1017/S1355617703910034.PubMedCrossRef

Nigg, J. T. (2006). What Causes ADHD? Understanding What Goes Wrong and Why. New York: Guilford.

Nigg, J. T., Willcut, E. G., Doyle, A. E., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2005). Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? Biological Psychiatry, 57, 224–1230. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.025.

Nyberg, L., Bohlin, G., Berlin, L., & Janols, L.-O. (2003). Differentiating type a behaviour and hyperactivity using observed motivation during a reaction time task. Infant and Child Development, 12, 145–158. doi:10.1002/icd.270.CrossRef

Nyberg, L., Bohlin, G., & Hagekull, B. (2004). Assessing type A behavior in children: a longitudinal exploration of the overlap between type A behavior and hyperactivity. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 45, 145–156. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2004.00389.x.PubMedCrossRef

Pasini, A., Paloscia, C., Alessandrelli, R., Porfirio, M. C., & Curatolo, P. (2007). Attention and executive functions profile in drug naive ADHD subtypes. Brain & Development, 29, 400–408. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2006.11.010.CrossRef

Power, T. J., Costigan, T. E., Eiraldi, R. B., & Stephen, S. L. (2004). Variations in anxiety and depression as a function of ADHD subtypes defined by DSM-IV: do subtype differences exist or not? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 27–37. doi:10.1023/B:JACP.0000007578.30863.93.PubMedCrossRef

Rabiner, D., & Coie, J. D. (2000). Early attention problems and children’s reading achievement: a longitudinal investigation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 859–867. doi:10.1097/00004583-200007000-00014.PubMedCrossRef

Schatz, D. B., & Rostain, A. L. (2006). ADHD with comorbid anxiety a review of the current litterature. Journal of Attention Disorders, 10, 141–149. doi:10.1177/1087054706286698.PubMedCrossRef

Scheres, A., Dijkstra, M., Ainslie, E., Balkan, J., Reynolds, B., Sonuga-Barke, E., & Castellanos, F. X. (2006). Temporal and probabilistic discounting of rewards in children and adolescents: effects of age and ADHD symptoms. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2092–2103. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.012.PubMedCrossRef

Scheres, A., & Sumiya, L. M. (2008). Temporal reward discounting and ADHD: task and symptom specific effects. Journal of Neural Transmission, 115, 221–226. doi:10.1007/s00702-007-0813-6.PubMedCrossRef

Sergeant, J. (2000). The cognitive-energetic model: an empirical approach to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 7–12. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00060-3.PubMedCrossRef

Sergeant, J. A. (2005). Modeling attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a critical appraisal of the cognitive-energetic model. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1248–1255. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.010.PubMedCrossRef

Sergeant, J. A., Geurts, H., Huijbregts, S., Scheres, A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2003). The top and the bottom of ADHD: a neuropsychological perspective. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27, 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.004.PubMedCrossRef

Simpson, A., & Riggs, K. J. (2005). Factors responsible for performance on the day-night task: response set or semantics? Developmental Science, 8(4), 360–371. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00424.x.PubMedCrossRef

Solanto, M. V., Abikoff, H., Sonuga-Barke, E., Schachar, R., Logan, G. D., Wigal, T., et al. (2001). The ecological validity of delay aversion and response inhibition as measures of impulsivity in AD/HD: a supplement to the nimh multimodal treatment study of AD/HD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 215–228. doi:10.1023/A:1010329714819.PubMedCrossRef

Solanto, M. V., Gilbert, S. N., Raj, A., Zhu, J., Pope-Boyd, S., Stepak, B., Vail, L., & Newcorn, J. H. (2007). Neurocognitive functioning in AD/HD, Predominantly inattentive and combined subtypes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 729–744. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9123-6.PubMedCrossRef

Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2003). The dual pathway model of AD/HD: An elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27, 593–604. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.005.PubMedCrossRef

Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2005). Causal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: from common simple deficits to multiple developmental pathways. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1231–1238. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.008.PubMedCrossRef

Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Taylor, E., Sembi, S., & Smith, J. (1992). Hyperactivity and delay aversion I: The effect of delay on choice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 33, 387–398. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00874.x.PubMedCrossRef

Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Dalen, L., & Remington, B. (2003). Do executive deficits and delay aversion make independent contributions to preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1335–1342. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000087564.34977.21.PubMedCrossRef

Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Sergeant, J. A., Nigg, J., & Willcutt, E. (2008). Executive dysfunction and delay aversion in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: nosologic and diagnostic implications. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17, 367–384. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.008.PubMedCrossRef

Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643–662. doi:10.1037/h0054651.CrossRef

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Experimental designs using ANOVA. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Brooks/Cole, cop.

Thorell, L. B. (2007). Do delay aversion and executive function deficits make distinct contributions to the functional impact of ADHD symptoms? A study of early academic skill deficits. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 48, 1061–1070. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01777.x.PubMedCrossRef

Thorell, L. B., & Wåhlstedt, C. (2006). Executive functioning deficits in relation to symptoms of ADHD and/or ODD in preschool children. Infant and Child Development, 15, 503–518. doi:10.1002/icd.475.CrossRef

Trommer, B. L., Hoeppner, J.-A. B., Lorber, R., & Armstrong, K. (1988). The go/no-go paradigm in attention deficit disorder. Annals of Neurology, 24, 610–614. doi:10.1002/ana.410240504.PubMedCrossRef

Tucha, L., Tucha, O., Laufkötter, R., Walitza, S., Klein, H. E., & Lange, K. W. (2008). Neuropsychological assessment of attention in adults with different subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Neural Transmission, 115, 269–278. doi:10.1007/s00702-007-0836-z.PubMedCrossRef

Van der Meere, J., Marzocchi, G. M., & De Meo, T. (2005). Response inhibition and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without oppositional defiant disorder screened from a community sample. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28, 459–472. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2801_1.PubMedCrossRef

Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (3rd ed.) (Psykologiförlaget AB, Stockholm, Trans.) New York: Psychological Corporation.

Welsh, M. C. (2002). Developmental and clinical variations in executive functions. In D. L. Molfese, & V. J. Molfese (Ed.), Developmental variations in learning: Applications to social, executive function, language, and reading skills (pp. 139–185). Mahawah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Willcut, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005a). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1336–1346. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006.CrossRef

Willcutt, E. G., Brodsky, K., Chhabildas, N., Shanahan, M., Yerys, B., Scott, A., & Pennington, B. F. (2005b). The neuropsychology of ADHD: validity of the executive function hypothesis. In Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: From Genes to Patients (pp. 185–213). Totowa, NJ: Human.

Titel: Heterogeneity in ADHD: Neuropsychological Pathways, Comorbidity and Symptom Domains
Auteurs: Cecilia Wåhlstedt
Lisa B. Thorell
Gunilla Bohlin
Publicatiedatum: 01-05-2009
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 4/2009
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9286-9

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2009

Hyperactivity in Boys with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Ubiquitous Core Symptom or Manifestation of Working Memory Deficits?

Mediational Pathways Through Which Positive and Negative Emotionality Contribute to Anhedonic Symptoms of Depression: A Prospective Study of Adolescents

The Association Between Observed Parental Emotion Socialization and Adolescent Self-Medication

Social Information Processing in Elementary-School Aged Children with ADHD: Medication Effects and Comparisons with Typical Children

Developmental Links Between Trajectories of Physical Violence, Vandalism, Theft, and Alcohol-Drug Use from Childhood to Adolescence

Open Access

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Heterogeneity in ADHD: Neuropsychological Pathways, Comorbidity and Symptom Domains

Abstract

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2009

Hyperactivity in Boys with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Ubiquitous Core Symptom or Manifestation of Working Memory Deficits?

Mediational Pathways Through Which Positive and Negative Emotionality Contribute to Anhedonic Symptoms of Depression: A Prospective Study of Adolescents

The Association Between Observed Parental Emotion Socialization and Adolescent Self-Medication

Social Information Processing in Elementary-School Aged Children with ADHD: Medication Effects and Comparisons with Typical Children

Developmental Links Between Trajectories of Physical Violence, Vandalism, Theft, and Alcohol-Drug Use from Childhood to Adolescence

Impact of Traumatic Life Events in a Community Sample of Toddlers

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Hyperactivity in Boys with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Ubiquitous Core Symptom or Manifestation of Working Memory Deficits?

Mediational Pathways Through Which Positive and Negative Emotionality Contribute to Anhedonic Symptoms of Depression: A Prospective Study of Adolescents

The Association Between Observed Parental Emotion Socialization and Adolescent Self-Medication

Social Information Processing in Elementary-School Aged Children with ADHD: Medication Effects and Comparisons with Typical Children

Developmental Links Between Trajectories of Physical Violence, Vandalism, Theft, and Alcohol-Drug Use from Childhood to Adolescence

Impact of Traumatic Life Events in a Community Sample of Toddlers