Top

Gepubliceerd in:

15-11-2022 | Empirical Research

Helicopter Parenting and Emotional Problems in Chinese Emerging Adults: Are there Cross-lagged Effects and the Mediations of Autonomy?

Auteurs: Wen Gao, Yaxian Hou, Shiyu Hao, Aihui Yu

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 2/2023

Abstract

Although evidence suggests that helicopter parenting causes emotional problems in emerging adults, how emotional problems in emerging adults affect helicopter parenting and the mediating role of autonomy in reciprocal relationships is little known. Therefore, this study collected data from 418 Chinese university students (80.1% female; M_age = 18.71, SD = 1.15) three times (in the second, fourth, and fourteenth months after enrollment) about perceived helicopter parenting, emotional issues (anxiety and depressive symptoms), and autonomy. The results of the cross-lagged panel models showed that emotional problems in emerging adults predicted the later assessment of helicopter parenting, the reverse relationship between the two variables was not the case. Emerging adults’ emotional issues at Time 1 reduced their autonomy at Time 2, leading to increased helicopter parenting behaviors at Time 3. However, helicopter parenting at Time 1 did not affect emerging adults’ autonomy at Time 2, which also had no relation to their emotional problems at Time 3. These findings suggest that helicopter parenting is more likely a reaction to maladjustment in emerging adults than an influencing factor. The research clarifies changes in parent-child interactions during the transition to adulthood and will help promote the adaptation of emerging adults in college.

vorige artikel Examining the Prospective Bidirectional Associations between Subjective and Objective Attractiveness and Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms and Life Satisfaction

volgende artikel Bullying and Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization: Prospective Within-Person Associations

Al-Qaisy, L. M. (2011). The relation of depression and anxiety in academic achievement among group of university students. International Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 3(5), 96–100. https://doi.org/10.12691/rpbs-5-1-4.CrossRef

Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176.CrossRef

Arnett, J. J. (2015). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties (2nd ed). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Arnett, J. J., Žukauskienė, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18–29 years: Implications for mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 569–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(14)00080-7.CrossRef

Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893–897. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893.CrossRef

Berne, E. (1968). Games people play: The psychology of human relationships. Uk: Penguin.

Bowen, M. (1993). Family therapy in clinical practice. Jason Aronson.

Bradley-Geist, J. C., & Olson-Buchanan, J. B. (2014). Helicopter parents: An examination of the correlates of over-parenting of college students. Education and Training, 56(4), 314–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-10-2012-0096.CrossRef

Burke, T. J., Segrin, C., & Farris, K. L. (2018). Young adult and parent perceptions of facilitation: Associations with overparenting, family functioning, and student adjustment. Journal of Family Communication, 18(3), 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2018.1467913.CrossRef

Cameron, L., Erkal, N., Gangadharan, L., & Meng, X. (2013). Little emperors: Behavioral impacts of China’s One-Child Policy. Science, 339(6122), 953–957. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1230221.CrossRef

Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., & Yu, G. (2022). Prevalence of mental health problems among college students in mainland China from 2010 to 2020: A meta-analysis. Advances in Psychological Science, 30(5), 991–1004. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1042.2022.00991.CrossRef

Cosgrove, K. T., Kerr, K. L., Aupperle, R. L., Ratliff, E. L., DeVille, D. C., Silk, J. S., & Morris, A. S. (2019). Always on my mind: Cross-brain associations of mental health symptoms during simultaneous parent-child scanning. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 40, 100729 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100729.CrossRef

Cranford, J. A., Eisenberg, D., & Serras, A. M. (2009). Substance use behaviors, mental health problems, and use of mental health services in a probability sample of college students. Addictive Behaviors, 34(2), 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.09.004.CrossRef

Cui, M., Janhonen-Abruquah, H., Darling, C. A., Carlos Chavez, F. L., & Palojoki, P. (2018). Helicopter parenting and young adults’ well-being: A comparison between United States and Finland. Cross-Cultural Research, 53(4), 410–427. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397118802253.CrossRef

Darlow, V., Norvilitis, J. M., & Schuetze, P. (2017). The relationship between helicopter parenting and adjustment to college. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(8), 2291–2298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0751-3.CrossRef

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “ what” and” why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01.CrossRef

Deslandes, R., Leclerc, D., & Dore-Cote, A. (2001). Longitudinal studies of special education and regular students: Autonomy, parental involvement practices and degree of reciprocity in parent-adolescent interactions. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Ottawa (Ontario). Reports - Research; Speeches/Meeting Papers.

Dorrance Hall, E., Shebib, S. J., & Scharp, K. M. (2021). The mediating role of helicopter parenting in the relationship between family communication patterns and resilience in first-semester college students. Journal of Family Communication, 21(1), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2020.1859510.CrossRef

Feng, B., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Xie, X., & Geng, W. (2020). Change in the level of depression among Chinese college students from 2000 to 2017: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 48(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8832.CrossRef

Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y. P., Wesselmann, E. D., Zarit, S., Furstenberg, F., & Birditt, K. S. (2012). Helicopter parents and landing pad kids: Intense parental support of grown children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(4), 880–896. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00987.x.CrossRef

Forbes, M. K., Fitzpatrick, S., Magson, N. R., & Rapee, R. M. (2019). Depression, anxiety, and peer victimization: Bidirectional relationships and associated outcomes transitioning from childhood to adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(4), 692–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0922-6.CrossRef

Gan, G.-G., & Yuen Ling, H. (2019). Anxiety, depression and quality of life of medical students in Malaysia. Medical Journal Malaysia, 74(1), 57–61.

Gavazzi, S. M., Anderson, S. A., & Sabatelli, R. M. (1993). Family differentiation, peer differentiation, and adolescent adjustment in a clinical sample. Journal of Adolescent Research, 8(2), 205–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/074355489382005.CrossRef

Gong, X., Xie, X., Xu, R., & Luo, Y. (2010). A report on the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale Simplified Chinese Version (DASS-21) among Chinese university students. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18(4), 443–446.

Harrison, A. G., Beal, A. L., & Armstrong, I. T. (2022). The impact of depression and anxiety on speed of academic performance and retrieval fluency in postsecondary students. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 36(6), 1506–1532. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1842501.CrossRef

Inguglia, C., Ingoglia, S., Liga, F., Lo Coco, A., & Lo Cricchio, M. G. (2015). Autonomy and relatedness in adolescence and emerging adulthood: Relationships with parental support and psychological distress. Journal of Adult Development, 22(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-014-9196-8.CrossRef

Johnston, M. M., & Finney, S. J. (2010). Measuring basic needs satisfaction: Evaluating previous research and conducting new psychometric evaluations of the Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 35(4), 280–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.04.003.CrossRef

Jolliffe, D., Farrington, D. P., Brunton-Smith, I., Loeber, R., Ahonen, L., & Palacios, A. P. (2019). Depression, anxiety and delinquency: Results from the Pittsburgh Youth Study. Journal of Criminal Justice, 62, 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.08.004.CrossRef

Kalin, N. H. (2021). Anxiety, depression, and suicide in youth. American Journal of Psychiatry, 178(4), 275–279. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.21020186.CrossRef

Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2003). Parenting of adolescents: Action or reaction? In A. C. Crouter & A. Booth (Eds.), Children’s Influence on Family Dynamics. The neglected side of family relationships (pp. 121–152). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Kim, K., Birditt, K. S., Zarit, S. H., & Fingerman, K. L. (2020). Typology of parent–child ties within families: Associations with psychological well-being. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(4), 448–458. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000595.CrossRef

Kouros, C. D., Pruitt, M. M., Ekas, N. V., Kiriaki, R., & Sunderland, M. (2017). Helicopter parenting, autonomy support, and college students’ mental health and well-being: The moderating role of sex and ethnicity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(3), 939–949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0614-3.CrossRef

Kwon, K. A., Yoo, G., & Bingham, G. (2016). Helicopter parenting in emerging adulthood: Support or barrier for Korean college students’ psychological adjustment? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(1), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0195-6.CrossRef

Larde, P. A. (2020). The reverse domino effect: How to nurture self-belief, self-determination, and post-traumatic growth in students who have experienced trauma. National Youth Advocacy and Resilience Conference. 111. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/nyar_savannah/2020/2020/111

Lee, J., & Kang, S. (2018). Perceived helicopter parenting and Korean emerging adults’ psychological adjustment: The mediational role of parent-child affection and pressure from parental career expectations. Journal of Child Family Studies, 27(11), 3672–3686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1193-2.CrossRef

Lema-Gómez, L., Arango-Paternina, C. M., Eusse-López, C., Petro, J., Petro-Petro, J., López-Sánchez, M., & Perea-Velásquez, F. (2021). Family aspects, physical fitness, and physical activity associated with mental-health indicators in adolescents. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12403-2.CrossRef

LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2011.574038.CrossRef

Leung, J. T. (2020). Too much of a good thing: Perceived overparenting and wellbeing of Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Child Indicators Research, 13(5), 1791–1809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-020-09720-0.CrossRef

Leung, J. T. Y., & Shek, D. T. L. (2018). Validation of the Perceived Chinese Overparenting Scale in Emerging Adults in Hong Kong. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(1), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0880-8.CrossRef

Loukas, A. (2009). Examining temporal associations between perceived maternal psychological control and early adolescent internalizing problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(8), 1113–1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-009-9335-z.CrossRef

Luebbe, A. M., Mancini, K. J., Kiel, E. J., Spangler, B. R., Semlak, J. L., & Fussner, L. M. (2018). Dimensionality of helicopter parenting and relations to emotional, decision-making, and academic functioning in emerging adults. Assessment, 25(7), 841–857. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116665907.CrossRef

McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2007). Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.002.CrossRef

Meng, L., 2020. The interplay between helicopter parenting and children’s social adaptation and its mediating mechanism: A short-term follow-up study. Liaoning Normal University. Master dissertation.

Moore, E., Holding, A. C., Moore, A., Levine, S. L., Powers, T. A., Zuroff, D. C., & Koestner, R. (2021). The role of goal-related autonomy: A self-determination theory analysis of perfectionism, poor goal progress, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 68(1), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000438.CrossRef

Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & McLean, R. D. (2021). Longitudinal predictors of helicopter parenting in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 9(3), 240–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696820931980.CrossRef

Newsom, J. (2015). Missing data and missing data estimation. Advanced data analysis: structural equation modeling. Oregon, USA: Lecture conducted from Portland.

Niu, L., He, J., Cheng, C., Yi, J., Wang, X., & Yao, S. (2021). Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Chinese version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale among undergraduates and clinical patients. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03474-x.CrossRef

Odenweller, K. G., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Weber, K. (2014). Investigating helicopter parenting, family environments, and relational outcomes for millennials. Communication Studies, 65(4), 407–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2013.811434.CrossRef

Okray, Z. (2016). Helicopter parenting and related issues: Psychological well-being, basic psychological needs and depression on university students. Current Research in Education, 2(3), 165–173.

Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down?: Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1177–1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.007.CrossRef

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879.CrossRef

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306.CrossRef

Ravindran, N., Hu, Y., McElwain, N. L., & Telzer, E. H. (2020). Dynamics of mother–adolescent and father–adolescent autonomy and control during a conflict discussion task. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(3), 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000588.CrossRef

Reed, K., Duncan, J. M., Lucier-Greer, M., Fixelle, C., & Ferraro, A. J. (2016). Helicopter parenting and emerging adult self-efficacy: Implications for mental and physical health. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(10), 3136–3149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0466-x.CrossRef

Reilly, S., & Semkovska, M. (2018). An examination of the mediatory role of resilience in the relationship between helicopter parenting and severity of depressive symptoms in Irish university students. Adolescent Psychiatry, 8(1), 32–47. https://doi.org/10.2174/2210676608666180508130224.CrossRef

Reitz, E., Deković, M., Meijer, A. M., & Engels, R. C. (2006). Longitudinal relations among parenting, best friends, and early adolescent problem behavior: Testing bidirectional effects. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 26(3), 272–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431606288591.CrossRef

Rousseau, S., & Scharf, M. (2015). “I will guide you” The indirect link between overparenting and young adults’ adjustment. Psychiatry Research, 228(3), 826–834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.016.CrossRef

Sameroff, A. J., & Mackenzie, M. J. (2003). Research strategies for capturing transactional models of development: The limits of the possible. Development and Psychopathology, 15(3), 613–640. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579403000312.CrossRef

Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7(2), 147–177. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.2.147.CrossRef

Schiffrin, H. H., Erchull, M. J., Sendrick, E., Yost, J. C., Power, V., & Saldanha, E. R. (2019). The effects of maternal and paternal helicopter parenting on the self-determination and well-being of emerging adults. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(12), 3346–3359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01513-6.CrossRef

Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., & Tashner, T. (2014). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(3), 548–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9716-3.CrossRef

Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., Bauer, A., & Murphy, M. T. (2012). The association between overparenting, parent-child communication, and entitlement and adaptive traits in adult children. Family Relations, 61(2), 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00689.x.CrossRef

Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., & Montgomery, N. (2013). Parent and child traits associated with overparenting. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(6), 569–595. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2013.32.6.569.CrossRef

Shen, C. X., Liu, R. D., & Wang, D. (2013). Why are children attracted to the Internet? The role of need satisfaction perceived online and perceived in daily real life. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 185–192.CrossRef

Somers, P., & Settle, J. (2010). The helicopter parent: Research toward a typology (Part 1). College and University, 86, 18–27.

Stattin, H., & Kerr, M. (2000). Parental monitoring: A reinterpretation. Child Development, 71(4), 1072–1085. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00210.CrossRef

Ulutas, I., & Aksoy, A. B. (2014). The impact of helicopter parenting on the social connectedness and anxiety level of university students. In International Academic Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities. Prague.

Wang, J., Lai, R., Yang, A., Yang, M., & Guo, Y. (2021). Helicopter parenting and depressive level among non-clinical Chinese college students: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Affective Disorders, 295, 522–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.078.CrossRef

Wei, M., Shaffer, P. A., Young, S. K., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, shame, depression, and loneliness: The mediation role of basic psychological needs satisfaction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(4), 591–601. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.591.CrossRef

Zhou, Y., An, J., Cheng, M., Sheng, L., Rui, G., Mahefuzha, M., & Yao, J. (2018). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Beck Anxiety Inventory among Chinese postgraduates. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 46(8), 1245–1254. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6923.CrossRef

Titel: Helicopter Parenting and Emotional Problems in Chinese Emerging Adults: Are there Cross-lagged Effects and the Mediations of Autonomy?
Auteurs: Wen Gao
Yaxian Hou
Shiyu Hao
Aihui Yu
Publicatiedatum: 15-11-2022
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 2/2023
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01702-5

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2023

The Development of School Satisfaction in Chinese Early Adolescents: The Contributions of Peer Liking and Academic Performance

Type and Breadth of High School Extracurricular Activity Involvement and Postsecondary Psychosocial Well-Being among Diverse Youth

Mother-Adolescent Perceived Parenting Profiles and Mexican-origin Adolescents’ Academic Performance

Trajectories of Perceived Technological Impairment and Psychological Distress in Adolescents

Examining the Prospective Bidirectional Associations between Subjective and Objective Attractiveness and Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms and Life Satisfaction

Late-Night Digital Media Use in Relation to Chronotype, Sleep and Tiredness on School Days in Adolescence