Top

Journal of Child and Family Studies

Gepubliceerd in:

07-09-2019 | Original Paper

Helicopter Parenting and College Students’ Psychological Maladjustment: The Role of Self-control and Living Arrangement

Auteurs: Peipei Hong, Ming Cui

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 2/2020

Abstract

Objectives

Previous studies suggested that helicopter parenting was associated with college students’ psychological maladjustment. The mechanisms and circumstances explaining such an association, however, were less studied. In the present study, we aimed to extend the current research to investigate how and under what condition helicopter parenting was related to college students’ psychological maladjustment by examining a potential mediator—self-control, and a contextual moderator—living arrangement.

Methods

This study used a sample of 432 emerging adult college students from two large southern universities in the U.S. Participants reported their parents’ helicopter parenting, their own self-control, symptoms of depression and anxiety, life satisfaction, and demographics (e.g., living arrangement).

Results

Findings from structural equation modeling suggested that (1) self-control mediated the association between perceived helicopter parenting and college students’ psychological maladjustment including symptoms of depression and anxiety and low life satisfaction; and (2) living arrangement moderated this association such that the association between perceived helicopter parenting and college students’ psychological maladjustment was stronger among college students who were living with their parents than among those living away from their parents.

Conclusions

The findings suggested that helicopter parenting could affect college students’ psychological maladjustment through lower levels of self-control. The effect of helicopter parenting on psychological maladjustment could be more salient among students living with their parents as compared to those living away from their parents.

vorige artikel Helicopter Parenting, Self-Control, and School Burnout among Emerging Adults

volgende artikel Overparenting and Perfectionistic Concerns Predict Academic Entitlement in Young Adults

American College Health Association. (2017). National college health assessment II: Spring 2017 reference group executive summary. https://www.acha.org/documents/ncha/NCHA-II_SPRING_2017_REFERENCE_GROUP_EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf

Andersen, S. L. (2003). Trajectories of brain development: point of vulnerability or window of opportunity? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27, 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(03)00005-8.CrossRefPubMed

Aquilino, W. S. (2006). Family relationships and support systems in emerging adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 193–217). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRef

Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. The American Psychologist, 55, 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469.CrossRefPubMed

Arnett, J. J. (2007). Socialization in emerging adulthood: from the family to the wider world, from socialization to self-socialization. In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 208–231). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Asberg, K. K., Bowers, C., Renk, K., & McKinney, C. (2008). A structural equation modeling approach to the study of stress and psychological adjustment in emerging adults. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39, 481–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-008-0102-0.CrossRefPubMed

Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 351–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x.CrossRef

Beck, A. T., Brown, G., Epstein, N., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893–897. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893.CrossRefPubMed

Bradley-Geist, J. C., & Olson-Buchanan, J. B. (2014). Helicopter parents: an examination of the correlates of over-parenting of college students. Education + Training, 56, 314–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-10-2012-0096.CrossRef

Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2006). The bioecological model of human development. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 1: Theoretical models of human development. 6th ed. (pp. 793–828). New York, NY: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0114.

Burt, C. H., Sweeten, G., & Simons, R. L. (2014). Self-control through emerging adulthood: Instability, multidimensionality, and criminological significance. Criminology, 52, 450–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12045.CrossRef

Converse, B. A., Juarez, L., & Hennecke, M. (2018). Self-control and the reasons behind our goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116, 860–883. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000188.CrossRefPubMed

Cui, M. (2017). Understanding parenting influence on Chinese university students’ well-being. Asian Journal of Social Science, 45, 465–482. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04504005.CrossRef

Cui, M., Darling, C. A., Coccia, C., Fincham, F. D., & May, R. W. (2019). Indulgent parenting, helicopter parenting, and well-being of parents and emerging adults. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 860–871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-01314-3.CrossRef

Cui, M., Darling, C. A., Lucier-Greer, M., Fincham, F. D., & May, R. W. (2018). Parental indulgence: profiles and effects on young adults’ emotional and behavioral problems. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 2456–2466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1076-6.CrossRef

Cui, M., Donnellan, M. B., & Conger, R. D. (2007). Reciprocal influences between parents' marital problems and adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior. Developmental psychology, 43, 1544–1552. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1544.CrossRefPubMed

Cui, M., Graber, J. A., Metz, A., & Darling, C. A. (2019). Parental indulgence, self-regulation, and young adults’ behavioral and emotional problems. Journal of Family Studies, 25, 233–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2016.1237884.CrossRef

Cui, M., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., Melby, J. N., & Bryant, C. M. (2005). Observer, self, and partner reports of hostile behaviors in romantic relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1169–1181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00208.x.CrossRef

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01.CrossRef

de Ridder, D., Lensvelt-Mulders, G., Finkenauer, C., Stok, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2012). Taking stock of self-control: a meta-analysis of how self-control affects a wide range of behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16, 76–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311418749.CrossRefPubMed

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13.CrossRef

Duckworth, A., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Self-control and grit: related but separable determinants of success. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414541462.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ferdinand, R. F., & Verhulst, F. C. (1995). Psychopathology from adolescence into young adulthood: an 8-year follow-up study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1586–1549. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.11.1586.CrossRefPubMed

Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y. P., Wesselmann, E. D., Zarit, S., Furstenberg, F., & Birditt, K. S. (2012). Helicopter parents and landing pad kids: Intense parental support of grown children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74, 880–896. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00987.x.CrossRefPubMed

Fingerman, K. L., Kim, K., Davis, E. M., Furstenberg, F. F., Birditt, K. S., & Zarit, S. H. (2015). “I’ll give you the world”: socioeconomic differences in parental support of adult children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77, 844–865. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12204.CrossRefPubMed

Finkenauer, C., Engels, R., & Baumeister, R. (2005). Parenting behavior and adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: the role of self-control. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000333.CrossRef

Fitzsimons, G. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2011). Outsourcing self-regulation. Psychological Science, 22, 369–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610397955.CrossRefPubMed

Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Graham, J. D., & Bray, S. R. (2015). Self-control strength depletion reduces self-efficacy and impairs exercise performance. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 37, 477–488. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0064.CrossRef

Guan, S.-S. A., & Fuligni, A. J. (2016). Changes in parent, sibling, and peer support during the transition to young adulthood. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26, 286–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12191.CrossRef

Hay, C. (2001). Parenting, self-control, and delinquency: a test of self-control theory. Criminology, 39, 707–736. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00938.x.CrossRef

Irwin, M., Artin, K. H., & Oxman, M. N. (1999). Screening for depression in the older adult: criterion validity of the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Archives of Internal Medicine, 159, 1701–1704. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.15.1701.CrossRefPubMed

James, S. D. (2017). Mental health problems rising among college students. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/college-game-plan/mental-health-problems-rising-among-college-students-n777286.

Johnson, S. B., Blum, R. W., & Giedd, J. N. (2009). Adolescent maturity and the brain: the promise and pitfalls of neuroscience research in adolescent health policy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45, 216–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.05.016.CrossRefPubMed

Kins, E., Beyers, W., Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2009). Patterns of home leaving and subjective well-being in emerging adulthood: the role of motivational processes and parental autonomy support. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1416–1429. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015580.CrossRefPubMed

Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 2nd ed New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Kouros, C. D., Kiriaki, R., Sunderland, M., Pruitt, M. M., & Ekas, N. V. (2017). Helicopter parenting, autonomy support, and college students’ mental health and well-being: the moderating role of sex and ethnicity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 939–949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0614-3.CrossRefPubMed

Kwon, K. A., Bingham, G. E., & Yoo, G. (2016). Helicopter parenting in emerging adulthood: support or barrier for Korean college students’ psychological adjustment? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0195-6.CrossRef

Lanza, H. I., Huang, D. Y. C., Hser, Y. I., & Murphy, D. A. (2013). A latent class analysis of maternal responsiveness and autonomy-granting in early adolescence: prediction to later adolescent sexual risk-taking. Journal of Early Adolescence, 33, 404–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431612445794.CrossRefPubMed

LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31, 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2011.574038.CrossRef

Lythcott-Haims, J. (2015). How to raise an adult: Break free of the overparenting trap and prepare your kid for success. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Co.

Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. I. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244, 933–938. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2658056.CrossRefPubMed

Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., & Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 2693–2698. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010076108 CrossRef

Moller, A. C., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2006). Choice and ego-depletion: the moderating role of autonomy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1024–1036. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206288008.CrossRefPubMed

Nelson, M. K. (2010). Parenting out of control: Anxious parents in uncertain times. New York, NY: New York University Press.

Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down? Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1177–1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.007.CrossRefPubMed

Perry, R. P., Hladkyj, S., Pekrun, R. H., & Pelletier, S. T. (2001). Academic control and action control in the achievement of college students: a longitudinal field study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93, 776–789. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.93.4.776.CrossRef

Pew Research Center (2015). For first time in modern era, living with parents edges out other living arrangements for 18- to 34-year-olds. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/05/24/for-first-time-in-modern-era-living-with-parents-edges-out-other-living-arrangements-for-18-to-34-year-olds/

Pew Research Center (2017). It’s becoming more common for young adults to live at home—and for longer stretches. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/05/05/its-becoming-more-common-for-young-adults-to-live-at-home-and-for-longer-stretches/

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306.CrossRef

Reed, K., Duncan, J., Lucier-Greer, M., Fixelle, C., & Ferraro, A. (2016). Helicopter parenting and emerging adult self-efficacy: implications for mental and physical health. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 3136–3149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0466-x.CrossRef

Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Risky families: family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 330–366. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.330.CrossRefPubMed

Rhodan M. (2016). Why college is a risky time for students' mental health. Time August. http://time.com/4473575/college-mental-health-guidebook/

Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1979). A note on percent variance explained as a measure of the importance of effects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 395–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02713.x.CrossRef

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68.CrossRefPubMed

Schafer, J. L. (1997). Analysis of incomplete multivariate data. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRef

Scharf, M., Rousseau, S., & Bsoul, S. (2017). Overparenting and young adults’ interpersonal sensitivity: Cultural and parental gender-related diversity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 1356–1364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0652-x.CrossRef

Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., & Tashner, T. (2014). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 548–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9716-3.CrossRef

Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., Bauer, A., & Murphy, M. T. (2012). The association between overparenting, parent-child communication, and entitlement and adaptive traits in adult children. Family Relations, 61, 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00689.x.CrossRef

Segrin, C., Swaitkowski, P., Givertz, M., & Montgomery, N. (2015). Overparenting is associated with child problems and a critical family environment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 470–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9858-3.CrossRef

Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., & Montgomery, N. (2013). Parent and child traits associated with overparenting. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32, 569–595. 101521jscp2013326569.CrossRef

Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Gaertner, B., Popp, T., Smith, C. L., Kupfer, A., & Hofer, C. (2007). Relations of maternal socialization and toddlers’ effortful control to children’s adjustment and social competence. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1170–1186. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1170.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Swartz, T. T., Kim, M., Uno, M., Mortimer, J., & O'Brien, K. B. (2011). Safety nets and scaffolds: parental support in the transition to adulthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73, 414–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00815.x.CrossRefPubMed

Taber-Thomas, B., & Perez-Edgar, K. Emerging adulthood brain development (2015) In J. Arnett (ed.), The Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood (pp.126-141). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.15.

Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x.CrossRef

Vazsonyi, A. T., & Huang, L. (2010). Where self-control comes from: on the development of self-control and its relationship to deviance over time. Developmental psychology, 46, 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016538.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Helicopter Parenting and College Students’ Psychological Maladjustment: The Role of Self-control and Living Arrangement
Auteurs: Peipei Hong
Ming Cui
Publicatiedatum: 07-09-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 2/2020
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01541-2

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2020

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs as a Framework for Understanding Adolescent Depressive Symptoms Over Time

Muscle Dysmorphia in Adolescence: The Role of Parental Psychological Control on a Potential Behavioral Addiction

Exploring the family origins of adolescent dysfunctional separation–individuation

How Parental Involvement Influences Adolescents’ Academic Emotions from Control-Value Theory

Interpersonal Forgiveness and Adolescent Depression. The Mediational Role of Self-reassurance and Self-criticism

Adolescent Risk and Protective Factors Predicting Triple Trajectories of Substance Use from Adolescence into Adulthood