Runners change their running style, e.g. heel strike strategy, to adapt to different shoe conditions [1]. Various mechanisms for adaptation are discussed [2, 3]. Alteration of stiffness of the ankle joint at heel strike by dorsiflexion or plantarflexion of the foot seems to be disregarded as mechanism of adaptation.
In this study, alterations of heel strike angle (HSA) and plantarflexion velocity (PFV) in the sagittal plane due to wearing different shoe conditions was examined. By this, adaptation in running style as a mechanism of shock attenuation should be investigated.
Methods
Twenty-four male, injury-free recreational runners (age: 24.8 ± 2.5 years, height: 177.7 ± 5.8 cm, weight: 73.1 ± 7.1 kg) participated in this study. Three running shoes differing in heel height and cushioning properties were used: S1 = low heel, less cushioning; S2 = low heel, medium cushioning; S3 = high heel, medium cushioning.
Subjects performed five repetitive running trials across a force plate (Kistler 9287BA) at a speed of 3.5 ± 0.1 m/s. Kinetic parameters like peak vertical impact force (PVF1) and corresponding force rising rate (FRR) were obtained at a sampling rate of 1 kHz. Kinematic data of the foot and the shank were collected using a nine camera motion capture system (Vicon MX 3) at a sampling rate of 240 Hz. HSA in the sagittal plane and average corresponding PFV during touch down were calculated. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA was performed for each parameter in order to compare effects of the three shoe conditions. Furthermore, intraindividual variability across all subjects and shoes was quantified by the coefficient of variation (COVØ).
Results
For kinematic and kinetic parameters highly significant differences were found between shoe conditions (Figure 1). Comparing progression of heel angle around touchdown ± 30 ms increased cushioning conditions (S2, S3) resulted in higher HSA (Figure 2).
Figure 1
Means (SD) of kinematic and kinetic parameters for the three shoe conditions.
Figure 2
Progression of heel angle.
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HSA and PFV show an individual range from 15.3° to 36.1° and 377°/s to 664°/s between subjects and shoes. Low intraindividual variability of subjects was found for all shoe conditions (COVØHSA = 5.4%, COVØPFV = 5.6%).
No correlation was observed between HSA, PFV, and the kinetic impact parameters for individual subjects.
Conclusion
Significant differences of HSA and PFV between shoes support the assumption that heel strike angle and plantarflexion velocity in the sagittal plane are used to adapt to different shoe conditions independent from impact parameters. Furthermore, due to small intraindividual variability, it seems that magnitude of HSA and PFV is a characteristic feature of individual running style.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by Puma Inc., Germany.
Open AccessThis article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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