Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence 5/2017

30-03-2017 | Empirical Research

Gender Identity Disparities in Bathroom Safety and Wellbeing among High School Students

Auteurs: Laura J. Wernick, Alex Kulick, Matthew Chin

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 5/2017

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

By examining the relationship between trans identity, bathroom safety and wellbeing among high school students, this article empirically investigates how educational institutions operate as sites through which gender is negotiated in ways that are consequential for trans youth. We draw cross-sectional survey data, from a multi-school climate survey (n = 1046) conducted in the Midwestern United States, to examine three aspects of high school students’ wellbeing: safety at school, self-esteem, and grades. The sample included students in 9th–12th grade who identified as trans (9.2%) and cisgender (41.2% boys, 49.6% girls), as well as LGBQ (21.6%) and heterosexual (78.4%). Most respondents were monoracial white (65.8%), monoracial Black (12.4%), and multiracial (14.1%). Using mediation and moderation linear regression models, we show that feeling safe using school facilities helps to explain widespread inequalities between trans and cisgender students. Based on these results, we suggest that in order to address disparities in educational outcomes between trans and cisgender students, as well as to improve student wellbeing in general, policies and practices need to ensure that all students have the right to safely access bathrooms and school facilities.
Literatuur
go back to reference Aragon, S. R., Poteat, V. P., Espelage, D. L., & Koenig, B. W. (2014). The influence of peer victimization on educational outcomes for LGBTQ and non-LGBTQ high school students. Journal of LGBT Youth, 11(1), 1–19.CrossRef Aragon, S. R., Poteat, V. P., Espelage, D. L., & Koenig, B. W. (2014). The influence of peer victimization on educational outcomes for LGBTQ and non-LGBTQ high school students. Journal of LGBT Youth, 11(1), 1–19.CrossRef
go back to reference Baams, L., Beek, T., Hille, H., Zevenbergen, F. C., & Bos, H. M. W. (2013). Gender nonconformity, perceived stigmatization, and psychological well-being in Dutch sexual minority youth and young adults: A mediation analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(5), 765–773.CrossRefPubMed Baams, L., Beek, T., Hille, H., Zevenbergen, F. C., & Bos, H. M. W. (2013). Gender nonconformity, perceived stigmatization, and psychological well-being in Dutch sexual minority youth and young adults: A mediation analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(5), 765–773.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Barker-Plummer, B. (2013). Fixing Gwen: News and the mediation of (trans) gender challenges. Feminist Media Studies, 13(4), 710–724.CrossRef Barker-Plummer, B. (2013). Fixing Gwen: News and the mediation of (trans) gender challenges. Feminist Media Studies, 13(4), 710–724.CrossRef
go back to reference Baum, J., Brill, S., Brown, J., Delpercio, A., Khan, E., Kenney, L., & Nicoll, A. (2013). Supporting and caring for our gender expansive youth. Washington, D.C., WA: Human Rights Campaign Foundation and Gender Spectrum. Baum, J., Brill, S., Brown, J., Delpercio, A., Khan, E., Kenney, L., & Nicoll, A. (2013). Supporting and caring for our gender expansive youth. Washington, D.C., WA: Human Rights Campaign Foundation and Gender Spectrum.
go back to reference Bender-Baird, K. (2016). Peeing under surveillance: Bathrooms, gender policing, and hate violence. Gender, Place & Culture, 23(7), 983–988.CrossRef Bender-Baird, K. (2016). Peeing under surveillance: Bathrooms, gender policing, and hate violence. Gender, Place & Culture, 23(7), 983–988.CrossRef
go back to reference Breen, R., & Jonsson, J. O. (2005). Inequality of opportunity in comparative perspective: Recent research on educational attainment and social mobility. Annual Review of Sociology, 31, 223–243.CrossRef Breen, R., & Jonsson, J. O. (2005). Inequality of opportunity in comparative perspective: Recent research on educational attainment and social mobility. Annual Review of Sociology, 31, 223–243.CrossRef
go back to reference Browne, K. (2004). Genderism and the bathroom problem:(Re) materialising sexed sites,(re) creating sexed bodies. Gender, Place & Culture, 11(3), 331–346.CrossRef Browne, K. (2004). Genderism and the bathroom problem:(Re) materialising sexed sites,(re) creating sexed bodies. Gender, Place & Culture, 11(3), 331–346.CrossRef
go back to reference Buchmann, C., DiPrete, T. A., & McDaniel, A. (2008). Gender inequalities in education. Annual Review of Sociology, 34, 319–337.CrossRef Buchmann, C., DiPrete, T. A., & McDaniel, A. (2008). Gender inequalities in education. Annual Review of Sociology, 34, 319–337.CrossRef
go back to reference Clements-Nolle, K., Marx, R., & Katz, M. (2006). Attempted suicide among transgender persons: The influence of gender-based discrimination and victimization. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(3), 53–69.CrossRefPubMed Clements-Nolle, K., Marx, R., & Katz, M. (2006). Attempted suicide among transgender persons: The influence of gender-based discrimination and victimization. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(3), 53–69.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Dessel, A. B., Woodford, M. R., Routenberg, R., & Breijak, D. P. (2013). Heterosexual students’ experiences in sexual orientation intergroup dialogue courses. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(7), 1054–1080.CrossRefPubMed Dessel, A. B., Woodford, M. R., Routenberg, R., & Breijak, D. P. (2013). Heterosexual students’ experiences in sexual orientation intergroup dialogue courses. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(7), 1054–1080.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Esmaeili, S., & Arabmofrad, A. (2015). A critical discourse analysis of family and friends textbooks: Representation of genderism. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 4(4), 55–61. Esmaeili, S., & Arabmofrad, A. (2015). A critical discourse analysis of family and friends textbooks: Representation of genderism. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 4(4), 55–61.
go back to reference Fabricant, M. (2010). Organizing for educational justice: The campaign for public school reform in the South Bronx. Minneapolis, MN: U of Minnesota.CrossRef Fabricant, M. (2010). Organizing for educational justice: The campaign for public school reform in the South Bronx. Minneapolis, MN: U of Minnesota.CrossRef
go back to reference Fischer, D., Bellinger, L. B., Horn, S. S., & Sullivan, S. L. (2016). Advocacy to support gender identity development in schools in the face of organized backlash. In S. Russell, S. Horn (Eds.), Sexual orientation, gender identity, and schooling: The nexus of research, practice, and policy (pp. 219–237). London: Oxford University Press. Fischer, D., Bellinger, L. B., Horn, S. S., & Sullivan, S. L. (2016). Advocacy to support gender identity development in schools in the face of organized backlash. In S. Russell, S. Horn (Eds.), Sexual orientation, gender identity, and schooling: The nexus of research, practice, and policy (pp. 219–237). London: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Grant, J., Lisa, M., Tanis, J., Harrison, J., Herman, J., & Keisling, M. (2011). Injustice at every turn: A report of the national transgender discrimination survey. Washington, WA: National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Grant, J., Lisa, M., Tanis, J., Harrison, J., Herman, J., & Keisling, M. (2011). Injustice at every turn: A report of the national transgender discrimination survey. Washington, WA: National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.
go back to reference Greytak, E., Kosciw, J., & Diaz, E. (2009). Harsh realities: The experiences of transgender youth in our nation’s schools. New York, NY: GLSEN. Greytak, E., Kosciw, J., & Diaz, E. (2009). Harsh realities: The experiences of transgender youth in our nation’s schools. New York, NY: GLSEN.
go back to reference Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford.
go back to reference Hayes, A.F., & Rockwood, N.J. (2016). Regression-based statistical mediation and moderation analysis in clinical research: Observations, recommendations, and implementation, Behaviour Research and Therapy, doi:10.1016/ j.brat.2016.11.001. Hayes, A.F., & Rockwood, N.J. (2016). Regression-based statistical mediation and moderation analysis in clinical research: Observations, recommendations, and implementation, Behaviour Research and Therapy, doi:10.1016/ j.brat.2016.11.001.
go back to reference Herman, J., Flores, A., Brown, T., Wilson, B., & Conron, K. (2017). Age of individuals who identify as transgender in the United States. Los Angeles: Williams Institute. Herman, J., Flores, A., Brown, T., Wilson, B., & Conron, K. (2017). Age of individuals who identify as transgender in the United States. Los Angeles: Williams Institute.
go back to reference Hill, D. B., & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2005). The development and validation of the genderism and transphobia scale. Sex Roles, 53(7-8), 531–544.CrossRef Hill, D. B., & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2005). The development and validation of the genderism and transphobia scale. Sex Roles, 53(7-8), 531–544.CrossRef
go back to reference Ingrey, J. C. (2012). The public school washroom as analytic space for troubling gender: Investigating the spatiality of gender through students’ self-knowledge. Gender and Education, 24(7), 799–817.CrossRef Ingrey, J. C. (2012). The public school washroom as analytic space for troubling gender: Investigating the spatiality of gender through students’ self-knowledge. Gender and Education, 24(7), 799–817.CrossRef
go back to reference James, S. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. (2016). The report of the 2015 U.S. transgender survey. Washington, WA: National Center for Transgender Equality. James, S. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. (2016). The report of the 2015 U.S. transgender survey. Washington, WA: National Center for Transgender Equality.
go back to reference Johnson, J. (2014). Transgender youth in public schools: Why identity matters in the restroom. William Mitchell Law Rev Sua Sponte, 40, 63–98. Johnson, J. (2014). Transgender youth in public schools: Why identity matters in the restroom. William Mitchell Law Rev Sua Sponte, 40, 63–98.
go back to reference Julia, S. (2007). Whipping girl: A transsexual woman on sexism and the scapegoating of femininity. Emeryville, CA: Seal. Julia, S. (2007). Whipping girl: A transsexual woman on sexism and the scapegoating of femininity. Emeryville, CA: Seal.
go back to reference Koken, J. A., Bimbi, D. S., & Parsons, J. T. (2009). Experiences of familial acceptance–rejection among transwomen of color. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(6), 853–60.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Koken, J. A., Bimbi, D. S., & Parsons, J. T. (2009). Experiences of familial acceptance–rejection among transwomen of color. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(6), 853–60.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Kosciw, J. G., Greytak, E. A., Giga, N. M., Villenas, C., & Danischewski, D. (2016). 2015 national school climate survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer youth in our nation’s schools. New York, NY: GLSEN. Kosciw, J. G., Greytak, E. A., Giga, N. M., Villenas, C., & Danischewski, D. (2016). 2015 national school climate survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer youth in our nation’s schools. New York, NY: GLSEN.
go back to reference Koyama, E. (2003). The transfeminist manifesto. In R. Dicker, A. Piepmeiser (Eds.), Catching a wave: Reclaiming feminism for the 21st century (pp. 244–262). Lebanon, NH: Northeastern University Press. Koyama, E. (2003). The transfeminist manifesto. In R. Dicker, A. Piepmeiser (Eds.), Catching a wave: Reclaiming feminism for the 21st century (pp. 244–262). Lebanon, NH: Northeastern University Press.
go back to reference Larsen, H.G. (2016). The antecedent of fear in the public discourse: From Donald Trump's nativism to transgender bathroom access. International Journal of School and Cognitive Psychology 3(2): 177. Larsen, H.G. (2016). The antecedent of fear in the public discourse: From Donald Trump's nativism to transgender bathroom access. International Journal of School and Cognitive Psychology 3(2): 177.
go back to reference Lee, V.E.. (2001). Restructuring high schools for equity and excellence: What works. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Lee, V.E.. (2001). Restructuring high schools for equity and excellence: What works. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
go back to reference Lombardi, E. (2009). Varieties of transgender/transsexual lives and their relationship with transphobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 56(8), 977–992.CrossRefPubMed Lombardi, E. (2009). Varieties of transgender/transsexual lives and their relationship with transphobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 56(8), 977–992.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lombardi, E. L., Wilchins, R. A., Priesing, D., & Malouf, D. (2002). Gender violence: Transgender experiences with violence and discrimination. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(1), 89–101.CrossRef Lombardi, E. L., Wilchins, R. A., Priesing, D., & Malouf, D. (2002). Gender violence: Transgender experiences with violence and discrimination. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(1), 89–101.CrossRef
go back to reference McGuire, J. K., Anderson, C. R., Toomey, R. B., & Russell, S. T. (2010). School climate for transgender youth: A mixed method investigation of student experiences and school responses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(10), 1175–1188.CrossRefPubMed McGuire, J. K., Anderson, C. R., Toomey, R. B., & Russell, S. T. (2010). School climate for transgender youth: A mixed method investigation of student experiences and school responses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(10), 1175–1188.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Moffit, R. E. (2015). Keeping the John open to Jane: How California’s bathroom bill brings transgender rights out of the water closet. Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law, 16, 475. Moffit, R. E. (2015). Keeping the John open to Jane: How California’s bathroom bill brings transgender rights out of the water closet. Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law, 16, 475.
go back to reference Nadal, K. L., & Griffin, K. E. (2011). Microaggressions: A root of bullying, violence, and victimization toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths. The Psychology of Teen Violence and Victimization, 1, 3–22. Nadal, K. L., & Griffin, K. E. (2011). Microaggressions: A root of bullying, violence, and victimization toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths. The Psychology of Teen Violence and Victimization, 1, 3–22.
go back to reference Oakes, J., & Lipton, M. (2002). Struggling for educational equity in diverse communities: School reform as social movement. Journal of Educational Change, 3(3-4), 383–406.CrossRef Oakes, J., & Lipton, M. (2002). Struggling for educational equity in diverse communities: School reform as social movement. Journal of Educational Change, 3(3-4), 383–406.CrossRef
go back to reference Peters, J.W., Becker, J., & Hirschfield Davis, J. (2017, February 22). Trump rescinds rules on bathrooms for transgender students. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com. Peters, J.W., Becker, J., & Hirschfield Davis, J. (2017, February 22). Trump rescinds rules on bathrooms for transgender students. The New York Times. http://​www.​nytimes.​com.
go back to reference Porta, C. M., Gower, A. L., Mehus, C. J., Yu, X., Saewyc, E. M., & Eisenberg, M. E. (2017). “Kicked out”: LGBTQ youths’ bathroom experiences and preferences. Journal of Adolescence, 56, 107–112.CrossRefPubMed Porta, C. M., Gower, A. L., Mehus, C. J., Yu, X., Saewyc, E. M., & Eisenberg, M. E. (2017). “Kicked out”: LGBTQ youths’ bathroom experiences and preferences. Journal of Adolescence, 56, 107–112.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Reisner, S. L., Hughto, J. M. W., Dunham, E. E., Heflin, K. J., Begenyi, J. B. G., Coffey-Esquivel, J., & Cahill, S. (2015). Legal protections in public accommodations settings: A critical public health issue for transgender and gender‐nonconforming people. Milbank Quarterly, 93(3), 484–515.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Reisner, S. L., Hughto, J. M. W., Dunham, E. E., Heflin, K. J., Begenyi, J. B. G., Coffey-Esquivel, J., & Cahill, S. (2015). Legal protections in public accommodations settings: A critical public health issue for transgender and gender‐nonconforming people. Milbank Quarterly, 93(3), 484–515.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Robinson, J. P., & Espelage, D. L. (2011). Inequities in educational and psychological outcomes between LGBTQ and straight students in middle and high school. Educational Researcher, 40(7), 315–330.CrossRef Robinson, J. P., & Espelage, D. L. (2011). Inequities in educational and psychological outcomes between LGBTQ and straight students in middle and high school. Educational Researcher, 40(7), 315–330.CrossRef
go back to reference Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York, NY: Basic Books. Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York, NY: Basic Books.
go back to reference Schuster, M. A., Reisner, S. L., & Onorato, S. E. (2016). Beyond bathrooms—meeting the health needs of transgender people. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(2), 101–103.CrossRefPubMed Schuster, M. A., Reisner, S. L., & Onorato, S. E. (2016). Beyond bathrooms—meeting the health needs of transgender people. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(2), 101–103.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Seelman, K. L. (2014). Transgender individuals’ access to college housing and bathrooms: Findings from the national transgender discrimination survey. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 26(2), 186–206.CrossRef Seelman, K. L. (2014). Transgender individuals’ access to college housing and bathrooms: Findings from the national transgender discrimination survey. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 26(2), 186–206.CrossRef
go back to reference Seelman, K. L. (2016). Transgender adults’ access to college bathrooms and housing and the relationship to suicidality. Journal of Homosexuality, 10, 1–22. Seelman, K. L. (2016). Transgender adults’ access to college bathrooms and housing and the relationship to suicidality. Journal of Homosexuality, 10, 1–22.
go back to reference Sevelius, J. M. (2013). Gender affirmation: A framework for conceptualizing risk behavior among transgender women of color. Sex Roles, 68(11-12), 675–689.CrossRefPubMed Sevelius, J. M. (2013). Gender affirmation: A framework for conceptualizing risk behavior among transgender women of color. Sex Roles, 68(11-12), 675–689.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Solorzano, D. G., & Ornelas, A. (2004). A critical race analysis of Latina/o and African American advanced placement enrollment in public high schools. The High School Journal, 87(3), 15–26.CrossRef Solorzano, D. G., & Ornelas, A. (2004). A critical race analysis of Latina/o and African American advanced placement enrollment in public high schools. The High School Journal, 87(3), 15–26.CrossRef
go back to reference Stanley, E. A., Smith, N. (Eds.) (2011). Captive genders: Trans embodiment and the prison industrial complex. Baltimore, MD: AK. Stanley, E. A., Smith, N. (Eds.) (2011). Captive genders: Trans embodiment and the prison industrial complex. Baltimore, MD: AK.
go back to reference Sterling, M. (2014). To pee or not to pee-where is the question: Transgender students and the right to use public school restrooms. Cardozo JL & Gender, 21, 757. Sterling, M. (2014). To pee or not to pee-where is the question: Transgender students and the right to use public school restrooms. Cardozo JL & Gender, 21, 757.
go back to reference Sutton, H. (2016). Transgender college students more at risk for suicide when denied bathroom, housing rights. Campus Security Report, 13(2), 9.CrossRef Sutton, H. (2016). Transgender college students more at risk for suicide when denied bathroom, housing rights. Campus Security Report, 13(2), 9.CrossRef
go back to reference Szczerbinski, K. (2016). Education connection: The importance of allowing students to use bathrooms and locker rooms reflecting their gender identity. Children’s Legal Rights Journal, 36, 153. Szczerbinski, K. (2016). Education connection: The importance of allowing students to use bathrooms and locker rooms reflecting their gender identity. Children’s Legal Rights Journal, 36, 153.
go back to reference Tobin, H. J., & Levi, J. (2013). Securing equal access to sex-segregated facilities for transgender students. Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender & Society, 28, 301–330. Tobin, H. J., & Levi, J. (2013). Securing equal access to sex-segregated facilities for transgender students. Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender & Society, 28, 301–330.
go back to reference Toomey, R.B. (2014). More than just queer or trans*: Exploring youth risk and resilience through a quantitative intersectional lens. In Keynote address, 2nd Annual LGBT Research Symposium. University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign School of Social Work. Champaign, IL: Author. Toomey, R.B. (2014). More than just queer or trans*: Exploring youth risk and resilience through a quantitative intersectional lens. In Keynote address, 2nd Annual LGBT Research Symposium. University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign School of Social Work. Champaign, IL: Author.
go back to reference Toomey, R. B., Ryan, C., Diaz, R. M., Card, N. A., & Russell, S. T. (2010). Gender-nonconforming lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: School victimization and young adult psychosocial adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 46(6), 1580–9.CrossRefPubMed Toomey, R. B., Ryan, C., Diaz, R. M., Card, N. A., & Russell, S. T. (2010). Gender-nonconforming lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: School victimization and young adult psychosocial adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 46(6), 1580–9.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference U.S. Department of Education. (2015). Every student succeeds act. Washington, D.C., WA: United States Department of Education. U.S. Department of Education. (2015). Every student succeeds act. Washington, D.C., WA: United States Department of Education.
go back to reference Weinberg, J. D. (2009). Transgender bathroom usage: A privileging of biology and physical difference in the law. Buffalo Journal of Gender, Law & Social Policy, 18, 147. Weinberg, J. D. (2009). Transgender bathroom usage: A privileging of biology and physical difference in the law. Buffalo Journal of Gender, Law & Social Policy, 18, 147.
go back to reference Wernick, L. J., Kulick, A., & Inglehart, M. H. (2014). Influences of peers, teachers, and climate on students’ willingness to intervene when witnessing antitransgender harassment. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 927–935.CrossRefPubMed Wernick, L. J., Kulick, A., & Inglehart, M. H. (2014). Influences of peers, teachers, and climate on students’ willingness to intervene when witnessing antitransgender harassment. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 927–935.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Woolley, S. W. (2016). Contesting silence, claiming space: Gender and sexuality in the neo-liberal public high school. Gender and Education, 29, 84–99.CrossRef Woolley, S. W. (2016). Contesting silence, claiming space: Gender and sexuality in the neo-liberal public high school. Gender and Education, 29, 84–99.CrossRef
go back to reference Yosso, T. J. (2006). Critical race counterstories along the Chicana/Chicano educational pipeline. London: Routledge. Yosso, T. J. (2006). Critical race counterstories along the Chicana/Chicano educational pipeline. London: Routledge.
go back to reference Yunger, J. L., Carver, P. R., & Perry, D. G. (2004). Does gender identity influence children’s psychological well-being? Developmental Psychology, 40(4), 572–582.CrossRefPubMed Yunger, J. L., Carver, P. R., & Perry, D. G. (2004). Does gender identity influence children’s psychological well-being? Developmental Psychology, 40(4), 572–582.CrossRefPubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Gender Identity Disparities in Bathroom Safety and Wellbeing among High School Students
Auteurs
Laura J. Wernick
Alex Kulick
Matthew Chin
Publicatiedatum
30-03-2017
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 5/2017
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0652-1

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2017

Journal of Youth and Adolescence 5/2017 Naar de uitgave