Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 9/2013

01-09-2013 | Original Paper

Gender Differences When Parenting Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Multilevel Modeling Approach

Auteurs: Leah Jones, Vasiliki Totsika, Richard P. Hastings, Michael A. Petalas

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 9/2013

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Parenting a child with autism may differentially affect mothers and fathers. Existing studies of mother–father differences often ignore the interdependence of data within families. We investigated gender differences within-families using multilevel linear modeling. Mothers and fathers of children with autism (161 couples) reported on their own well-being, and their child’s functioning. Mothers reported higher levels of distress compared with fathers, and child behavior problems predicted psychological distress for both mothers and fathers. We found little evidence of child functioning variables affecting mothers and fathers differently. Gender differences in the impact of child autism on parents appear to be robust. More family systems research is required to fully understand these gender differences and the implications for family support.
Literatuur
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
go back to reference Bailey, A., Palferman, S., Heavey, L., & Le Couter, A. (1998). Autism: The phenotype in relatives. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28(5), 369–392.PubMedCrossRef Bailey, A., Palferman, S., Heavey, L., & Le Couter, A. (1998). Autism: The phenotype in relatives. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28(5), 369–392.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bekker, M. H. J., & van Mens-Verhulst, J. (2007). Anxiety disorders: Sex differences in prevalence, degree, and background, but gender-neutral treatment. Gender Medicine, 4(B), 178–193.CrossRef Bekker, M. H. J., & van Mens-Verhulst, J. (2007). Anxiety disorders: Sex differences in prevalence, degree, and background, but gender-neutral treatment. Gender Medicine, 4(B), 178–193.CrossRef
go back to reference Davis, N. O., & Carter, A. S. (2008). Parenting stress in mothers and fathers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: Associations with child characteristics. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(7), 1278–1291. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0512-z.PubMedCrossRef Davis, N. O., & Carter, A. S. (2008). Parenting stress in mothers and fathers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: Associations with child characteristics. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(7), 1278–1291. doi:10.​1007/​s10803-007-0512-z.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Friedrich, W. N., Greenberg, M. T., & Crnic, K. (1983). A short-form of the questionnaire on resources and stress. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88(1), 41–48.PubMed Friedrich, W. N., Greenberg, M. T., & Crnic, K. (1983). A short-form of the questionnaire on resources and stress. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88(1), 41–48.PubMed
go back to reference Griffith, G. M., Hastings, R. P., Nash, S., & Hill, C. (2010). Using matched groups to explore child behavior problems and maternal well-being in children with Down syndrome and autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 610–619.PubMedCrossRef Griffith, G. M., Hastings, R. P., Nash, S., & Hill, C. (2010). Using matched groups to explore child behavior problems and maternal well-being in children with Down syndrome and autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 610–619.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hastings, R. P., & Johnson, E. (2001). Stress in UK families conducting intensive home-based behavioral intervention for their young child with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(3), 327–336. doi:10.1023/A:1010799320795.PubMedCrossRef Hastings, R. P., & Johnson, E. (2001). Stress in UK families conducting intensive home-based behavioral intervention for their young child with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(3), 327–336. doi:10.​1023/​A:​1010799320795.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hastings, R. P., Kovshoff, H., Ward, N. J., Espinosa, F. D., Brown, T., & Remington, B. (2005). Systems analysis of stress and positive perceptions in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(5), 635–644. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0007-8.PubMedCrossRef Hastings, R. P., Kovshoff, H., Ward, N. J., Espinosa, F. D., Brown, T., & Remington, B. (2005). Systems analysis of stress and positive perceptions in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(5), 635–644. doi:10.​1007/​s10803-005-0007-8.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Herring, S., Gray, K., Taffe, J., Tonge, B., Sweeney, D., & Einfeld, S. (2006). Behaviour and emotional problems in toddlers with pervasive developmental disorders and developmental delay: Associations with parental mental health and family functioning. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 874–882. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00904.x.PubMedCrossRef Herring, S., Gray, K., Taffe, J., Tonge, B., Sweeney, D., & Einfeld, S. (2006). Behaviour and emotional problems in toddlers with pervasive developmental disorders and developmental delay: Associations with parental mental health and family functioning. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 874–882. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1365-2788.​2006.​00904.​x.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Iizuka, C., Yamashita, Y., Nagamitsu, S., Yamashita, T., Araki, Y., Ohya, T., et al. (2010). Comparison of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) scores between children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). Brain & Development, 32(8), 609–612. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2009.09.009.CrossRef Iizuka, C., Yamashita, Y., Nagamitsu, S., Yamashita, T., Araki, Y., Ohya, T., et al. (2010). Comparison of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) scores between children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). Brain & Development, 32(8), 609–612. doi:10.​1016/​j.​braindev.​2009.​09.​009.CrossRef
go back to reference Konstantareas, M. M., & Homatidis, S. (1992). Mothers and fathers self-report of involvement with autistic, mentally delayed, and normal-children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54(1), 153–164. doi:10.2307/353283.CrossRef Konstantareas, M. M., & Homatidis, S. (1992). Mothers and fathers self-report of involvement with autistic, mentally delayed, and normal-children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54(1), 153–164. doi:10.​2307/​353283.CrossRef
go back to reference Kraemer, H. C., & Blasey, C. M. (2004). Centring in regression analyses: A strategy to prevent errors in statistical inference. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13(3), 141–151. doi:10.1002/mpr.170.PubMedCrossRef Kraemer, H. C., & Blasey, C. M. (2004). Centring in regression analyses: A strategy to prevent errors in statistical inference. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13(3), 141–151. doi:10.​1002/​mpr.​170.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lecavalier, L. (2006). Behavioral and emotional problems in young people with pervasive developmental disorders: Relative prevalence, effects of subject characteristics, and empirical classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(8), 1101–1114. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0147-5.PubMedCrossRef Lecavalier, L. (2006). Behavioral and emotional problems in young people with pervasive developmental disorders: Relative prevalence, effects of subject characteristics, and empirical classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(8), 1101–1114. doi:10.​1007/​s10803-006-0147-5.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lustig, D. C. (2002). Family coping in families with a child with a disability. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 37(1), 14–22. Lustig, D. C. (2002). Family coping in families with a child with a disability. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 37(1), 14–22.
go back to reference MacDonald, E. E., Hastings, R. P., & Fitzsimons, E. (2010). Psychological acceptance mediates the impact of the behaviour problems of children with intellectual disability on fathers’ psychological adjustment. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 23(1), 27–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2009.00546.x.CrossRef MacDonald, E. E., Hastings, R. P., & Fitzsimons, E. (2010). Psychological acceptance mediates the impact of the behaviour problems of children with intellectual disability on fathers’ psychological adjustment. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 23(1), 27–37. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1468-3148.​2009.​00546.​x.CrossRef
go back to reference McLean, C. P., & Anderson, E. R. (2009). Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(6), 496–505.PubMedCrossRef McLean, C. P., & Anderson, E. R. (2009). Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(6), 496–505.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Micali, N., Chakrabarti, S., & Fombonne, E. (2004). The broad autism phenotype. Autism, 8(1), 21–37.PubMedCrossRef Micali, N., Chakrabarti, S., & Fombonne, E. (2004). The broad autism phenotype. Autism, 8(1), 21–37.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Moerbeek, M., van Breukelen, G. J. P., & Berger, M. P. (2003). A comparison between traditional methods and multilevel regression for the analysis of multicenter intervention studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 56(4), 341–350. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(03)00007-6.PubMedCrossRef Moerbeek, M., van Breukelen, G. J. P., & Berger, M. P. (2003). A comparison between traditional methods and multilevel regression for the analysis of multicenter intervention studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 56(4), 341–350. doi:10.​1016/​S0895-4356(03)00007-6.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Osborne, L. A., & Reed, P. (2009). The relationship between parenting stress and behavior problems of children with autistic spectrum disorders. Exceptional Children, 76(1), 54–73. Osborne, L. A., & Reed, P. (2009). The relationship between parenting stress and behavior problems of children with autistic spectrum disorders. Exceptional Children, 76(1), 54–73.
go back to reference Petalas, M. A., Hastings, R. P., Nash, S., Hall, L. M., Joannidi, H., & Dowey, A. (2012). Psychological adjustment and sibling relationships in siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders: Environmental stressors and the broad autism phenotype. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 546–555.CrossRef Petalas, M. A., Hastings, R. P., Nash, S., Hall, L. M., Joannidi, H., & Dowey, A. (2012). Psychological adjustment and sibling relationships in siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders: Environmental stressors and the broad autism phenotype. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 546–555.CrossRef
go back to reference Phetrasuwan, S., & Miles, M. S. (2009). Parenting stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 14(3), 157–165.PubMedCrossRef Phetrasuwan, S., & Miles, M. S. (2009). Parenting stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 14(3), 157–165.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pit-ten Cate, I. M. (2003 unpublished). Family adjustment to disability and chronic illness in children. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Southhampton. Pit-ten Cate, I. M. (2003 unpublished). Family adjustment to disability and chronic illness in children. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Southhampton.
go back to reference Pottie, C. G., Cohen, J., & Ingram, K. M. (2009). Parenting a child with autism: Contextual factors associated with enhanced daily parental mood. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(4), 419–429. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn094.PubMedCrossRef Pottie, C. G., Cohen, J., & Ingram, K. M. (2009). Parenting a child with autism: Contextual factors associated with enhanced daily parental mood. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(4), 419–429. doi:10.​1093/​jpepsy/​jsn094.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pottie, C. G., & Ingram, K. M. (2008). Daily stress, coping, and well-being in parents of children with autism: A multilevel modeling approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(6), 855–864. doi:10.1037/a0013604.PubMedCrossRef Pottie, C. G., & Ingram, K. M. (2008). Daily stress, coping, and well-being in parents of children with autism: A multilevel modeling approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(6), 855–864. doi:10.​1037/​a0013604.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rimmerman, A., Turkel, L., & Crossman, R. (2003). Perception of child development, child-related stress and dyadic adjustment: Pair analysis of married couples of young children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 28(2), 188–195. doi:10.1080/1366825031000147111.CrossRef Rimmerman, A., Turkel, L., & Crossman, R. (2003). Perception of child development, child-related stress and dyadic adjustment: Pair analysis of married couples of young children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 28(2), 188–195. doi:10.​1080/​1366825031000147​111.CrossRef
go back to reference Rutter, M., Bailey, A., Lord, C., & Berument, S. K. (2003). Social communication questionnaire. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services. Rutter, M., Bailey, A., Lord, C., & Berument, S. K. (2003). Social communication questionnaire. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
go back to reference Seligman, M., & Darling, R. B. (1997). Ordinary families: Special children. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Seligman, M., & Darling, R. B. (1997). Ordinary families: Special children. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Smith, L. E., Hong, J., Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., Almeida, D. M., & Bishop, S. L. (2010). Daily experiences among mothers of adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(2), 167–178. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0844-y.PubMedCrossRef Smith, L. E., Hong, J., Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., Almeida, D. M., & Bishop, S. L. (2010). Daily experiences among mothers of adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(2), 167–178. doi:10.​1007/​s10803-009-0844-y.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., & Balla, D. A. (2005). Vineland II adaptive behaviour scales. A revision of the Vineland social maturity scale by Edgar A. Doll. Survey interview form. Circle Pines, MN: AGS Publishing. Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., & Balla, D. A. (2005). Vineland II adaptive behaviour scales. A revision of the Vineland social maturity scale by Edgar A. Doll. Survey interview form. Circle Pines, MN: AGS Publishing.
go back to reference Sukhodolsky, D. G., Scahill, L., Gadow, K. D., Arnold, L. E., Aman, M. G., McDougle, C. J., et al. (2008). Parent-rated anxiety symptoms in children with pervasive developmental disorders: Frequency and association with core autism symptoms and cognitive functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(1), 117–128. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9165-9.PubMedCrossRef Sukhodolsky, D. G., Scahill, L., Gadow, K. D., Arnold, L. E., Aman, M. G., McDougle, C. J., et al. (2008). Parent-rated anxiety symptoms in children with pervasive developmental disorders: Frequency and association with core autism symptoms and cognitive functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(1), 117–128. doi:10.​1007/​s10802-007-9165-9.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., Emerson, E., Berridge, D. M., & Lancaster, G. A. (2011a). Behavior problems at 5 years of age and maternal mental health in autism and intellectual disability. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(8), 1137–1147. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9534-2.PubMedCrossRef Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., Emerson, E., Berridge, D. M., & Lancaster, G. A. (2011a). Behavior problems at 5 years of age and maternal mental health in autism and intellectual disability. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(8), 1137–1147. doi:10.​1007/​s10802-011-9534-2.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., Emerson, E., Lancaster, G. A., & Berridge, D. M. (2011b). A population-based investigation of behavioural and emotional problems and maternal mental health: Associations with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(1), 91–99. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02295.x.PubMedCrossRef Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., Emerson, E., Lancaster, G. A., & Berridge, D. M. (2011b). A population-based investigation of behavioural and emotional problems and maternal mental health: Associations with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(1), 91–99. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1469-7610.​2010.​02295.​x.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Van de Velde, S., Bracke, P., & Levecque, K. (2010). Gender differences in depression in 23 European countries. Cross-national variation in the gender gap in depression. Social Science and Medicine, 71(2), 305–313.PubMedCrossRef Van de Velde, S., Bracke, P., & Levecque, K. (2010). Gender differences in depression in 23 European countries. Cross-national variation in the gender gap in depression. Social Science and Medicine, 71(2), 305–313.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference World Health Organization. (2008). ICD-10: International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (10th Rev. ed.). New York, NY: Author. World Health Organization. (2008). ICD-10: International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (10th Rev. ed.). New York, NY: Author.
Metagegevens
Titel
Gender Differences When Parenting Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Multilevel Modeling Approach
Auteurs
Leah Jones
Vasiliki Totsika
Richard P. Hastings
Michael A. Petalas
Publicatiedatum
01-09-2013
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 9/2013
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1756-9

Andere artikelen Uitgave 9/2013

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 9/2013 Naar de uitgave