Introduction
Flexibility measures
Targeted training
Task-switch ERPs
The present study
Methods
Participants
Design
Procedure
Game training
Flexibility
Attention
Control
Task-switching paradigm
Analysis
EEG data acquisition and analysis
Results
Sample descriptives
Behavioral effects
ANOVA effects | Block | RT | Arcsine error % | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(df)
|
F
|
p
|
η
p
2
|
(df)
|
F
|
p
|
η
p
2
| ||
Session | NC | (1,65) | 82.07 | < 0.001** | 0.558 | (1,65) | 3.71 | 0.058 | 0.054 |
C | (1,65) | 133.58 | < 0.001** | 0.673 | (1,65) | 4.94 | 0.030* | 0.071 | |
Group | NC | (2,65) | 0.33 | 0.723 | 0.010 | (2,65) | 1.68 | 0.195 | 0.049 |
C | (2,65) | 0.30 | 0.743 | 0.009 | (2,65) | 0.18 | 0.839 | 0.005 | |
Group × Session | NC | (2,65) | 3.21 | 0.047* | 0.090 | (2,65) | 1.91 | 0.157 | 0.055 |
C | (2,65) | 3.35 | 0.041* | 0.093 | (2,65) | 0.90 | 0.411 | 0.027 | |
Transition | NC | (1,65) | 140.26 | < 0.001** | 0.683 | (1,65) | 75.63 | < 0.001** | 0.538 |
C | (1,65) | 255.14 | < 0.001** | 0.797 | (1,65) | 134.89 | < 0.001** | 0.675 | |
Transition × Session | NC | (1,65) | 50.74 | < 0.001** | 0.438 | (1,65) | 31.34 | < 0.001** | 0.325 |
C | (1,65) | 71.78 | < 0.001** | 0.525 | (1,65) | 5.06 | 0.028* | 0.072 | |
Transition × Session × Group | NC | (2,65) | 1.37 | 0.262 | 0.040 | (2,65) | 0.11 | 0.898 | 0.003 |
C | (2,65) | 0.17 | 0.847 | 0.005 | (2,65) | 0.93 | 0.400 | 0.028 | |
Distractor | C | (2,130)a
| 112.64 | < 0.001** | 0.634 | (2,130)c
| 126.29 | < 0.001** | 0.660 |
Distractor × Session | C | (2,130)b
| 13.13 | < 0.001** | 0.168 | (2,130)d
| 0.24 | 0.721 | 0.004 |
Distractor × Session × Group | C | (4,130)b
| 3.20 | 0.028* | 0.085 | (4,130)d
| 0.48 | 0.751 | 0.015 |
RT | Error % | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flexibility | Attention | Control | Flexibility | Attention | Control | |
M (SE) |
M (SE) |
M (SE) |
M (SE) |
M (SE) |
M (SE) | |
No-crosstalk | ||||||
Overall | ||||||
S1 | 714 (37) | 738 (34) | 669 (36) | 4.7 (0.6) | 4.2 (0.6) | 3.3 (0.6) |
S2 | 590 (25) | 591 (23) | 597 (25) | 3.7 (0.6) | 4.1 (0.5) | 2.8 (0.5) |
Repeat | ||||||
S1 | 608 (26) | 637 (24) | 587 (25) | 3.1 (0.5) | 2.6 (0.4) | 2.2 (0.5) |
S2 | 521 (18) | 536 (17) | 542 (18) | 2.9 (0.5) | 3.1 (0.4) | 2.3 (0.5) |
Switch | ||||||
S1 | 820 (49) | 839 (45) | 750 (48) | 6.2 (0.9) | 5.8 (0.8) | 4.5 (0.8) |
S2 | 659 (35) | 646 (32) | 653 (34) | 4.4 (0.7) | 5.1 (0.7) | 3.3 (0.7) |
Crosstalk | ||||||
Overall | ||||||
S1 | 980 (58) | 999 (53) | 916 (57) | 5.2 (0.8) | 4.7 (0.7) | 4.7 (0.8) |
S2 | 742 (44) | 796 (40) | 783 (43) | 4.1 (0.6) | 4.4 (0.6) | 3.9 (0.6) |
Repeat | ||||||
S1 | 839 (53) | 835 (48) | 772 (52) | 3.7 (0.9) | 3.1 (0.8) | 3.5 (0.8) |
S2 | 638 (37) | 675 (34) | 683 (36) | 3.4 (0.6) | 3.0 (0.6) | 2.9 (0.6) |
Switch | ||||||
S1 | 1120 (66) | 1164 (60) | 101 (65) | 6.7 (0.8) | 6.1 (0.7) | 5.8 (0.9) |
S2 | 845 (54) | 918 (50) | 884 (52) | 4.8 (0.8) | 5.9 (0.7) | 5.0 (0.7) |
Neutral | ||||||
S1 | 828 (44) | 857 (40) | 797 (42) | 3.1 (0.5) | 2.8 (0.5) | 2.7 (0.5) |
S2 | 650 (34) | 679 (31) | 673 (33) | 2.1 (0.4) | 2.5 (0.3) | 1.8 (0.4) |
Congruent | ||||||
S1 | 1046 (65) | 1064 (59) | 962 (63) | 1.0 (0.6) | 3.4 (0.5) | 2.8 (0.6) |
S2 | 780 (50) | 842 (46) | 825 (49) | 2.7 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.5) | 2.5 (0.5) |
Incongruent | ||||||
S1 | 1065 (71) | 1077 (65) | 990 (69) | 8.4 (1.6) | 7.8 (1.4) | 8.5 (1.5) |
S2 | 795 (50) | 869 (46) | 852 (49) | 7.5 (1.3) | 7.7 (1.2) | 7.6 (1.2) |