Background
Methods
Participant
Chippaux-Smirak index
Navicular drop test
Resting calcaneal stance angle measurement
Foot orthoses conditions
Jump tasks
Countermovement jump
Standing broad jump
Procedures
Data processing
Statistical analysis
Results
Countermovement jump
Variables | Foot type group | Control | Orthosis | MDorthosis [95% CI] | ANOVA p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Mean ± SD) | (Mean ± SD) | Foot type | Orthosis | Interaction | |||
Joint angles at take-off | |||||||
Hip - sagittal (°) | Normal arched | 15.5 ± 6.4 | 14.4 ± 5.6 | 0.9 [− 0.4,2.1] | .911 | .393 | .323 |
Flat-footed | 15.3 ± 4.0 | 15.3 ± 5.0 | − 0.1 [− 1.9,2.3] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | 0.2 [−4.3,4.8] | −0.7 [−5.1,3.7] | |||||
Knee - sagittal (°) | Normal arched | 8.1 ± 4.8 | 8.0 ± 3.7 | − 0.1 [− 1.2,1.1] | .144 | .919 | .848 |
Flat-footed | 10.3 ± 4.2 | 10.4 ± 3.1 | 1.10 [−0.8,3.0] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | 2.2 [−1.5,5.9] | 2.4 [−0.4,5.2] | |||||
Ankle - sagittal (°) | Normal arched | 36.2 ± 3.6 | 37.0 ± 9.0 | 0.8 [−3.0,4.6] |
.008
| .972 | .506 |
Flat-footed | 29.9 ± 6.6 | 29.2 ± 6.3 | −0.7 [− 2.3,0.9] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | −6.3 [−10.5,-2.1] | − 7.8 [− 14.3,-1.2] | |||||
Ankle - frontal (°) | Normal arched | 3.4 ± 4.2 | 0.7 ± 4.3 | 2.7 [0.4,5.0] | .186 |
.016
| .287 |
Flat-footed | 4.8 ± 3.8 | 3.7 ± 5.2 | 1.10 [− 0.8,3.0] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | −1.4 [− 4.5,2.0] | −3.0 [−6.8,0.9] | |||||
Peak joint angular velocity | |||||||
Hip - sagittal (°/s) | Normal arched | 522.1 ± 175.8 | 531.9 ± 135.3 | 9.8 [−29.8,49.4] | .493 | .250 | .110 |
Flat-footed | 519.3 ± 98.7 | 461.4 ± 128.3 | −58.0 [−146.6,30.8] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | −2.8 [− 125.6120.0] | −70.5 [− 180.8,39.8] | |||||
Knee - sagittal (°/s) | Normal arched | 926.8 ± 227.3 | 977.5 ± 130.9 | − 51.7 [− 131.5,28.1] | .976 | .850 | .107 |
Flat-footed | 982.2 ± 58.5 | 917.2 ± 239.2 | 65.0 [−75.4205.4] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | −56.4 [− 202.4,89.6] | 60.3 [−94.6215.3] | |||||
Ankle - sagittal (°/s) | Normal arched | 892.2 ± 229.8 | 1147.0 ± 731.6 | 254.8 [− 137.5647.0] | .251 | .407 | .131 |
Flat-footed | 901.1 ± 79.7 | 825.1 ± 216.1 | −76.0 [−198.2,46.1] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | 8.8 [− 141.7159.4] | − 321.9 [− 795.5151.6] | |||||
Ankle - frontal (°/s) | Normal arched | 329.3 ± 158.5 | 296.5 ± 151.5 | 32.8 [−8.8,74.5] | .957 | .053 | .992 |
Flat-footed | 332.4 ± 119.2 | 299.9 ± 171.3 | 32.5 [−26.8,91.8] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | −3.1 [− 122.0,115.9] | −3.4 [− 137.1130.3] |
Variables | Foot type group | Control | Orthosis | MDorthosis [95% CI] | ANOVA p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Mean ± SD) | (Mean ± SD) | Foot type | Orthosis | Interaction | |||
Peak vertical GRF (%BW) | Normal arched | 1.39 ± 0.20 | 1.38 ± 0.18 | 0.01 [− 0.01,-0.03] | .059 | .332 | .808 |
Flat-footed | 1.26 ± 0.09 | 1.26 ± 0.09 | 0.01 [− 0.01,0.03] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | 0.12 [0.01,0.26] | 0.12 [0.00,0.25] | |||||
Peak joint moment | |||||||
Hip - sagittal (Nm/kg) | Normal arched | 0.51 ± 0.56 | 0.47 ± 0.48 | 0.04 [0.40,0.48] | .071 | .896 | .827 |
Flat-footed | 0.27 ± 0.16 | 0.27 ± 0.15 | −0.01 [− 0.05,0.04] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | 0.25 [− 0.11,0.60] | 0.19 [− 0.12,0.51] | |||||
Knee - sagittal (Nm/kg) | Normal arched | 1.22 ± 0.35 | 1.28 ± 0.23 | − 0.06 [− 0.15,0.04] | .495 | .968 | .188 |
Flat-footed | 1.20 ± 0.27 | 1.14 ± 0.33 | −0.05 [− 0.10,0.20] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | 0.03 [−0.24,0.29] | 0.13 [−0.10,0.36] | |||||
Ankle - sagittal (Nm/kg) | Normal arched | 0.97 ± 0.21 | 1.01 ± 0.13 | 0.04 [−0.02,0.09] | .219 | .774 | .086 |
Flat-footed | 0.94 ± 0.12 | 0.88 ± 0.18 | −0.05 [− 0.15,0.05] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | −0.04 [− 0.18,0.11] | −0.12 [− 0.25,0.01] | |||||
Ankle - frontal (Nm/kg) | Normal arched | 0.13 ± 0.11 | 0.12 ± 0.09 | 0.01 [− 0.01,0.03] | .910 | .122 | .980 |
Flat-footed | 0.13 ± 0.06 | 0.12 ± 0.07 | 0.01 [− 0.01,0.03] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | 0.00 [−0.07,0.07] | 0.00 [−0.06,0.07] | |||||
Peak joint power | |||||||
Hip - sagittal (W/kg) | Normal arched | 4.18 ± 3.96 | 5.36 ± 6.97 | −1.18 [−2.97,0.61] |
.012
| .217 | .225 |
Flat-footed | 0.27 ± 0.16 | 0.27 ± 0.15 | −0.01 [− 0.05,0.03] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | 3.91 [1.43,6.39] | 5.08 [0.71,9.45] | |||||
Knee - sagittal (W/kg) | Normal arched | 8.14 ± 2.93 | 8.33 ± 1.82 | − 0.18 [−1.15,0.79] | .122 | .716 | .392 |
Flat-footed | 7.22 ± 1.41 | 6.77 ± 1.77 | 0.45 [− 0.87,1.78] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | 0.92 [−1.07,2.91] | 1.56 [0.05,3.06] | |||||
Ankle - sagittal (W/kg) | Normal arched | 7.31 ± 2.54 | 7.65 ± 1.78 | −0.34 [−1.04,0.37] | .829 | .594 | .112 |
Flat-footed | 7.66 ± 1.01 | 6.98 ± 2.12 | 0.67 [−0.56,1.90] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | −0.34 [−1.91,1.21] | 0.67 [−0.95,2.28] | |||||
Ankle - frontal (W/kg) | Normal arched | 0.18 ± 0.23 | 0.16 ± 0.12 | 0.02 [− 0.06,0.10] | .803 | .693 | .588 |
Flat-footed | 0.15 ± 0.17 | 0.15 ± 0.20 | 0.00 [−0.05,0.05] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | 0.03 [−0.14,0.20] | 0.01 [− 0.13,0.14] |
Standing broad jump
Variables | Foot type group | Control | Orthosis | MDorthosis [95% CI] | ANOVA p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Mean ± SD) | (Mean ± SD) | Foot type | Orthosis | Interaction | |||
Joint angles at take-off | |||||||
Hip - sagittal (°) | Normal arched | 5.1 ± 6.9 | 5.8 ± 8.4 | − 0.7 [− 2.9,1.5] | .945 | .409 | .799 |
Flat-footed | 5.1 ± 7.2 | 5.5 ± 7.1 | − 0.0 [− 0.0,0.0] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | 0.0 [−5.7,5.78] | 0.4 [−6.1,6.9] | |||||
Knee - sagittal (°) | Normal arched | 26.6 ± 11.2 | 26.1 ± 14.7 | −0.5 [−4.3,3.2] | .803 | .932 | .723 |
Flat-footed | 24.9 ± 14.8 | 25.2 ± 14.4 | 0.3 [−2.4,3.0] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | −1.8 [− 12.3,8.8] | −0.9 [− 12.9,11.0] | |||||
Ankle - sagittal (°) | Normal arched | 30.7 ± 5.6 | 30.2 ± 5.7 | −0.2 [−1.7,1.5] | .050 | .768 | .989 |
Flat-footed | 25.6 ± 6.6 | 25.5 ± 5.9 | −0.2 [−1.5,1.2] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | −4.7 [−9.7,0.2] | − 4.7 [−9.5,-0.0] | |||||
Ankle - frontal (°) | Normal arched | 4.7 ± 5.9 | 3.8 ± 5.0 | 0.9 {−0.3,2.1] | .098 |
.028
| .583 |
Flat-footed | 8.7 ± 5.0 | 7.2 ± 6.5 | 1.4 [−0.5,1.6] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | −4.0 [−8.5,0.4] | −3.5 [−8.1,1.2] | |||||
Peak angular velocity | |||||||
Hip - sagittal (°/s) | Normal arched | 769.2 ± 266.6 | 692.2 ± 248.9 | −77.0 [−282.6128.6] |
.013
| .420 | .600 |
Flat-footed | 572.6 ± 138.4 | 556.2 ± 108.5 | −16.4 [−61.2,28.4] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | − 196.6 [− 378.8,14.5] | − 136.1 [− 302.0, 29.9] | |||||
Knee - sagittal (°/s) | Normal arched | 809.4 ± 269.7 | 787.0 ± 246.6 | 22.4 [−44.3,89.1] | .892 | .457 | .783 |
Flat-footed | 816.6 ± 249.0 | 806.3 ± 228.1 | 10.3 [−50.4,71.1] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | −7.2 [− 221.3, 206.8] | −19.3 [− 215.2176.6] | |||||
Ankle - sagittal (°/s) | Normal arched | 1041.1 ± 120.4 | 1065.5 ± 205.0 | 24.4[−46.3,95.1] | .701 | .909 | .281 |
Flat-footed | 1085.0 ± 121.8 | 1065.2 ± 115.7 | −19.8 [−46.8.7.3] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | 43.8 [−55.3142.9] | −0.3 [−142.5141.8] | |||||
Ankle - frontal (°/s) | Normal arched | 176.6 ± 103.8 | 247.0 ± 275.3 | −70.4 [210.3,69.5] | .742 | .614 | .213 |
Flat-footed | 206.9 ± 120.2 | 177.0 ± 145.7 | 30.2 [−15.8,76.3] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | −30.3 [−121.2,60.5] | 70.3 [−118.4259.0] |
Variables | Foot type group | Control | Orthosis | MDorthosis [95% CI] | ANOVA p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Mean ± SD) | (Mean ± SD) | Foot type | Orthosis | Interaction | |||
Peak horizontal GRF (%BW) | Normal arched | 0.49 ± 0.06 | 0.48 ± 0.66 | −0.01 [−0.02,-0.00] |
.026
|
.001
| .623 |
Flat-footed | 0.44 ± 0.05 | 0.42 ± 0.05 | −0.02 [− 0.03,0.00] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | −0.05 [− 0.09,-0.01] | −0.06 [− 0.10,-0.01] | |||||
Peak joint moment | |||||||
Hip - sagittal (Nm/kg) | Normal arched | 5.99 ± 9.85 | 7.21 ± 21.43 | −1.22 [−9.25,6.82] | .501 | .661 | .380 |
Flat-footed | 5.15 ± 11.07 | 1.53 ± 3.84 | 3.62 [−4.65,11.90] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | 0.84 [−7.66,9.34] | 5.67 [−7.89,19.24] | |||||
Knee - sagittal (Nm/kg) | Normal arched | 0.97 ± 0.41 | 2.65 ± 6.94 | −1.68 [−5.52,2.16] | .389 | .414 | .416 |
Flat-footed | 0.86 ± 0.19 | 0.88 ± 0.16 | −0.02 [−0.07,0.03] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | 0.11 [−0.16,0.39] | 1.78 [−2.57,6.12] | |||||
Ankle - sagittal (Nm/kg) | Normal arched | 1.01 ± 0.09 | 1.00 ± 0.12 | −0.01 [− 0.04,0.02] | .649 | .739 | .488 |
Flat-footed | 1.02 ± 0.09 | 1.03 ± 0.11 | 0.00 [−0.03,0.04] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | 0.01 [−0.06,0.08] | 0.03 [−0.07,0.12] | |||||
Ankle - frontal (Nm/kg) | Normal arched | 0.09 ± 0.07 | 0.08 ± 0.06 | 0.01 [0.01,0.03] | .111 |
.036
| .511 |
Flat-footed | 0.14 ± 0.07 | 0.11 ± 0.06 | 0.02 [−0.00,0.05] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | −0.05 [− 0.10,0.01] | −0.04 [− 0.08,0.01] | |||||
Peak joint power | |||||||
Hip - sagittal (W/kg) | Normal arched | 116.97 ± 345.66 | 78.28 ± 261.29 | 38.69 [−11.78,89.17] | .567 | .057 | .606 |
Flat-footed | 75.92 ± 171.18 | 9.81 ± 18.77 | 66.10 [−50.69,182.89] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | 41.05 [− 193.42,275.53] | 68.46 [−95.34,232.26] | |||||
Knee - sagittal (W/kg) | Normal arched | 8.67 ± 7.21 | 7.58 ± 2.69 | −6.71 [−21.7,8.03] | .389 | .414 | .413 |
Flat-footed | 5.99 ± 1.99 | 5.95 ± 1.64 | 0.05 [−0.61,0.70] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | 2.67 [−1.96,7.31] | 69.89 [−98.79,238.57] | |||||
Ankle - sagittal (W/kg) | Normal arched | 7.95 ± 1.89 | 8.28 ± 2.48 | −0.33 [−1.19,0.53] | .511 | .638 | .419 |
Flat-footed | 8.67 ± 1.71 | 8.58 ± 1.68 | 0.08 [−0.38,0.56] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | −0.71 [−2.20,0.77] | − 0.30 [− 2.09,1.49] | |||||
Ankle - frontal (W/kg) | Normal arched | 0.21 ± 0.23 | 0.18 ± 0.14 | 0.03 [−0.10,0.16] | .188 | .581 | .807 |
Flat-footed | 0.13 ± 0.08 | 0.12 ± 0.15 | 0.01 [−0.04,0.07] | ||||
MDfoot [95% CI] | −0.08 [− 0.06,0.23] | −0.63 [− 0.05,0.18] |