Top

Gepubliceerd in:

11-08-2018 | Original Paper

Family Unpredictability and Psychological Distress in Early Adulthood: The Role of Family Closeness and Coping Mechanisms

Auteurs: Amy M. Kolak, Candace L. Van Wade, Lisa Thomson Ross

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 12/2018

Abstract

Unpredictability within the family environment has been consistently linked to anxiety and depressive symptomology in early adulthood. The current investigation sought to examine how individual and family factors may serve to protect college students from the potentially detrimental effects of growing up with family chaos. A multi-dimensional survey, including measures assessing family unpredictability, coping behavior, anxiety, and depressive symptoms, was administered to 260 (68% female) undergraduate college students. A series of regression models found mediating and moderating effects: the relationship between family unpredictability and psychological distress was explained in part by less family closeness, and this was especially true among students who engaged in more emotion-focused coping. Individuals who used less emotion-focused coping did not appear to suffer from psychological distress associated with family unpredictability. Conversely, task-focused coping did not moderate the association between family unpredictability and psychological distress; yet, individuals who used more task-focused coping, in general, experienced less distress. These findings could be used to inform intervention efforts targeted at improving parenting and caregiving practices as well as the development of campus programs aimed at improving students’ coping strategies.

vorige artikel The Role of Ethnic Socialization, Ethnic Identity and Self-Esteem: Implications for Bi-ethnic Adolescents’ School Adjustment

volgende artikel Well-being and Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Individual and Family Factors in Childhood and Adolescence

Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.

American College Health Association. (2009). American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reference Group Executive Summary Fall 2008. Baltimore, MD: American College Health Association.

American College Health Association. (2017). American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reference Group Executive Summary Fall 2016. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association.

Arch, J. J., & Landy, L. N. (2015). Emotional benefits of mindfulness. In K. W. Brown, J. D. Creswell, R. M. Ryan, (Eds.) Handbook of mindfulness: Theory, research, and practice. (pp. 208–224). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.

Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469.CrossRefPubMed

Arnett, J. J. (2016). The Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.

Astin, A. W., & Oseguera, L. (2004). The declining ‘equity’ of American higher education. Review of Higher Education: Journal of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, 27(3), 321–341. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2004.0001.CrossRef

Ayers, T. S., Sandler, I. N., West, S. G., & Roosa, M. W. (1996). A dispositional and situational assessment of children’s coping: Testing alternative models of coping. Journal of Personality, 64(4), 923–958. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00949.x.CrossRefPubMed

Ballard, R. (1992). Short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Psychological Reports, 71, 1155–1160. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.71.3f.1155.CrossRefPubMed

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191.CrossRefPubMed

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173.CrossRef

Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1982.tb01456.x.CrossRefPubMed

Bretherton, I. (1990). Communication patterns, internal working models, and the intergenerational transmission of attachment relationships. Infant Mental Health Journal, 11(3), 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0355(199023)11:3<237::AID-IMHJ2280110306>3.0.CO;2-X.CrossRef

Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Gotlib, I. H. (1993). Psychopathology and early experience: A reappraisal of retrospective reports. Psychological Bulletin, 113(1), 82–98. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.82.CrossRefPubMed

Calvete, E., Camara, M., Estevez, A., & Villardón, L. (2011). The role of coping with social stressors in the development of depressive symptoms: Gender differences. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 24(4), 387–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2010.515982.CrossRef

Chorot, P., Valiente, R. M., Magaz, A. M., Santed, M. A., & Sandin, B. (2017). Perceived parental child rearing and attachment as predictors of anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms in children: The mediational role of attachment. Psychiatry Research, 253, 287–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.015.CrossRefPubMed

Cohan, S. L., Jang, K. L., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis of a short form of the coping inventory for stressful situations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20211.CrossRefPubMed

Compañ, E., Moreno, J., Ruiz, M. T., & Pascual, E. (2002). Doing things together: Adolescent health and family rituals. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56(2), 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.2.89.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Compas, B. E., Banez, G. A., Malcarne, V., & Worsham, N. (1991). Perceived control and coping with stress: A developmental perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 47(4), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1991.tb01832.x.CrossRef

Compas, B. E., Malcarne, V. L., & Fondacaro, K. M. (1988). Coping with stressful events in older children and young adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(3), 405–411. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.3.405.CrossRefPubMed

Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1994). Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), 387–411. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.387.CrossRefPubMed

Dumas, J. E., Nissley, J., Nordstrom, A., Smith, E. P., Prinz, R. J., & Levine, D. W. (2005). Home chaos: Sociodemographic, parenting, interactional, and child correlates. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(1), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_9.CrossRefPubMed

Dwairy, M. A. (2008). Parental inconsistency versus parental authoritarianism: Associations with symptoms of psychological disorders. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(5), 616–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-007-9169-3.CrossRef

Ehrenreich, J. T., Micco, J. A., Fisher, P. H., & Warner, C. M. (2009). Assessment of relevant parenting factors in families of clinically anxious children: The Family Assessment Clinician-Rated Interview (FACI). Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 40(3), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-009-0128-y.CrossRefPubMed

Evans, G. W., Gonnella, C., Marcynyszyn, L. A., Gentile, L., & Salpekar, N. (2005). The role of chaos in poverty and children’s socioemotional adjustment. Psychological Science, 16(7), 560–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01575.x.CrossRefPubMed

Feinauer, I. D., Larson, J. H., & Harper, J. M. (2010). Implicit family process rules and adolescent psychological symptoms. American Journal of Family Therapy, 38(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180902961548.CrossRef

Fiese, B. H., & Winter, M. A. (2010). The dynamics of family chaos and its relation to children’s socioemotional well-being. In G. W. Evans, T. D. Wachs, (Eds.) Chaos and its influence on children’s development: An ecological perspective.

Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(1), 150–170. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.48.1.150.CrossRefPubMed

Forsythe, C. J., & Compas, B. E. (1987). Interaction of cognitive appraisals of stressful events and coping: Testing the goodness of fit hypothesis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11(4), 473–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01175357.CrossRef

Han, G., Helm, J., Iucha, C., Zahn-Waxler, C., Hastings, P. D., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2016). Are executive functioning deficits concurrently and predictively associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 45(1), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1041592.CrossRefPubMed

Hinchliff, G. M., Kelly, A. B., Chan, G. K., Patton, G. C., & Williams, J. (2016). Risky dieting amongst adolescent girls: Associations with family relationship problems and depressed mood. Eating Behaviors, 22, 222–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.06.001.CrossRefPubMed

Hood, C. O., Ross, L. T., & Wills, N. L. (2016). Self-compassion moderates the family unpredictability-depression relationship. Poster presented at the Society of Southeastern Social Psychologists meeting, Asheville, NC.

Jensen, E. W., James, S. A., Boyce, W. T., & Hartnett, S. A. (1983). The family routines inventory: Development and validation. Social Science & Medicine, 17(4), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(83)90117-X.CrossRef

Johnson, J. G. (1993). Associations between family relationships and psychiatric symptomatology in undergraduate students: An investigation of gender differences. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 7(3), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1300/J035v07n03_09.CrossRef

Kasch, K. L., Klein, D. N., & Lara, M. E. (2001). A construct validation study of the Response Styles Questionnaire Rumination scale in participants with a recent-onset major depressive episode. Psychological Assessment, 13(3), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.13.3.375.CrossRefPubMed

Martel, M. M., Nigg, J. T., Wong, M. M., Fitzgerald, H. E., Jester, J. M., Puttler, L. I., & Zucker, R. A. (2007). Childhood and adolescent resiliency, regulation, and executive functioning in relation to adolescent problems and competence in a high-risk sample. Development and Psychopathology, 19(2), 541–563. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579407070265.CrossRefPubMed

Muller, D., Judd, C. M., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2005). When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 852–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.852.CrossRefPubMed

Ngamake, S. T., Walch, S. E., & Raveepatarakul, J. (2016). Discrimination and sexual minority mental health: Mediation and moderation effects of coping. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(2), 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000163.CrossRef

Penley, J. A., Tomaka, J., & Wiebe, J. S. (2002). The association of coping to physical and psychological health outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25(6), 551–603. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020641400589.CrossRefPubMed

Poliseo, J. M., & McDonough, M. H. (2012). Coping effectiveness in competitive sport: Linking goodness of fit and coping outcomes. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 1(2), 106–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026382.CrossRef

Procidano, M. E., & Heller, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00898416.CrossRefPubMed

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306.CrossRef

Reetz, D. R., Bershad, C., LeViness, P., & Whitlock, M. (2016). The Association for University and College Counseling Center Directors Annual Survey. Indianapolis, IN: AUCCCD. Retrieved from Association for University and College Counseling Center Directors: https://www.aucccd.org/

Rice, K. G. (1990). Attachment in adolescence: A narrative and meta-analytic review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 19, 511–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537478.CrossRefPubMed

Ross, L. T., Hood, C. O., & Short, S. D. (2016). Unpredictability and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 35(5), 371–385. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2016.35.5.371.CrossRef

Ross, L. T., & Hill, E. M. (2000). The Family Unpredictability Scale: Reliability and validity. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(2), 549–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00549.x.CrossRef

Ross, L. T., & McDuff, J. A. (2008). The Retrospective Family Unpredictability Scale: Reliability and validity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 17(1), 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-007-9138-1.CrossRef

Ross, L. T., Short, S. D., & Garofano, M. (2016). Scale of unpredictability beliefs: Reliability and validity. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 150(8), 976–1003. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2016.1225660.CrossRef

Ross, L. T., & Wynne, S. (2010). Parental depression and divorce and adult children’s well-being: The role of family unpredictability. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(6), 757–761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-010-9366-7.CrossRef

Sanders, W., & Abaied, J. (2015). Motivational systems and autonomic functioning: Overlapping and differential contributions to anhedonic depression and anxious arousal. Motivation and Emotion, 39(4), 602–612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-015-9470-5.CrossRef

Shisslak, C. M., McKeon, R. T., & Cargo, M. (1990). Family dysfunction in normal weight bulimic and bulimic anorexic families. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 185–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199003)46:2<185::AID-JCLP2270460210>3.0.CO;2-B.CrossRefPubMed

Simms, L. J., Prisciandaro, J. J., Krueger, R. F., & Goldberg, D. P. (2012). The structure of depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms in primary care. Psychological Medicine, 42(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711000985.CrossRefPubMed

Skinner, E. A., Edge, K., Altman, J., & Sherwood, H. (2003). Searching for the structure of coping: A review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 216–269. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.216.CrossRefPubMed

Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Staiger, P. K., Melville, F., Hides, L., Kambouropoulos, N., & Lubman, D. I. (2009). Can emotion-focused coping help explain the link between posttraumatic stress disorder severity and triggers for substance use in young adults? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 36(2), 220–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2008.05.008.CrossRefPubMed

Tracy, M., Zimmerman, F. J., Galea, S., McCauley, E., & Vander Stoep, A. (2008). What explains the relation between family poverty and childhood depressive symptoms? Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(14), 1163–1175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.011.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Tucker, C. J., Holt, M., & Wiesen-Martin, D. (2013). Inter-parental conflict and sibling warmth during adolescence: Associations with female depression in emerging adulthood. Psychological Reports, 112(1), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.2466/21.10.PR0.112.1.243-251.CrossRefPubMed

Twenge, J. M., Gentile, B., DeWall, C. N., Ma, D., Lacefield, K., & Schurtz, D. R. (2010). Birth cohort increases in psychopathology among young Americans, 1938–2007: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of the MMPI. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.005.CrossRefPubMed

Votta, E., & Manion, I. G. (2003). Factors in the psychological adjustment of homeless adolescent males: The role of coping style. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(7), 778–785. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CHI.0000046871.56865.D9.CrossRef

Wachs, T. D. (1979). Proximal experience and early cognitive-intellectual development: The physical environment. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 25(1), 3–41.

Wachs, T. D., & Evans, G. W. (2010). Chaos in context. In G. W. Evans & T. D. Wachs (Eds.), Chaos and its influence on children’s development: An ecological perspective (pp. 3–13). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/12057-000.

Wadsworth, M. E.., & Compas, B. E. (2002). Coping with family conflict and economic strain: The adolescent perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12(2), 243–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.00033.CrossRef

Waterman, A. S. (1982). Identity development from adolescence to adulthood: An extension of theory and a review of research. Developmental Psychology, 18(3), 341–358. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.18.3.341.CrossRef

Weist, M. D., Freedman, A. H., Paskewitz, D. A., Proescher, E. J., & Flaherty, L. T. (1995). Urban youth under stress: Empirical identification of protective factors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(6), 705–721. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01536952.CrossRef

Titel: Family Unpredictability and Psychological Distress in Early Adulthood: The Role of Family Closeness and Coping Mechanisms
Auteurs: Amy M. Kolak
Candace L. Van Wade
Lisa Thomson Ross
Publicatiedatum: 11-08-2018
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 12/2018
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1211-4

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 12/2018

Family Risks and Adolescent Adjustment in Chinese Contexts: Testing the Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence

Economic Stress in Fragile Families: Pathways to Parent and Child Maladjustment

Parenting Behaviors, Neighborhood Quality, and Substance Use in 9th and 10th Grade Latino Males

Informal Support among Low-Income Mothers Post Welfare Reform:A Systematic Review

Preliminary Validity of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory with Taiwanese Clinic-Referred Children

Mothers’ and Fathers’ Roles in Child Adjustment: Parenting Practices and Mothers’ Emotion Socialization as Predictors