Top

Journal of Child and Family Studies

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Gepubliceerd in:

13-08-2021 | Original Paper

Family Socioeconomic Status and Executive Function in Urban Chinese Children: The Effects of Cortisol Reactivity

Auteurs: Meng Wu, Zhengyan Wang, Cong Cao, Qiong He

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 11/2021

Abstract

We examined hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal stress reactivity as an indicator of differential susceptibility in moderating the links between family socioeconomic status (SES) and executive function (EF) in three-year-old urban Chinese children. The participants included 77 children (36 girls) and their families. Family income, parents’ education, and level of occupation were reported by the mothers and aggregated into a composite index of family SES. We assessed the children’s biological reactivity by salivary cortisol responses to a mild stressor, which we calculated by the area under the curve with respect to increase. We measured EF skills with a series of laboratory tasks. The results revealed significant interactive effects of SES and cortisol reactivity on children’s cognitive inhibitory control. More specifically, SES was significantly related to cognitive inhibitory control for children with higher cortisol reactivity. Conversely, for children with lower cortisol reactivity, there were no significant correlations between SES and cognitive inhibitory control. Region of significance analyses indicated a moderating effect supporting the “bright side” of differential susceptibility, meaning that high cortisol reactive children were more likely to benefit from high levels of SES. The results also manifested a direct association between SES and children’s working memory, and this association was not dependent on the features of cortisol reactivity. SES did not relate to hot EF. The results highlight the SES disparity in different EF elements and may help in the development of targeted interventions.

vorige artikel Effects of Peer Victimization on Child Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties: The Moderating Role of Parenting

volgende artikel The Development and Process Evaluation of PEER: A Camp-based Programme for Adolescents Impacted by Cancer

Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Anderson, P. (2002). Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 8(2), 71–82. PubMedCrossRef

Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2011). Differential susceptibility to rearing environment depending on dopamine-related genes: New evidence and a meta-analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 23(1), 39–52. PubMedCrossRef

Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2015). The hidden efficacy of interventions: gene × environment experiments from a differential susceptibility perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 66(66), 381–409. PubMedCrossRef

Belsky, J. & Pluess, M. (2016) Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.). Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 2. (pp. 59–106). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Berry, D., Blair, C., Ursache, A., Willoughby, M. T., & Granger, D. A. (2014). Early childcare, executive functioning, and the moderating role of early stress physiology. Developmental Psychology, 59(4), 1250–1261. CrossRef

Blair, C., Granger, D. A., Willoughby, M., Mills-Koonce, R., Cox, M., Greenberg, M. T., & Fortunato, C. K. (2011). Salivary cortisol mediates effects of poverty and parenting on executive functions in early childhood. Child Development, 82(6), 1970–1984. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Blair, C., & Razza, R. P. (2007). Relating effortful control, executive function, and false belief understanding to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergarten. Child Development, 78(2), 647–663. PubMedCrossRef

Bush, N. R., & Boyce, W. T. (2014). The contributions of early experience to biological development and sensitivity to context. In M. Lewis & K. D. Rudolph (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (pp. 287–309). Boston, MA: Springer. CrossRef

Carlson, S. M. (2005). Developmentally sensitive measures of executive function in preschool children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28(2), 595–616. PubMedCrossRef

Carlson, S. M., Davis, A. C., & Leach, J. G. (2005). Less is more: executive function and symbolic representation in preschool children. Psychological Science, 16(8), 609–616. PubMedCrossRef

Chasiotis, A., Kiessling, F., Hofer, J., & Campos, D. (2006). Theory of mind and inhibitory control in three cultures: Conflict inhibition predicts false belief understanding in germany, costa rica and Cameroon. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(3), 192–204. CrossRef

Diamond, A. (2013). Executive function. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. CrossRefPubMed

Diamond, A., Kirkham, N., & Amso, D. (2002). Conditions under which young children can hold two rules in mind and inhibit a prepotent response. Developmental Psychology, 38(3), 352. PubMedCrossRef

Ellis, B. J., Essex, M. J., & Boyce, W. T. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: II. Empirical explorations of an evolutionary-developmental theory. Development and Psychopathology, 17(2), 303–328. PubMedCrossRef

Essex, M. J., Armstrong, J. M., Burk, L. R., Goldsmith, H. H., & Boyce, W. T. (2011). Biological sensitivity to context moderates the effects of the early teacher-child relationship on the development of mental health by adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 23(1), 149–161. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Fairchild, G., van Goozen, S. H. M., Stollery, S. J., Aitken, M. R. F., Savage, J., Moore, S. C., & Goodyer, I. M. (2009). Decision making and executive function in male adolescents with early-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder and control subjects. Biological Psychiatry, 66(2), 162–168. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Granger, D. A., Fortunato, C. K., Beltzer, E. K., Virag, M., Bright, M. A., & Out, D. (2012). Focus on methodology: salivary bioscience and research on adolescence: an integrated perspective. Journal of Adolescence, 35(4), 1081–1095. PubMedCrossRef

Gunnar, M. R., Talge, N. M., & Herrera, A. (2009). Stressor paradigms in developmental studies: What does and does not work to produce mean increases in salivary cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(7), 953–967. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Hackman, D. A., Betancourt, L. M., Gallop, R., Romer, D., Brodsky, N. L., Hurt, H., & Farah, M. J. (2014). Mapping the trajectory of socioeconomic disparity in working memory: Parental and neighborhood factors. Child Development, 85(4), 1433–1445. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Hackman, D. A., Gallop, R., Evans, G. W., & Farah, M. J. (2015). Socioeconomic status and executive function: developmental trajectories and mediation. Developmental Science, 18(5), 686–702. PubMedCrossRef

Hongwanishkul, D., Happaney, K. R., Lee, W. S. C., & Zelazo, P. D. (2005). Assessment of hot and cool executive function in young children: Age-related changes and individual differences. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28(2), 617–644. PubMedCrossRef

Hughes, C., & Ensor, R. (2005). Executive function and theory of mind in 2 year olds: a family affair? Developmental Neuropsychology, 28(2), 645–668. PubMedCrossRef

Jaffee, S. R., McFarquhar, T., Stevens, S., Ouellet-Morin, O., Melhuish, E., & Belsky, J. (2015). Interactive effects of early and recent exposure to stressful contexts on cortisol reactivity in middle childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(2), 138–146. PubMedCrossRef

Khoury, J. E., Gonzalez, A., Levitan, R. D., Pruessner, J. C., Chopra, K., Basile, V. S., & Atkinson, L. (2015). Summary cortisol reactivity indicators: Interrelations and meaning. Neurobiology of Stress, 2, 34–43. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Kochanska, G., Murray, K. T., & Harlan, E. T. (2000). Effortful control in early childhood: continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development. Developmental Psychology, 36(2), 220–232. PubMedCrossRef

Lawson, G. M., Hook, C. J., & Farah, M. J. (2018). A meta-analysis of the relationship between socioeconomic status and executive function performance among children. Developmental Science, 21(2), e12529 https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12529. CrossRef

Lawson, G. M., Hook, C. J., Hackman, D. A., & Farah, M. J. (2015). Socioeconomic status and the development of executive function: behavioral and neuroscience approaches. In J. A. Griffin, P. McCardle & L. S. Freund (Eds.), Executive function in preschool-age children: Integrating measurement, neurodevelopment, and translational research (pp. 240–256). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Li, C. L. (2005). Prestige stratification in the contemporary China: occupational prestige measures and socio-economic index. Sociological Studies, 2, 74–102.

Liu, C., Georgiou, G. K., & Manolitsis, G. (2018). Modeling the relationships of parents’ expectations, family’s SES, and home literacy environment with emergent literacy skills and word reading in Chinese. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 43, 1–10. CrossRef

Low, J. A., & Webster, L. (2016). Attention and executive functions as mediators of attachment and behavior problems. Social Development, 25(3), 646–664. CrossRef

Martin, C. G., Bruce, J., & Fisher, P. A. (2012). Racial and ethnic differences in diurnal cortisol rhythms in preadolescents: The role of parental psychosocial risk and monitoring. Hormones & Behavior, 61(5), 661–668. CrossRef

McClelland, M., Geldhof, G. J., Cameron, C. E., & Wanless, S. B. (2015). Development and self-regulation. In R. M. Lerner (Series Ed.) & W. F. Overton, P. C. M. Molenaar (Vol. Eds.). Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: Vol. 1. Theory and method (7th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons.

Millones, M. M. D. L., Ghesquiére, P., & Van Leeuwen, K. (2014). Relationship among parenting behavior, SES, academic achievement and psychosocial functioning in Peruvian children. Universitas Psychologica, 13(2), 639–650.

Mittal, R., Russell, B. S., Britner, P. A., & Peake, P. K. (2012). Delay of gratification in two- and three-year-olds: Associations with attachment, personality, and temperament. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(4), 479–489. CrossRef

Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H. L., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Roberts, B.W., Ross, S., Sears, M.R., Thomson, W.M., & Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(7), 2693–2698.

Obradović, J., Bush, N. R., Stamperdahl, J., Adler, N. E., & Boyce, W. T. (2010). Biological sensitivity to context: the interactive effects of stress reactivity and family adversity on socioemotional behavior and school readiness. Child Development, 81(1), 270–289. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Obradović, J., Portilla, X., & Ballard, P. J. (2016). Biological sensitivity to family income: differential effects on early executive functioning. Child Development, 87(2), 374–384. PubMedCrossRef

Pitzer, M., Jennen-Steinmetz, C., Esser, G., Schmidt, M. H., & Laucht, M. (2011). Differential susceptibility to environmental influences: the role of early temperament and parenting in the development of externalizing problems. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52(6), 650–658. PubMedCrossRef

Prencipe, A., & Zelazo, P. D. (2005). Development of affective decision making for self and other: evidence for the integration of first- and third-person perspectives. Psychological Science, 16(7), 501–505. PubMedCrossRef

Raver, C. C., Blair, C., & Willoughby, M. (2013). Poverty as a predictor of 4-year-olds’ executive function: new perspectives on models of differential susceptibility. Developmental Psychology, 49(2), 292–304. PubMedCrossRef

Roisman, G. I., Newman, D. A., Fraley, R. C., Haltigan, J. D., Groh, A. M., & Haydon, K. C. (2012). Distinguishing differential susceptibility from diathesis–stress: recommendations for evaluating interaction effects. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 389–409. PubMedCrossRef

Rudolph, K. D., Troop-Gordon, W., & Granger, D. A. (2011). Individual differences in biological stress responses moderate the contribution of early peer victimization to subsequent depressive symptoms. Psychopharmacology, 214(1), 209–219. PubMedCrossRef

Sarsour, K., Sheridan, M., Jutte, D., Nuru-Jeter, A., Hinshaw, S., & Boyce, T. (2011). Family socioeconomic status and child executive functions: the roles of language, home environment, and single parenthood. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 120–132. PubMedCrossRef

Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: our view of the state of the art. Psychol Methods, 7(2), 147–177. PubMedCrossRef

Steelandt, S., Thierry, B., Broihanne, M., & Dufour, V. (2012). The ability of children to delay gratification in an exchange task. Cognition, 122(3), 416–425. PubMedCrossRef

Suchy, Y. (2009). Executive functioning: overview, assessment, and research issues for non-neuropsychologists. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37(2), 106–116. PubMedCrossRef

Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed). NJ: Pearson Education.

Tackett, J. L., Herzhoff, K., Smack, A. J., Reardon, K. W., & Adam, E. K. (2017). Does socioeconomic status mediate racial differences in the cortisol response in middle childhood? Health Psychology, 36(7), 662–672. PubMedCrossRef

Vrantsidis, D. M., Clark, C. A. C., Chevalier, N., Espy, K. A., & Wiebe, S. A. (2020). Socioeconomic status and executive function in early childhood: exploring proximal mechanisms. Developmental Science, 23(3), e12917. PubMedCrossRef

Welsh, M., & Peterson, E. (2014). Issues in the conceptualization and assessment of hot executive functions in childhood. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20(2), 152–156. PubMedCrossRef

Wiebe, S. A., Espy, K. A., & Charak, D. (2008). Using confirmatory factor analysis to understand executive control in preschool children: I. latent structure. Developmental Psychology, 44(2), 575–587. PubMedCrossRef

Willoughby, M., & Blair, M. C. (2011). Test-retest reliability of a new executive function battery for use in early childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 17(6), 564–579. PubMedCrossRef

Willoughby, M. T., Blair, C. B., Wirth, R. J., & Greenberg, M. (2010). The measurement of executive function at age 3 years: Psychometric properties and criterion validity of a new battery of tasks. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 306–17. PubMedCrossRef

Wu, M., Liang, X., Lu, S., & Wang, Z. (2017). Infant motor and cognitive abilities and subsequent executive function. Infant Behavior & Development, 49, 204–213. CrossRef

Xing, X., & Wang, M. (2018). The moderating role of HPA activity in the relations between parental corporal punishment and executive function in Chinese school-aged children. Psychology of Violence, 8(4), 418–426. CrossRef

Yang, L., Wang, J., Liu, W., Cuskelly, M., & Zhang, A. (2005). Strategies used by 3 to 5 years old children on a self-imposed Delay of Gratification task including a cross-cultural comparison between China and Australia. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 37(2), 224–232.

Yu, R., Nieuwenhuis, J., Meeus, W., Hooimeijer, P., Koot, H. M., & Branje, S. (2016). Biological sensitivity to context: cortisol awakening response moderates the effects of neighbourhood density on the development of adolescent externalizing problem behaviours. Biological Psychology, 120, 96–107. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Zelazo, P. D., & Carlson, S. (2012). Hot and cool executive function in childhood and adolescence: Development and plasticity. Child Development Perspectives, 6(4), 354–360.

Zelazo, P. D., & Cunningham, W. A. (2007). Executive function: mechanisms underlying emotion regulation. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 135–158). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.

Zelazo, P. D., & Müller, U. (2002). Executive functions in typical and atypical development. In U. Goswami (Ed.), Handbook of childhood cognitive development (pp. 445–469). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Zhang, W., Cao, C., Wang, M., Ji, L., & Cao, Y. (2016). Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene polymorphisms interact with maternal parenting in association with adolescent reactive aggression but not proactive aggression: evidence of differential susceptibility. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(4), 812–829. PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Family Socioeconomic Status and Executive Function in Urban Chinese Children: The Effects of Cortisol Reactivity
Auteurs: Meng Wu
Zhengyan Wang
Cong Cao
Qiong He
Publicatiedatum: 13-08-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 11/2021
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02056-5

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 11/2021

Integrated Treatment Programmes for Mothers with Substance Use Problems: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Interventions to Prevent Out-of-home Child Placements

The Impact of Mother Support and Natural Mentoring on the Depressive Symptoms of Black Youth

Preliminary Outcomes of an Incentive-based Parent-training Intervention

Effects of Peer Victimization on Child Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties: The Moderating Role of Parenting

Foster Families: A Systematic Review of Intention and Retention Factors

Effectiveness of Family Systems Theory Interventions on Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis