Introduction
Family Functioning and Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Problems
Current Study
Method
Sample
Measures
Family functioning
Flexibility
Cohesion
Communication
Internalizing and Externalizing Problems
Depressive Symptoms
Anxiety
Anger
Preregistered Analytic Procedure
Family functioning dimensions | Adolescent outcomes |
---|---|
Family flexibility | Depressive symptoms |
Family cohesion | Anxiety symptoms |
Family communication | Aggression |
Results
Descriptive Statistics
M | SD | α | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 15.73 | 0.82 | |
Depressive symptoms Τ1 | 0.95 | 0.67 | 0.85 |
Depressive symptoms Τ2 | 0.92 | 0.64 | 0.83 |
Depressive symptoms Τ3 | 0.88 | 0.71 | 0.88 |
Anxiety Τ1 | 0.83 | 0.62 | 0.79 |
Anxiety Τ2 | 0.76 | 0.58 | 0.80 |
Anxiety Τ3 | 0.71 | 0.63 | 0.84 |
Anger Τ1 | 1.11 | 0.88 | 0.82 |
Anger Τ2 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 0.85 |
Anger Τ3 | 0.97 | 0.86 | 0.85 |
Flexibility Τ1 | 23.31 | 4.38 | 0.66 |
Flexibility Τ2 | 23.36 | 4.50 | 0.69 |
Flexibility Τ3 | 23.21 | 4.50 | 0.68 |
Cohesion Τ1 | 24.39 | 4.73 | 0.71 |
Cohesion Τ2 | 24.65 | 4.65 | 0.73 |
Cohesion Τ3 | 24.56 | 4.65 | 0.75 |
Communication Τ1 | 29.63 | 6.07 | 0.89 |
Communication Τ2 | 29.39 | 5.97 | 0.88 |
Communication Τ3 | 28.92 | 6.40 | 0.90 |
Within-Person Dynamic Associations Among Family Functioning and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems
Model Type | χ2 | df | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flexibility—depressive symptoms | RICLPM-fixed | 14.433 | 5 | 0.988 | 0.964 | 0.063 |
Flexibility—depressive symptoms* | CLPM | 16.214 | 7 | 0.988 | 0.975 | 0.052 |
Flexibility—depressive symptoms* | RICLPM-free | 2.716 | 1 | 0.998 | 0.968 | 0.060 |
Flexibility—anxiety | RICLPM-fixed | 17.601 | 5 | 0.984 | 0.951 | 0.073 |
Flexibility—anxiety | CLPM | 20.939 | 7 | 0.982 | 0.962 | 0.064 |
Flexibility—anxiety* | RICLPM-free | 2.304 | 1 | 0.998 | 0.975 | 0.052 |
Flexibility—anger | RICLPM-fixed | 12.153 | 5 | 0.990 | 0.971 | 0.055 |
Flexibility—anger | CLPM | 21.280 | 7 | 0.981 | 0.959 | 0.065 |
Flexibility—anger | RICLPM-free | 4.786 | 1 | 0.995 | 0.924 | 0.089 |
Cohesion—depressive symptoms | RICLPM-fixed | 17.407 | 5 | 0.985 | 0.954 | 0.072 |
Cohesion—depressive symptoms* | CLPM | 13.878 | 7 | 0.991 | 0.982 | 0.045 |
Cohesion—depressive symptoms | RICLPM-free | 6.688 | 1 | 0.993 | 0.894 | 0.109 |
Cohesion—anxiety | RICLPM-fixed | 16.380 | 5 | 0.986 | 0.957 | 0.069 |
Cohesion—anxiety* | CLPM | 14.152 | 7 | 0.991 | 0.981 | 0.046 |
Cohesion—anxiety* | RICLPM-free | 5.366 | 1 | 0.994 | 0.917 | 0.095 |
Cohesion—anger | RICLPM-fixed | 18.861 | 5 | 0.982 | 0.945 | 0.076 |
Cohesion—anger* | CLPM | 12.016 | 7 | 0.993 | 0.986 | 0.039 |
Cohesion—anger | RICLPM-free | 14.313 | 1 | 0.982 | 0.736 | 0.167 |
Communication—depressive symptoms | RICLPM-fixed | 13.790 | 5 | 0.990 | 0.969 | 0.061 |
Communication—depressive symptoms* | CLPM | 4.073 | 7 | 1.000 | 1.007 | 0.000 |
Communication—depressive symptoms | RICLPM-free | 3.507 | 1 | 0.997 | 0.956 | 0.072 |
Communication—anxiety | RICLPM-fixed | 18.596 | 5 | 0.984 | 0.951 | 0.075 |
Communication—anxiety* | CLPM | 13.830 | 7 | 0.992 | 0.982 | 0.045 |
Communication—anxiety* | RICLPM-free | 0.633 | 1 | 1.000 | 1.007 | 0.000 |
Communication—anger | RICLPM-fixed | 13.720 | 5 | 0.989 | 0.967 | 0.060 |
Communication—anger* | CLPM | 13.911 | 7 | 0.991 | 0.982 | 0.045 |
Communication—anger* | RICLPM-free | 2.117 | 1 | 0.999 | 0.983 | 0.040 |
Family Flexibility | Depressive symptoms | Anxiety | Anger | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | p | β | B | SE | p | β | B | SE | p | β | |
Correlations | ||||||||||||
Between-Person | −0.299 | 0.129 | 0.021 | −0.149 | −0.327 | 0.148 | 0.027 | −0.186 | −0.322 | 0.212 | 0.129 | −0.149 |
T1 | −0.112 | 0.081 | 0.168 | −0.096 | −0.151 | 0.090 | 0.091 | −0.131 | −0.285 | 0.164 | 0.083 | −0.166 |
Cross-lagged effects | ||||||||||||
Problems 1 → Flex. 2 | 0.028 | 0.636 | 0.965 | 0.005 | 0.409 | 0.811 | 0.614 | 0.068 | −0.259 | 0.611 | 0.671 | −0.062 |
Problems 2 → Flex. 3 | 0.028 | 0.636 | 0.965 | 0.003 | 0.409 | 0.811 | 0.614 | 0.045 | −0.259 | 0.611 | 0.671 | −0.062 |
Flex. 1 → Problems 2 | 0.011 | 0.013 | 0.413 | 0.107 | 0.004 | 0.013 | 0.752 | 0.036 | −0.004 | 0.023 | 0.862 | −0.017 |
Flex. 2 → Problems 3 | 0.011 | 0.013 | 0.413 | 0.064 | 0.004 | 0.013 | 0.752 | 0.028 | −0.004 | 0.023 | 0.862 | −0.019 |
Stability paths | ||||||||||||
Flex. 1 → Flex. 2 | −0.144 | 0.133 | 0.282 | −0.148 | −0.159 | 0.135 | 0.236 | −0.164 | −0.128 | 0.163 | 0.433 | −0.127 |
Flex. 2 → Flex. 3 | −0.144 | 0.133 | 0.282 | −0.137 | −0.159 | 0.135 | 0.236 | −0.151 | −0.128 | 0.163 | 0.433 | −0.126 |
Problems 1 → Problems 2 | −0.166 | 0.105 | 0.115 | −0.269 | 0.028 | 0.158 | 0.860 | 0.040 | 0.300 | 0.192 | 0.118 | 0.295 |
Problems 2 → Problems 3 | −0.166 | 0.105 | 0.115 | −0.103 | 0.028 | 0.158 | 0.860 | 0.022 | 0.300 | 0.192 | 0.118 | 0.341 |
Correlated change | ||||||||||||
T2 | 0.154 | 0.173 | 0.374 | 0.235 | 0.079 | 0.180 | 0.660 | 0.104 | −0.236 | 0.341 | 0.490 | −0.141 |
T3 | 0.023 | 0.097 | 0.815 | 0.020 | −0.019 | 0.087 | 0.828 | −0.019 | −0.054 | 0.142 | 0.703 | −0.037 |
Family Cohesion | Depressive symptoms | Anxiety | Anger | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | p | β | B | SE | p | β | B | SE | p | β | |
Correlations | ||||||||||||
Between-Person | −0.287 | 0.167 | 0.086 | −0.143 | −0.117 | 0.206 | 0.571 | −0.076 | −0.314 | 0.271 | 0.246 | −0.149 |
T1 | −0.112 | 0.110 | 0.307 | −0.080 | −0.224 | 0.134 | 0.095 | −0.154 | −0.117 | 0.262 | 0.656 | −0.056 |
Cross-Lagged Effects | ||||||||||||
Problems 1 → Cohesion 2 | −0.241 | 0.781 | 0.758 | −0.035 | −0.189 | 0.870 | 0.172 | −0.170 | −0.547 | 0.589 | 0.353 | −0.119 |
Problems 2 → Cohesion 3 | −0.241 | 0.781 | 0.758 | −0.022 | −0.189 | 0.870 | 0.172 | −0.164 | −0.547 | 0.589 | 0.353 | −0.123 |
Cohesion 1 → Problems 2 | −0.006 | 0.014 | 0.653 | −0.077 | −0.021 | 0.015 | 0.167 | −0.159 | −0.010 | 0.025 | 0.706 | −0.045 |
Cohesion 2 → Problems 3 | −0.006 | 0.014 | 0.653 | −0.046 | −0.021 | 0.015 | 0.167 | −0.159 | −0.010 | 0.025 | 0.706 | −0.048 |
Stability Paths | ||||||||||||
Cohesion 1 → Cohesion 2 | 0.141 | 0.128 | 0.270 | 0.151 | 0.155 | 0.120 | 0.195 | 0.157 | 0.126 | 0.139 | 0.363 | 0.135 |
Cohesion 2 → Cohesion 3 | 0.141 | 0.128 | 0.270 | 0.141 | 0.155 | 0.120 | 0.195 | 0.158 | 0.126 | 0.139 | 0.363 | 0.126 |
Problems 1 → Problems 2 | −0.166 | 0.114 | 0.144 | −0.266 | 0.301 | 0.477 | 0.528 | 0.319 | 0.335 | 0.189 | 0.076 | 0.325 |
Problems 2 → Problems 3 | −0.166 | 0.114 | 0.144 | −0.105 | 0.301 | 0.477 | 0.528 | 0.305 | 0.335 | 0.189 | 0.076 | 0.379 |
Correlated change | ||||||||||||
T2 | −0.148 | 0.205 | 0.470 | −0.193 | −0.393 | 0.191 | 0.039 | −0.323 | −0.221 | 0.296 | 0.457 | −0.117 |
T3 | 0.076 | 0.102 | 0.455 | 0.061 | −0.090 | 0.117 | 0.443 | −0.077 | −0.077 | 0.151 | 0.608 | −0.048 |
Family Communication | Depressive symptoms | Anxiety | Anger | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | p | β | B | SE | p | β | B | SE | p | β | |
Correlations | ||||||||||||
Between-Person | −0.647 | 0.182 | 0.000 | −0.231 | −0.621 | 0.230 | 0.007 | −0.256 | −0.941 | 0.319 | 0.003 | −0.313 |
T1 | −0.161 | 0.136 | 0.239 | −0.095 | 0.021 | 0.142 | 0.883 | 0.013 | −0.253 | 0.232 | 0.276 | −0.102 |
Cross-lagged effects | ||||||||||||
Problems 1 → Comm. 2 | 0.037 | 0.953 | 0.969 | 0.005 | 0.804 | 1.424 | 0.572 | 0.111 | 0.672 | 0.931 | 0.470 | 0.138 |
Problems 2 → Comm. 3 | 0.037 | 0.953 | 0.969 | 0.003 | 0.804 | 1.424 | 0.572 | 0.064 | 0.672 | 0.931 | 0.470 | 0.114 |
Comm. 1 → Problems 2 | −0.002 | 0.012 | 0.828 | −0.036 | −0.003 | 0.014 | 0.852 | −0.034 | 0.012 | 0.021 | 0.580 | 0.070 |
Comm. 2 → Problems 3 | −0.002 | 0.012 | 0.828 | −0.018 | −0.003 | 0.014 | 0.852 | −0.022 | 0.012 | 0.021 | 0.580 | 0.063 |
Stability paths | ||||||||||||
Comm. 1 → Comm. 2 | −0.040 | 0.157 | 0.799 | −0.050 | −0.041 | 0.165 | 0.805 | −0.050 | −0.041 | 0.155 | 0.791 | −0.051 |
Comm. 2 → Comm. 3 | −0.040 | 0.157 | 0.799 | −0.032 | −0.041 | 0.165 | 0.805 | −0.033 | −0.041 | 0.155 | 0.791 | −0.033 |
Problems 1 → Problems 2 | −0.167 | 0.112 | 0.135 | −0.271 | 0.040 | 0.202 | 0.841 | 0.057 | 0.309 | 0.170 | 0.069 | 0.303 |
Problems 2 → Problems 3 | −0.167 | 0.112 | 0.135 | −0.105 | 0.040 | 0.202 | 0.841 | 0.033 | 0.309 | 0.170 | 0.069 | 0.345 |
Correlated change | ||||||||||||
T2 | 0.065 | 0.256 | 0.798 | 0.082 | −0.013 | 0.312 | 0.968 | −0.013 | 0.076 | 0.426 | 0.859 | 0.039 |
T3 | −0.118 | 0.153 | 0.442 | −0.072 | −0.089 | 0.122 | 0.465 | −0.061 | −0.034 | 0.208 | 0.868 | −0.016 |