Top

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Gepubliceerd in:

01-05-2014 | Original Paper

Face and Object Discrimination in Autism, and Relationship to IQ and Age

Auteurs: Pamela M. Pallett, Shereen J. Cohen, Karen R. Dobkins

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 5/2014

Abstract

The current study tested fine discrimination of upright and inverted faces and objects in adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as compared to age- and IQ-matched controls. Discrimination sensitivity was tested using morphed faces and morphed objects, and all stimuli were equated in low-level visual characteristics (luminance, contrast, spatial frequency make-up). Participants with ASD exhibited slight, non-significant impairments in discrimination sensitivity for faces, yet significantly enhanced discrimination sensitivity for objects. The ASD group also showed a protracted development of face and object inversion effects. Finally, for ASD participants, face sensitivity improved with increasing IQ while object sensitivity improved with age. By contrast, for controls, face sensitivity improved with age, but neither face nor object sensitivity was influenced by IQ. These findings suggest that individuals with ASD follow a qualitatively different path in the development of face and object processing abilities.

vorige artikel Developing Mirror Self Awareness in Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder

volgende artikel Using Self-Management to Improve the Reciprocal Social Conversation of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Unfortunately, due to a glitch in our program, our faces and cars were not equated in size; however the differences in size were not very large. And, previous research has shown that the neural mechanisms underlying face and object processing are largely invariant to changes in size (Zhao and Chub 2001; Yamashita et al. 2005; Rolls et al. 1992; Grill-Spector et al. 1999).

Note that template Face 1 is always on the left side and template Face 2 is always on the right side. The reason we did not counterbalance the location of Face 1/Face 2 across trials is because this paradigm had been part of a study comparing typically developing children (4–5 year olds) with adolescents (Pallett and Dobkins 2013), where we wanted to keep things as simple as possible for the children. Because we did not counterbalance, if a participant had a bias to respond “left” rather than “right” (or vice versa), this would result in them doing better at matching the test face with Face 1 (on the left side) than with Face 2 (on the right side) (or vice versa). This is not expected to be a problem, however, because we take the average of the thresholds for matching the test face to Face 1 and Face 2, so biases should average out (and likewise for cars).

Data from the “easy trials” were not included in this analysis.

American Psychiatric Association. (2004). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th-TR ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Baranek, G. T. (1999). Autism during infancy: A retrospective video analysis of sensory-motor and social behaviors at 9–12 months of age. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(3), 213–224.PubMedCrossRef

Bar-Haim, Y., Shulman, C., Lamy, D., & Reuveni, A. (2006). Attention to eyes and mouth in high-functioning children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(1), 131–137. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0046-1.PubMedCrossRef

Behrmann, M., Thomas, C., & Humphreys, K. (2006). Seeing it differently: Visual processing in autism. TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 10(6), 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.05.001.PubMedCrossRef

Bookheimer, S. Y., Wang, A. T., Scott, A., Sigman, M., & Dapretto, M. (2008). Frontal contributions to face processing differences in autism: Evidence from fMRI of inverted face processing. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14(6), 922–932. doi:10.1017/S135561770808140X.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Bosworth, R. G., Bartlett, M. S., & Dobkins, K. R. (2006). Image statistics of American Sign Language: Comparison with faces and natural scenes. Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 23(9), 2085–2096.PubMedCrossRef

Boucher, J., & Lewis, V. (1992). Unfamiliar face recognition in relatively able autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 33(5), 843–859.CrossRef

Brainard, D. H. (1997). The psychophysics toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10, 433–436.PubMedCrossRef

Constantino, J. N., Przybeck, T., Friesen, D., & Todd, R. D. (2000). Reciprocal social behavior in children with and without pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 21(1), 2–11.PubMedCrossRef

Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H. S., Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., et al. (2005). Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 8(4), 519–526. doi:10.1038/nn1421.PubMed

Damarla, S. R., Keller, T. A., Kana, R. K., Cherkassky, V. L., Williams, D. L., Minshew, N. J., et al. (2010). Cortical underconnectivity coupled with preserved visuospatial cognition in autism: Evidence from an fMRI study of an embedded figures task. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 3(5), 273–279. doi:10.1002/aur.153.CrossRef

Deruelle, C., Rondan, C., Gepner, B., & Fagot, J. (2006). Processing of compound visual stimuli by children with autism and Asperger syndrome. International Journal of Psychology, 41(2), 97–106.CrossRef

Deruelle, C., Rondan, C., Gepner, B., & Tardif, C. (2004). Spatial frequency and face processing in children with autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 199–210.PubMedCrossRef

Deruelle, C., Rondan, C., Salle-Collemiche, X., Bastard-Rosset, D., & Da Fonseca, D. (2008). Attention to low- and high-spatial frequencies in categorizing facial identities, emotions and gender in children with autism. Brain and Cognition, 66(2), 115–123. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2007.06.001.PubMedCrossRef

Falck-Ytter, T. (2008). Face inversion effects in autism: A combined looking time and pupillometric study. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 1(5), 297–306. doi:10.1002/aur.45.CrossRef

Farah, M. J., Wilson, K. D., Drain, M., & Tanaka, J. N. (1998). What is “special” about face perception? Psychological Review, 105(3), 482–498.PubMedCrossRef

Freire, A., Lee, K., & Symons, L. A. (2000). The face-inversion effect as a deficit in the encoding of configural information: Direct evidence. Perception, 29(2), 159–170.PubMedCrossRef

Gauthier, I., Klaiman, C., & Schultz, R. T. (2009). Face composite effects reveal abnormal face processing in Autism spectrum disorders. Vision Research, 49(4), 470–478. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2008.12.007.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Gepner, B., De Gelder, B., & De Schonen, S. (1996). Face processing in autistics: Evidence for a generalised deficit? Child Neuropsychology: A Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence, 2(2), 123–139.CrossRef

Germine, L. T., Duchaine, B., & Nakayama, K. (2011). Where cognitive development and aging meet: Face learning ability peaks after age 30. Cognition, 118(2), 201–210. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.11.002.PubMedCrossRef

Goffaux, V., Peters, J., Haubrechts, J., Schiltz, C., Jansma, B., & Goebel, R. (2011a). From coarse to fine? Spatial and temporal dynamics of cortical face processing. Cerebral Cortex, 21(2), 467–476. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq112.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Goffaux, V., & Rossion, B. (2007). Face inversion disproportionately impairs the perception of vertical but not horizontal relations between features. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33(4), 995–1001.PubMed

Goffaux, V., van Zon, J., & Schiltz, C. (2011b). The horizontal tuning of face perception relies on the processing of intermediate and high spatial frequencies. Journal of Vision, 11(10). doi: 10.1167/11.10.1.

Golarai, G., Grill-Spector, K., & Reiss, A. L. (2006). Autism and the development of face processing. Clinical Neuroscience Research, 6(3), 145–160. doi:10.1016/j.cnr.2006.08.001.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Grill-Spector, K., Kushnir, T., Edelman, S., Avidan, G., Itzchak, Y., & Malach, R. (1999). Differential processing of objects under various viewing conditions in the human lateral occipital complex. Neuron, 24, 187–203.PubMedCrossRef

Grossman, R. B., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2008). Reading faces for information about words and emotions in adolescents with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2(4), 681–695. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2008.02.004.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2006). The weak coherence account: Detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(1), 5–25. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0039-0.PubMedCrossRef

Hauck, M., Fein, D., Maltby, N., Waterhouse, L., & Feinstein, C. (1998). Memory for faces in children with autism. Child Neuropsychology, 4(3), 187–198.CrossRef

Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 4(6), 223–233.PubMedCrossRef

Hole, G. J., George, P. A., & Dunsmore, V. (1999). Evidence for holistic processing for faces viewed as photographic negatives. Perception, 28, 341–359.PubMedCrossRef

Hubl, D., Bolte, S., Feineis-Matthews, S., Lanfermann, H., Federspiel, A., Strik, W., et al. (2003). Functional imbalance of visual pathways indicates alternative face processing strategies in autism. Neurology, 61(9), 1232–1237.PubMedCrossRef

Jarrold, C., & Brock, J. (2004). To match or not to match? Methodological issues in autism-related research. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(1), 81–86.PubMedCrossRef

Jolliffe, T., & Baron-Cohen, S. (1997). Are people with autism and Asperger syndrome faster than normal on the embedded figures test? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 38(5), 527–534.CrossRef

Joseph, R. M., Ehrman, K., McNally, R., & Keehn, B. (2008). Affective response to eye contact and face recognition ability in children with ASD. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14(6), 947–955. doi:10.1017/S1355617708081344.PubMedCrossRef

Joseph, R. M., & Tanaka, J. (2003). Holistic and part-based face recognition in children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 44(4), 529–542.CrossRef

Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 17(11), 4302–4311.PubMed

Kanwisher, N., Tong, F., & Nakayama, K. (1998). The effect of inversion on the human fusiform face area. Cognition, 68, B1–B11.PubMedCrossRef

Lahaie, A., Mottron, L., Arguin, M., Berthiaume, C., Jemel, B., & Saumier, D. (2006). Face perception in high-functioning autistic adults: Evidence for superior processing of face parts, not for a configural face-processing deficit. Neuropsychology, 20(1), 30–41. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.1.30.PubMedCrossRef

Langner, O., Dotsch, R., Bijlstra, G., Wigboldus, D. H. J., Hawk, S. T., & van Knippenberg, A. (2010). Presentation and validation of the Radboud Faces Database. Cognition and Emotion, 24(8), 1377–1388.CrossRef

Leonard, H. C., Annaz, D., Karmiloff-Smith, A., & Johnson, M. H. (2011). Developing spatial frequency biases for face recognition in autism and Williams syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(7), 968–973. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1115-7.PubMedCrossRef

López, B., Donnelly, N., Hadwin, J. A., & Leekam, S. R. (2004). Face processing in high-functioning adolescents with autism: Evidence for weak central coherence. Visual Cognition, 11(6), 673–688.CrossRef

Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H, Jr, Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., et al. (2000). The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 205–223.PubMedCrossRef

Macchi Cassia, V., Picozzi, M., Kuefner, D., Bricolo, E., & Turati, C. (2009). Holistic processing for faces and cars in preschool-aged children and adults: Evidence from the composite effect. Developmental science, 12(2), 236–248. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00765.x.CrossRef

Macchi Cassia, V., Turati, C., & Schwarzer, G. (2011). Sensitivity to spacing changes in faces and nonface objects in preschool-aged children and adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 109(4), 454–467. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2011.03.003.PubMedCrossRef

Maestro, S., Muratori, F., Cavallaro, M. C., Pei, F., Stern, D., Golse, B., et al. (2002). Attentional skills during the first 6 months of age in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(10), 1239–1245. doi:10.1097/00004583-200210000-00014.PubMedCrossRef

Maurer, D., Le Grand, R., & Mondloch, C. J. (2002). The many faces of configural processing. TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 6(6), 255–260.PubMedCrossRef

McCleery, J. P., Akshoomoff, N., Dobkins, K. R., & Carver, L. J. (2009). Atypical faces vs. object processing and hemispheric asymmetries in 10-month-old infants at risk for autism. Biological Psychiatry, 66(10), 950–957.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

McKone, E., & Boyer, B. L. (2006). Sensitivity of 4-year-olds to featural and second-order relational changes in face distinctiveness. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 94(2), 134–162.PubMedCrossRef

McKone, E., Crookes, K., & Kanwisher, N. (2009). The cognitive and neural development of face recognition in humans. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (4th ed., pp. 467–482). USA: MIT Press.

McKone, E., Kanwisher, N., & Duchaine, B. C. (2007). Can generic expertise explain special processing for faces? TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 11(1), 8–15. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.002.PubMedCrossRef

McKone, E., & Yovel, G. (2009). Why does picture-plane inversion sometimes dissociate perception of features and spacing in faces, and sometimes not? Toward a new theory of holistic processing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(5), 778–797. doi:10.3758/PBR.16.5.778.CrossRef

Morita, T., Kosaka, H., Saito, D. N., Ishitobi, M., Munesue, T., Itakura, S., et al. (2011). Emotional responses associated with self-face processing in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: An fMRI study. Social Neuroscience,. doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.598945.PubMed

O’Hearn, K., Schroer, E., Minshew, N., & Luna, B. (2010). Lack of developmental improvement on face memory task during adolescence in autism. Neurophsychologia, 48, 3955–3960.CrossRef

Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9(1), 97–113.PubMedCrossRef

Ozonoff, S., Macari, S., Young, G. S., Goldring, S., Thompson, M., & Rogers, S. J. (2008). Atypical object exploration at 12 months of age is associated with autism in a prospective sample. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 12(5), 457–472. doi:10.1177/1362361308096402.CrossRef

Pallett, P. M., & Dobkins, K. R. (2013). Development of face discrimination abilities, and relationship to magnocellular pathway development, between childhood and adulthood. Visual Neuroscience, First View Articles, 1–12. doi:10.1017/S0952523813000217.

Pallett, P. M., & MacLeod, D. I. (2011). Seeing faces as objects: No face inversion effect with geometrical discrimination. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 73(2), 504–520. doi:10.3758/s13414-010-0033-2.CrossRef

Pascalis, O., de Vivies, X. D., Anzures, G., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A. M., Tanaka, J. W., et al. (2011). Development of face processing. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Cognitive Science, 2(6), 666–675. doi:10.1002/wcs.146.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Pelli, D. G. (1997). The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: Transforming numbers into movies. Spatial Vision, 10, 437–442.PubMedCrossRef

Pellicano, E., Rhodes, G., & Peters, M. (2006). Are preschoolers sensitive to configural information in faces? Developmental Science, 9(3), 270–277.PubMedCrossRef

Picozzi, M., Cassia, V. M., Turati, C., & Vescovo, E. (2009). The effect of inversion on 3- to 5-year-olds’ recognition of face and nonface visual objects. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 102(4), 487–502. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2008.11.001.PubMedCrossRef

Pierce, K., Müller, R. A., Ambrose, J., Allen, G., & Courchesne, E. (2001). Face processing occurs outside the fusiform ‘face area’ in autism: Evidence from functional MRI. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 124(Pt 10), 2059–2073.CrossRef

Pitcher, D., Charles, L., Devlin, J. T., Walsh, V., & Duchaine, B. (2009). Triple dissociation of faces, bodies, and objects in extrastriate cortex. Current Biology, 19(4), 319–324. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.01.007.PubMedCrossRef

Riby, D. M., Riby, L. M., & Reay, J. L. (2009). Differential sensitivity to rotations of facial features in the Thatcher illusion. Psychological Reports, 105(3 Pt 1), 721–726.PubMedCrossRef

Richler, J. J., Mack, M. L., Palmeri, T. J., & Gauthier, I. (2011). Inverted faces are (eventually) processed holistically. Vision Research, 51(3), 333–342. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.11.014.PubMedCrossRef

Rinehart, N. J., Bradshaw, J. L., Moss, S. A., Brereton, A. V., & Tonge, B. J. (2000). Atypical interference of local detail on global processing in high-functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41(6), 769–778.CrossRef

Ring, H. A., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Williams, S. C., Brammer, M., Andrew, C., et al. (1999). Cerebral correlates of preserved cognitive skills in autism: A functional MRI study of embedded figures task performance. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 122(Pt 7), 1305–1315.CrossRef

Rolls, E. T., Cowey, A., & Bruce, V. (1992). Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying face processing within and beyond the temporal cortical visual areas [and discussion]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 335, 11–21.CrossRef

Rondan, C., & Deruelle, C. (2007). Global and configural visual processing in adults with autism and Asperger syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28(2), 197–206. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2006.02.007.PubMedCrossRef

Rose, F. E., Lincoln, A. J., Lai, Z., Ene, M., Searcy, Y. M., & Bellugi, U. (2007). Orientation and affective expression effects on face recognition in Williams syndrome and autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(3), 513–522. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0200-4.PubMedCrossRef

Rosset, D. B., Rondan, C., Da Fonseca, D., Santos, A., Assouline, B., & Deruelle, C. (2008). Typical emotion processing for cartoon but not for real faces in children with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(5), 919–925. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0465-2.PubMedCrossRef

Rossion, B. (2008). Picture-plane inversion leads to qualitative changes of face perception. Acta Psychologica, 128(2), 274–289. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.02.003.PubMedCrossRef

Rutherford, M. D., Clements, K. A., & Sekuler, A. B. (2007). Differences in discrimination of eye and mouth displacement in autism spectrum disorders. Vision Research, 47(15), 2099–2110. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2007.01.029.PubMedCrossRef

Rutter, M. (2003). Introduction: Autism—the challenges ahead. Novartis Foundation Symposium, 251, 1–9. discussion 109–111, 281–197.PubMedCrossRef

Sangrigoli, S., & de Schonen, S. (2004). Effect of visual experience on face processing: A developmental study of inversion and non-native effects. Developmental Science, 7(1), 74–87.PubMedCrossRef

Sasson, N. J. (2006). The development of face processing in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(3), 381–394.PubMedCrossRef

Scherf, K. S., Behrmann, M., & Dahl, R. E. (2012). Facing changes and changing faces in adolescence: A new model for investigating adolescent-specific interactions between pubertal, brain and behavioral development. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2(2), 199–219. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.07.016.PubMedCrossRef

Scherf, K. S., Behrmann, M., Minshew, N., & Luna, B. (2008). Atypical development of face and greeble recognition in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 49(8), 838–847. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01903.x.CrossRef

Schultz, R. T. (2005). Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: The role of the amygdala and fusiform face area. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23(2–3), 125–141. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012.PubMedCrossRef

Schultz, R. T., Gauthier, I., Klin, A., Fulbright, R. K., Anderson, A. W., Volkmar, F., et al. (2000). Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(4), 331–340.PubMedCrossRef

Sekuler, A. B., Gaspar, C. M., Gold, J. M., & Bennett, P. J. (2004). Inversion leads to quantitative, not qualitative, changes in face processing. Current Biology, 14(5), 391–396. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.02.028.PubMedCrossRef

Shah, A., & Frith, U. (1983). An islet of ability in autistic children: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 24(4), 613–620.CrossRef

Swettenham, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Charman, T., Cox, A., Baird, G., Drew, A., et al. (1998). The frequency and distribution of spontaneous attention shifts between social and nonsocial stimuli in autistic, typically developing, and nonautistic developmentally delayed infants. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 39(5), 747–753.CrossRef

Tanaka, J. W., & Corneille, O. (2007). Typicality effects in face and object perception: Further evidence for the attractor field model. Perception & Psychophysics, 69(4), 619–627.CrossRef

Tanaka, J. W., & Farah, M. J. (1993). Parts and wholes in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A-Human Experimental Psychology, 46(2), 225–245.CrossRef

Taylor, M. M., & Creelman, C. D. (1967). PEST: Efficiency estimates on probability functions. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 41, 782–787.CrossRef

Teunisse, J. P., & de Gelder, B. (2003). Face processing in adolescents with autistic disorder: The inversion and composite effects. Brain and Cognition, 52(3), 285–294.PubMedCrossRef

Valentine, T. (1988). Upside-down faces: A review of the effect of inversion upon face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 79(Pt 4), 471–491.PubMedCrossRef

van der Geest, J. N., Kemner, C., Verbaten, M. N., & van Engeland, H. (2002). Gaze behavior of children with pervasive developmental disorder toward human faces: A fixation time study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 43(5), 669–678.CrossRef

Vlamings, P. H., Jonkman, L. M., van Daalen, E., van der Gaag, R. J., & Kemner, C. (2010). Basic abnormalities in visual processing affect face processing at an early age in autism spectrum disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 68(12), 1107–1113. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.024.PubMedCrossRef

Wechsler, D. (1939). The measurement of adult intelligence. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Witkins.CrossRef

Weigelt, S., Koldewyn, K., & Kanwisher, N. (2012). Face identity recognition in autism spectrum disorders: A review of behavioral studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(3), 1060–1084. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.008.PubMedCrossRef

Wichmann, F. A., & Hill, N. J. (2001). The psychometric function: I. Fitting, sampling and goodness-of-fit. Perception & Psychophysics, 63(8), 1293–1313.CrossRef

Wilson, C. E., Brock, J., & Palermo, R. (2010a). Attention to social stimuli and facial identity recognition skills in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(12), 1104–1115. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01340.x.PubMedCrossRef

Wilson, C. E., Palermo, R., Brock, J., & Burton, A. M. (2010b). Learning new faces in typically developing children and children on the autistic spectrum. Perception, 39(12), 1645–1658.PubMedCrossRef

Wilson, H. R., Pascalis, O., & Blades, M. (2007). Familiar face recognition in children with autism; the differential use of inner and outer face parts. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(2), 314–320.PubMedCrossRef

Wolf, J. M., Tanaka, J. W., Klaiman, C., Cockburn, J., Herlihy, L., Brown, C., et al. (2008). Specific impairment of face-processing abilities in children with autism spectrum disorder using the Let’s Face It! skills battery. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 1(6), 329–340. doi:10.1002/aur.56.CrossRef

Yamashita, J. A., Hardy, J. L., De Valois, K. K., & Webster, M. A. (2005). Stimulus selectivity of figural aftereffects for faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31, 420–437.PubMed

Young, A. W., Hellawell, D., & Hay, D. C. (1987). Configurational information in face perception. Perception, 16(6), 747–759.PubMedCrossRef

Zhao, L., & Chubb, C. (2001). The size-tuning of the face-distortion after-effect. Vision Research, 41, 2979–2994.PubMedCrossRef

Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Rogers, T., Roberts, W., Brian, J., & Szatmari, P. (2005). Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23(2–3), 143–152. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.05.001.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Face and Object Discrimination in Autism, and Relationship to IQ and Age
Auteurs: Pamela M. Pallett
Shereen J. Cohen
Karen R. Dobkins
Publicatiedatum: 01-05-2014
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 5/2014
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1955-z

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2014

Impaired Social Processing in Autism and its Reflections in Memory: A Deeper View of Encoding and Retrieval Processes

Brief Report: Fathers’ and Mothers’ Ratings of Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Siblings of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the University Context: Peer Acceptance Predicts Intention to Volunteer

Brief Report: Further Evidence for a Link Between Inner Speech Limitations and Executive Function in High-Functioning Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Does Gender Matter? A One Year Follow-up of Autistic, Attention and Anxiety Symptoms in High-Functioning Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Comprehensive Comparison of Self-administered Questionnaires for Measuring Quantitative Autistic Traits in Adults