Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-07-2014 | Empirical Research

Exposure to Violence Predicting Cortisol Response During Adolescence and Early Adulthood: Understanding Moderating Factors

Auteurs: Sophie M. Aiyer, Justin E. Heinze, Alison L. Miller, Sarah A. Stoddard, Marc A. Zimmerman

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 7/2014

Abstract

Previous research on the association between violence and biological stress regulation has been largely cross-sectional, and has also focused on childhood. Using longitudinal data from a low-income, high-risk, predominantly African-American sample (n = 266; 57 % female), we tested hypotheses about the influence of cumulative exposure to violence during adolescence and early adulthood on cortisol responses in early adulthood. We found that cumulative exposure to violence predicted an attenuated cortisol response. Further, we tested whether sex, mothers’ support, or fathers’ support moderated the effect of exposure to violence on cortisol responses. We found that the effect of cumulative exposure to violence on cortisol was modified by sex; specifically, males exposed to violence exhibited a more attenuated response pattern. In addition, the effect of cumulative exposure to violence on cortisol was moderated by the presence of fathers’ support during adolescence. The findings contribute to a better understanding of how cumulative exposure to violence influences biological outcomes, emphasizing the need to understand sex and parental support as moderators of risk.

vorige artikel Prosocial Behavior as a Protective Factor for Children’s Peer Victimization

volgende artikel Resilience and Vulnerability in Adolescents: Genetic Influences on Differential Response to Risk for Delinquency

Blair, C. (2010). Stress and the development of self-regulation in context. Child Development Perspectives, 4, 181–188.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Bobak, M., & Marmot, M. (1996). East-West mortality divide and its potential explanations: Proposed research agenda. European Journal of General Practice, 2, 8.CrossRef

Boyce, W. T., Barr, R. G., & Zeltzer, L. K. (1992). Temperament and the psychobiology of childhood stress. Pediatrics, 90, 483–486.PubMed

Brenner, A. B., Zimmerman, M. A., Bauermeister, J. A., & Caldwell, C. H. (2012). The physiological expression of living in disadvantaged neighborhoods for youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1–15. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9838-8. NIHMSID: NIHMS416568.

Cabrera, N., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Bradley, R. H., Hofferth, S., & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Fatherhood in the twenty-first century. Child Development, 71, 27–136.

Carpenter, L. L., Tyrka, A. R., Ross, N. S., Khoury, L., Anderson, G. M., & Price, L. H. (2009). Effect of childhood emotional abuse and age on cortisol responsivity in adulthood. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 69–75. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.030.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Chandola, T., Brunner, E., & Marmot, M. (2006). Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome: Prospective study. BMJ, 332, 521–525. doi:10.1136/bmj.38693.435301.80.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Chrousos, G. P., & Gold, P. W. (1992). The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 267, 1244–1252. doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03480090092034.CrossRef

Cohen, S., Hamrick, N. M., Rodriguez, M. S., Feldman, P. J., Rabin, B. S., & Manuck, S. B. (2000). The stability of and intercorrelations among cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, and psychological reactivity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 171–179. doi:10.1007/BF02895111.PubMedCrossRef

Collins, W. A., & Steinberg, L. (2006). Adolescent development in interpersonal context. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Socioemotional processes (Vol. 4, pp. 1003–1067). New York: Wiley.

Compas, B. E., Howell, D. C., Phares, V., Williams, R. A., & Ledoux, N. (1989). Parent and child stress and symptoms: An integrative analysis. Developmental Psychology, 25, 550–559.

Compas, B. E., & Reeslund, K. L. (2009). Processes of risk and resilience during adolescence. Handbook of Adolescent Psychology. doi:10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy001017.

D’angiulli, A., Van Roon, P. M., Weinberg, J., Oberlander, T. F., Grunau, R. E., Hertzman, C., et al. (2012). Frontal EEG/ERP correlates of attentional processes, cortisol and motivational states in adolescents from lower and higher socioeconomic status. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 306. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00306.PubMedCentralPubMed

Dockray, S., Susman, E. J., & Dorn, L. D. (2009). Depression, cortisol reactivity, and obesity in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45, 344–350. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.014.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Dohrenwend, B. P. (2000). The role of adversity and stress in psychopathology: Some evidence and its implications for theory and research. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 1–19.PubMedCrossRef

Dozier, M., Peloso, E., Lewis, E., Laurenceau, J. P., & Levine, S. (2008). Effects of an attachment-based intervention on the cortisol production of infants and toddlers in foster care. Development and Psychopathology. Special Issue: Integrating Biological Measures into the Design and Evaluation of Prevention Interventions, 20, 845–859. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000400.

Dulin-Keita, A., Casazza, K., Fernandez, J. R., Goran, M. I., & Gower, B. (2010). Do neighborhoods matter? Neighborhood disorder and long-term trends in serum cortisol levels. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66, 24–29. doi:10.1136/jech.2009.092676.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Evans, G. W., & Kim, P. (2007). Childhood poverty and health cumulative exposure to risk and stress dysregulation. Psychological Science, 18, 953–957. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02008.x.PubMedCrossRef

Fairchild, G., van Goozen, S. H., Stollery, S. J., Brown, J., Gardiner, J., Herbert, J., et al. (2008). Cortisol diurnal rhythm and stress reactivity in male adolescents with early-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 599–606. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.022.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Fekedulegn, D. B., Andrew, M. E., Burchfiel, C. M., Violanti, J. M., Hartley, T. A., Charles, L. E., et al. (2007). Area under the curve and other summary indicators of repeated waking cortisol measurements. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 651–659.PubMedCrossRef

Garbarino, J., Bradshaw, C. P., & Vorrasi, J. A. (2002). Mitigating the effects of gun violence on children and youth. The Future of Children, 12, 73–85.CrossRef

Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. (2001a). Pubertal transition, stressful life events, and the emergence of gender differences in adolescent depressive symptoms. Developmental Psychology, 37, 404–416. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.37.3.404.PubMedCrossRef

Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H, Jr. (2001b). The relation between puberty and psychological distress in adolescent boys. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 49–70. doi:10.1111/1532-7795.00003.CrossRef

Graber, J. A., & Sontag, L. M. (2009). Internalizing problems during adolescence. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology: Individual bases of adolescent development (3rd ed., Vol. 1). New Jersey: Wiley.

Gunnar, M. R., & Vazquez, D. M. (2001). Low cortisol and a flattening of expected daytime rhythm: Potential indices of risk in human development. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 515–538. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(01)00045-2.PubMedCrossRef

Hackman, D. A., Betancourt, L. M., Brodsky, N. L., Hurt, H., & Farah, M. J. (2012). Neighborhood disadvantage and adolescent stress reactivity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 277. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00277.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Hankin, B. L., Badanes, L. A., Abela, J. R., & Watamura, S. E. (2010). Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation in dysphoric children and adolescents: Cortisol reactivity to psychosocial stress from preschool through middle adolescence. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 484–490. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.004.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Heim, C., Ehlert, U., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2000). The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25, 1–35. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(99)00035-9.PubMedCrossRef

Herbert, J. (2013). Cortisol and depression: Three questions for psychiatry. Psychological Medicine, 43, 449–469. doi:10.1017/S0033291712000955.PubMedCrossRef

Kamptner, N. L. (1988). Identity development in late adolescence: Causal modeling of social and familial influences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17, 493–514.PubMedCrossRef

Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1989). Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research. An overview. Neuropsychobiology, 22, 150–169.PubMedCrossRef

Kliewer, W. (2006). Exposure to violence and cortisol responses in urban youth. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13, 109–120. doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm1302_2.PubMedCrossRef

Klimes-Dougan, B., Hastings, P. D., Granger, D. A., Usher, B. A., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2001). Adrenocortical activity in at-risk and normally developing adolescents: Individual differences in salivary cortisol basal levels, diurnal variation, and responses to social challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 695–719.PubMedCrossRef

Kracke, K., & Hahn, H. (2008). Nature and extent of childhood exposure to violence: What we know, why we don’t know more and why it matters. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 8, 29–49.CrossRef

Kruger, D. J., Aiyer, S. M., Caldwell, C. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2014). Local scarcity of adult men predicts youth assault rates. Journal of Community Psychology, 42, 119–125. doi:10.1002/jcop.21597.

Kudielka, B. M., & Kirschbaum, C. (2005). Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: A review. Biological Psychology, 69, 113–132. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.009.PubMedCrossRef

Lamb, M. E., & Tamis-Lemonda, C. S. (2004). The role of the father: An introduction. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (4th ed., pp. 1–31). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Lambert, S. F., Ialongo, N. S., Boyd, R. C., & Cooley, M. R. (2005). Risk factors for community exposure to violence in adolescence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36, 29–48. doi:10.1007/s10464-005-6231-8.PubMedCrossRef

Latkin, C. A., & Curry, A. D. (2003). Stressful neighborhoods and depression: A prospective study of the impact of neighborhood disorder. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 34–44.

Laursen, B., & Collins, W. A. (2009). Parent—child relationships during adolescence. Handbook of Adolescent Psychology,. doi:10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy002002.

Leventhal, T., Dupéré, V., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2009). Neighborhood influences on adolescent development. Handbook of Adolescent Psychology,. doi:10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy002013.

Macpherson, L., Reynolds, E. K., Daughters, S. B., Wang, F., Cassidy, J., Mayes, L. C., et al. (2010). Positive and negative reinforcement underlying risk behavior in early adolescents. Prevention Science, 11, 331–342. doi:10.1007/s11121-010-0172-7.

Martinez, P., & Richters, J. E. (1993). The NIMH community violence project II. Children’s distress symptoms associated with exposure to violence. Psychiatry, 56, 22–33.PubMed

McBurnett, K., Lahey, B. B., Rathouz, P. J., & Loeber, R. (2000). Low salivary cortisol and persistent aggression in boys referred for disruptive behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 38. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.38.PubMedCrossRef

McCraty, R., Barrios-Chopin, B., Rozman, D., Atkinson, M., & Watkins, A. D. (1998). The impact of a new emotional self-management program on stress, emotions, heart rate variability, DHEA, and cortisol. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 33, 151–171.PubMedCrossRef

McEwen, B. S. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840, 33–44. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x.PubMedCrossRef

McLoyd, V. C., Kaplan, R., Purtell, K. M., Bagley, E., Hardaway, C. R., & Smalls, C. (2009). Poverty and socioeconomic disadvantage in adolescence. Handbook of Adolescent Psychology,. doi:10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy002014.

Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007). If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 25. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25.PubMedCrossRef

Moss, H. B., Vanyukov, M., Yao, J., & Irillova, G. (1999). Salivary cortisol responses in prepubertal boys: The effects of parental substance abuse and association with drug use behavior during adolescence. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1293–1299.PubMedCrossRef

Nachmias, M., Gunnar, M., Mangelsdorf, S., Parritz, R. H., & Buss, K. (1996). Behavioral inhibition and stress reactivity: The moderating role of attachment security. Child Development, 67, 508–522. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01748.x.PubMedCrossRef

Natsuaki, M. N., Klimes-Dougan, B., Ge, X., Shirtcliff, E. A., Hastings, P. D., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2009). Early pubertal maturation and internalizing problems in adolescence: Sex differences in the role of cortisol reactivity to interpersonal stress. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38, 513–524. doi:10.1080/15374410902976320.CrossRef

Peckins, M. K., Dockray, S., Eckenrode, J. L., Heaton, J., & Susman, E. J. (2012). The longitudinal impact of exposure to violence on cortisol reactivity in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51, 366–372. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.01.005.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Peeters, F., Nicholson, N. A., & Berkhof, J. (2003). Cortisol responses to daily events in major depressive disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 836–841.PubMedCrossRef

Procidano, M. E., & Heller, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11, 1–24.

Pruessner, J. C., Hellhammer, D. H., & Kirschbaum, C. (1999). Burnout, perceived stress, and cortisol responses to awakening. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 197–204.PubMedCrossRef

Rao, U., Hammen, C., Ortiz, L. R., Chen, L. A., & Poland, R. E. (2008). Effects of early and recent adverse experiences on adrenal response to psychosocial stress in depressed adolescents. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 521–526. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.012.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Roy, M. P. (2004). Patterns of cortisol reactivity to laboratory stress. Hormones and Behavior, 46, 618–627. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.06.015.PubMedCrossRef

Sapolsky, R. M. (1993). Endocrinology alfresco: Psychoendocrine studies of wild baboons. Recent Progress in Hormone Research, 48, 437.PubMed

Sapolsky, R. M. (1998). Molecular neurobiology: The stress of Gulf War syndrome. Nature, 393(6683), 308–309. doi:10.1038/30606.PubMedCrossRef

Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M., & Munck, A. U. (2000). How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocrine Reviews, 21, 55–89. doi:10.1210/er.21.1.55.PubMed

Scarpa, A. (2003). Community exposure to violence in young adults. Trauma Violence Abuse, 4, 210–227.PubMedCrossRef

Schmeelk-Cone, K. H., Zimmerman, M. A., & Abelson, J. L. (2003). The buffering effects of active coping on the relationship between SES and cortisol among African American young adults. Behavioral Medicine, 29, 85–94. doi:10.1080/08964280309596061.PubMedCrossRef

Schreier, A., & Evans, G. W. (2003). Adrenal cortical response of young children to modern and ancient stressors. Current Anthropology, 44, 306–309. doi:10.1086/367974.CrossRef

Sephton, S. E., Sapolsky, R. M., Kraemer, H. C., & Spiegel, D. (2000). Diurnal cortisol rhythm as a predictor of breast cancer survival. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92, 994–1000. doi:10.1093/jnci/92.12.994.PubMedCrossRef

Shih, J. H., Eberhart, N. K., Hammen, C. L., & Brennan, P. A. (2006). Differential exposure and reactivity to interpersonal stress predict sex differences in adolescent depression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 103–115. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3501_9.PubMedCrossRef

Singer, M. I., Anglin, T. M., Song, L. Y., & Lunghofer, L. (1995). Adolescents’ exposure to violence and associated symptoms of psychological trauma. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 477–482. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520300051036.CrossRef

Smith, B. W., Ortiz, J. A., Steffen, L. E., Tooley, E. M., Wiggins, K. T., Yeater, E. A., et al. (2011). Mindfulness is associated with fewer PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and alcohol problems in urban firefighters. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 613–617. doi:10.1037/a0025189.PubMedCrossRef

Steinberg, L. (2001). We know these things: Parent adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 1–19.CrossRef

Steinberg, L. (2008). A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking. Developmental Review, 28, 78–106. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Susman, E. J. (2006). Psychobiology of persistent antisocial behavior: Stress, early vulnerabilities and the attenuation hypothesis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 376–389. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.08.002.PubMedCrossRef

Susman, E. J., & Dorn, L. D. (2009). Puberty: Its role in development. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 116–151). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Tolan, P. H., Gorman-Smith, D., & Henry, D. B. (2003). The developmental ecology of urban males’ youth violence. Developmental Psychology, 39, 274–290. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.274.PubMedCrossRef

Tops, M., Boksem, M. A., Wester, A. E., Lorist, M. M., & Meijman, T. F. (2006). Task engagement and the relationships between the error-related negativity, agreeableness, behavioral shame proneness and cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 847–858. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.04.001.PubMedCrossRef

Trickett, P. K., Noll, J. G., Susman, E. J., Shenk, C. E., & Putnam, F. W. (2010). Attenuation of cortisol across development for victims of sexual abuse. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 165–175. doi:10.1017/S0954579409990332.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2013). Economy at a Glance: Flint, Michigan. http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.mi_flint_msa.htm.

U.S. Department of Justice-Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2012). Uniform Crime Report: Crime in the United States, 2011.

Vigil, J. M., Geary, D. C., Granger, D. A., & Flinn, M. V. (2010). Sex differences in salivary cortisol, alpha-amylase, and psychological functioning following Hurricane Katrina. Child Development, 81, 1228–1240. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01464.x.PubMedCrossRef

Walker, E., Trotman, H., Brasfield, J., Esterberg, M., & Larsen, M. (2011). Stress hormones, genes, and neuronal signaling in adolescence. The perfect storm for vulnerability to psychosis. The dynamic genome and mental health: The role of genes and environments in youth development. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.

Walker, E. F., Walder, D. J., & Reynolds, F. (2001). Developmental changes in cortisol secretion in normal and at-risk youth. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 721–732.PubMedCrossRef

Wills, T. A., & Cleary, S. D. (1996). How are social support effects mediated? A test with parental support and adolescent substance use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 937. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.5.937.PubMedCrossRef

Yehuda, R., Resnick, H., Kahana, B., & Giller, E. L. (1993). Long-lasting hormonal alterations to extreme stress in humans: Normative or maladaptive? Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 287–297.PubMedCrossRef

Zahr, L. K. (1996). Effects of war on the behaviour of Lebanese pre-school children: The influence of home environment and family functioning. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66, 401–408.

Zimmerman, M. A., & Schmeelk-Cone, K. H. (2003). A longitudinal analysis of adolescent substance use and school motivation among African American youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13, 185–210.CrossRef

Titel: Exposure to Violence Predicting Cortisol Response During Adolescence and Early Adulthood: Understanding Moderating Factors
Auteurs: Sophie M. Aiyer
Justin E. Heinze
Alison L. Miller
Sarah A. Stoddard
Marc A. Zimmerman
Publicatiedatum: 01-07-2014
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 7/2014
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0097-8

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 7/2014

Inequality Matters: Classroom Status Hierarchy and Adolescents’ Bullying

Are Stressful Developmental Processes of Youths Leading to Health Problems Amplified by Genetic Polymorphisms? The Case of Body Mass Index

Christopher Salvatore: Arrested Adolescent Offenders: A Study of Delayed Transitions to Adulthood

Social Status Attainment During the Transition to Adulthood

Linking Family Economic Pressure and Supportive Parenting to Adolescent Health Behaviors: Two Developmental Pathways Leading to Health Promoting and Health Risk Behaviors

Economic Hardship and Adolescent Problem Drinking: Family Processes as Mediating Influences