Top

Gepubliceerd in:

21-11-2020 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Exploring the Role of Explicit and Implicit Self-Esteem and Self-Compassion in Anxious and Depressive Symptomatology Following Acquired Brain Injury

Auteurs: Lorena Desdentado, Ausiàs Cebolla, Marta Miragall, Roberto Llorens, María D. Navarro, Rosa M. Baños

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 4/2021

Abstract

Objectives

Acquired brain injury (ABI) can lead to the emergence of several disabilities and is commonly associated with high rates of anxiety and depression symptoms. Self-related constructs, such as self-esteem and self-compassion, might play a key role in this distressing symptomatology. Low explicit (i.e., deliberate) self-esteem is associated with anxiety and depression after ABI. However, implicit (i.e., automatic) self-esteem, explicit-implicit self-discrepancies, and self-compassion could also significantly contribute to this symptomatology. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether implicit self-esteem, explicit-implicit self-discrepancy (size and direction), and self-compassion are related to anxious and depressive symptoms after ABI in adults, beyond the contribution of explicit self-esteem.

Methods

The sample consisted 38 individuals with ABI who were enrolled in a long-term rehabilitation program. All participants completed the measures of explicit self-esteem, implicit self-esteem, self-compassion, anxiety, and depression. Pearson’s correlations and hierarchical regression models were calculated.

Results

Findings showed that both self-compassion and implicit self-esteem negatively accounted for unique variance in anxiety and depression when controlling for explicit self-esteem. Neither the size nor direction of explicit-implicit self-discrepancy was significantly associated with anxious or depressive symptomatology.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that the consideration of self-compassion and implicit self-esteem, in addition to explicit self-esteem, contributes to understanding anxiety and depression following ABI.

vorige artikel Does Self-Compassion Moderate the Cross-Sectional Association Between Life Stress and Depressive Symptoms?

volgende artikel Network Analysis of Mindfulness Facets, Affect, Compassion, and Distress

Anson, K., & Ponsford, J. (2006). Coping and emotional adjustment following traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 21(3), 248–259. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001199-200605000-00005.CrossRefPubMed

Baños, R. M., & Guillén, V. (2000). Psychometric characteristics in normal and social phobic samples for a Spanish version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Psychological Reports, 87(1), 269–274. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.87.1.269.CrossRefPubMed

Beadle, E. J., Ownsworth, T., Fleming, J., & Shum, D. (2016). The impact of traumatic brain injury on self-identity: a systematic review of the evidence for self-concept changes. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 31(2), E12–E25. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000158.CrossRefPubMed

Beck, A. T. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.

Beevers, C. G. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to depression: A dual process model. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(7), 975–1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.03.003.CrossRefPubMed

Bos, A. E. R., Huijding, J., Muris, P., Vogel, L. R. R., & Biesheuvel, J. (2010). Global, contingent and implicit self-esteem and psychopathological symptoms in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(3), 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.025.CrossRef

Bowerman, B. L., & O’Connell, R. T. (1990). Linear statistical models: An applied approach (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Duxbury.

Brenner, R. E., Heath, P. J., Vogel, D. L., & Credé, M. (2017). Two is more valid than one: examining the factor structure of the self-compassion scale (SCS). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(6), 696–707. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000211.CrossRefPubMed

Brysbaert, M. (2019). How many participants do we have to include in properly powered experiments? A tutorial of power analysis with reference tables. Journal of Cognition, 2(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.72.CrossRef

Carroll, E., & Coetzer, R. (2011). Identity, grief and self-awareness after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 21(3), 289–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2011.555972.CrossRefPubMed

Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). The paradox of self-stigma and mental illness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9(1), 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/9.1.35.CrossRef

Creemers, D. H. M., Scholte, R. H. J., Engels, R. C. M. E., Prinstein, M. J., & Wiers, R. W. (2012). Implicit and explicit self-esteem as concurrent predictors of suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, and loneliness. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(1), 638–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.09.006.CrossRefPubMed

Creemers, D. H. M., Scholt, R. H. J., Engels, R. C. M. E., Prinstein, M. J., & Wiers, R. W. (2013). Damaged self-esteem is associated with internalizing problems. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 152. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00152.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Curvis, W., Simpson, J., & Hampson, N. (2018). Factors associated with self-esteem following acquired brain injury in adults: a systematic review. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 28(1), 142–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2016.1144515.CrossRefPubMed

Elbaum, J., & Benson, D. (Eds.). (2007). Acquired brain injury: an integrative neuro-rehabilitation approach. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-37575-5.

Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.CrossRefPubMed

FEDACE. (2015). Las personas con daño cerebral adquirido en España. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Retrieved May 21, 2020, from: https://fedace.org/index.php?V_dir=MSC&V_mod=download&f=2016-9/26-16-4-11.admin.Informe_FEDACE_RPD_para_DDC-1.pdf.

Feigin, V. L., Forouzanfar, M. H., Krishnamurthi, R., Mensah, G. A., Connor, M., Bennett, D. A., Moran, A. E., Sacco, R. L., Anderson, L., Truelsen, T., O’Donnell, M., Venketasubramanian, N., Barker-Collo, S., Lawes, C. M. M., Wang, W., Shinohara, Y., Witt, E., Ezzati, M., & Naghavi, M. (2014). Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet, 383(9913), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61953-4.CrossRef

Fennell, M. J. V. (1997). Low self-esteem: a cognitive perspective. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 25(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800015368.CrossRef

Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6.CrossRefPubMed

Garcia-Campayo, J., Navarro-Gil, M., Andrés, E., Montero-Marin, J., López-Artal, L., Marcos, M., & Demarzo, P. (2014). Validation of the Spanish versions of the long (26 items) and short (12 items) forms of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-12-4.

GBD 2016 Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury Collaborators. (2018). Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology, 18(1), 56–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30415-0.CrossRef

Gould, K. R., Ponsford, J. L., Johnston, L., & Schönberger, M. (2011). Relationship between psychiatric disorders and 1-year psychosocial outcome following traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 26(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0b013e3182036799.CrossRefPubMed

Gracey, F., Palmer, S., Rous, B., Psaila, K., Shaw, K., O’Dell, J., Cope, J., & Mohamed, S. (2008). “Feeling part of things”: personal construction of self after brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 18(5–6), 627–650. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010802041238.CrossRefPubMed

Gracey, F., Evans, J. J., & Malley, D. (2009). Capturing process and outcome in complex rehabilitation interventions: a “Y-shaped” model. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 19(6), 867–890. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010903027763.CrossRefPubMed

Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D. (2000). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 1022–1038. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1022.CrossRefPubMed

Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464.CrossRefPubMed

Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197.CrossRefPubMed

Hackett, M. L., Yapa, C., Parag, V., & Anderson, C. S. (2005). Frequency of depression after stroke: a systematic review of observational studies. Stroke, 36(6), 1330–1340. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000165928.19135.35.CrossRef

Haeffel, G. J., Abramson, L. Y., Brazy, P. C., Shah, J. Y., Teachman, B. A., & Nosek, B. A. (2007). Explicit and implicit cognition: a preliminary test of a dual-process theory of cognitive vulnerability to depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(6), 1155–1167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.003.CrossRefPubMed

Ingram, R. E. (1984). Toward an information-processing analysis of depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8(5), 443–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01173284.CrossRef

Izuma, K., Kennedy, K., Fitzjohn, A., Sedikides, C., & Shibata, K. (2018). Neural activity in the reward-related brain regions predicts implicit self-esteem: a novel validity test of psychological measures using neuroimaging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(3), 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000114.CrossRefPubMed

Khan-Bourne, N., & Brown, R. G. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for the treatment of depression in individuals with brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 13(1–2), 89–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010244000318.CrossRefPubMed

Kim, H. S., & Moore, M. T. (2019). Symptoms of depression and the discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-esteem. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 63, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.12.001.CrossRefPubMed

Lane, K. A., Banaji, M. R., Nosek, B. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2007). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: IV. What we know (so far) about the method. In B. Wittenbrink & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Implicit measures of attitudes (pp. 59–102). New York: The Guildford Press.

Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Batts Allen, A., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly. Personality Processes and Individual Differences, 92(5), 887–904. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887.CrossRef

Lennon, A., Bramham, J., Carroll, À., McElligott, J., Carton, S., Waldron, B., Fortune, D., Burke, T., Fitzhenry, M., & Benson, C. (2014). A qualitative exploration of how individuals reconstruct their sense of self following acquired brain injury in comparison with spinal cord injury. Brain Injury, 28(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2013.848378.CrossRefPubMed

Longworth, C., Deakins, J., Rose, D., & Gracey, F. (2018). The nature of self-esteem and its relationship to anxiety and depression in adult acquired brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 28(7), 1078–1094. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2016.1226185.CrossRefPubMed

MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: a meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003.CrossRef

McDonald, S., Saad, A., & James, C. (2011). Social dysdecorum following severe traumatic brain injury: loss of implicit social knowledge or loss of control? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(6), 619–630. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2011.553586.CrossRefPubMed

Milne, E., & Grafman, J. (2001). Ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions in humans eliminate implicit gender stereotyping. The Journal of Neuroscience, 21(12), 1–6.CrossRef

Moors, A., & De Houwer, J. (2006). Automaticity: a theoretical and conceptual analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), 297–326. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.297.CrossRefPubMed

Muris, P., & Petrocchi, N. (2017). Protection or vulnerability? A meta-analysis of the relations between the positive and negative components of self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 24(2), 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2005.CrossRef

Myers, R. (2000). Classical and modern regression with applications (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Duxbury.

Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-compassion: an alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032.CrossRef

Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77, 23–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x.CrossRefPubMed

Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Yarnell, L. M., Arimitsu, K., Castilho, P., Ghorbani, N., Guo, H. X., Hirsch, J. K., Hupfeld, J., Hutz, C. S., Kotsou, I., Lee, W. K., Montero-Marin, J., Sirois, F. M., De Souza, L. K., Svendsen, J. L., Wilkinson, R. B., & Mantzios, M. (2019). Examining the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale in 20 diverse samples: support for use of a total score and six subscale scores. Psychological Assessment, 31(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000629.CrossRef

Norton, P. J., & Paulus, D. J. (2017). Transdiagnostic models of anxiety disorder: theoretical and empirical underpinnings. Clinical Psychology Review, 56, 122–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.03.004.CrossRefPubMed

Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). The go/no-go association task. Social Cognition, 19(6), 625–664. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.19.6.625.20886.CrossRef

Oddy, M., & Herbert, C. (2003). Intervention with families following brain injury: evidence-based practice. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 13(1–2), 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010244000345.CrossRefPubMed

Ouimet, A. J., Gawronski, B., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2009). Cognitive vulnerability to anxiety: a review and an integrative model. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(6), 459–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.004.CrossRefPubMed

Ponsford, J., Kelly, A., & Couchman, G. (2014). Self-concept and self-esteem after acquired brain injury: a control group comparison. Brain Injury, 28(2), 146–154. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2013.859733.CrossRefPubMed

Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250–255. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.702.CrossRef

Romero, M., Sánchez, A., Marín, C., Navarro, M. D., Ferri, J., & Noé, E. (2012). Clinical usefulness of the Spanish version of the Mississippi Aphasia Screening Test (MASTsp): validation in stroke patients. Neurología (English Edition), 27(4), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.06.001.CrossRef

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Measures Package, 61, 52 /S0034-98872009000600009.

Sandstrom, M. J., & Jordan, R. (2008). Defensive self-esteem and aggression in childhood. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(2), 506–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.07.008.CrossRef

Schönberger, M., & Ponsford, J. (2010). The factor structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in individuals with traumatic brain injury. Psychiatry Research, 179(3), 342–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.07.003.CrossRefPubMed

Schröder-Abé, M., Rudolph, A., & Schütz, A. (2007). High implicit self-esteem is not necessarily advantageous: discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem and their relationship with anger expression and psychological health. European Journal of Personality, 21(3), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.626.CrossRef

Scoglio, A. A. J., Rudat, D. A., Garvert, D., Jarmolowski, M., Jackson, C., & Herman, J. L. (2018). Self-compassion and responses to trauma: the role of emotion regulation. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(13), 2016–2036. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515622296.CrossRefPubMed

Sloan, E., Hall, K., Moulding, R., Bryce, S., Mildred, H., & Staiger, P. K. (2017). Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic treatment construct across anxiety, depression, substance, eating and borderline personality disorders: a systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 57, 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.002.CrossRefPubMed

Smeijers, D., Vrijsen, J. N., van Oostrom, I., Isaac, L., Speckens, A., Becker, E. S., & Rinck, M. (2017). Implicit and explicit self-esteem in remitted depressed patients. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 54, 301–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.10.006.CrossRefPubMed

Smith, E. R., & DeCoster, J. (2000). Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(2), 108–131. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_01.CrossRef

Sowislo, J. F., & Orth, U. (2013). Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 213–240. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028931.CrossRefPubMed

Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(3), 220–247. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1.CrossRefPubMed

Terol-Cantero, M. C., Cabrera-Perona, V., & Martín-Aragón, M. (2015). Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) review in Spanish samples. Anales de Psicología, 31(2), 494–503. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.2.172701.CrossRef

Tóth-Király, I., & Neff, K. D. (2020). Is self-compassion universal? Support for the measurement invariance of the Self-Compassion Scale across populations. Assessment. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191120926232.

Turner-Stokes, L., & Wade, D. (2003). Rehabilitation following acquired brain injury: National Clinical Guidelines. Clinical Medicine, 4(1), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.4-1-61.CrossRef

Tyerman, A., & Humphrey, M. (1984). Changes in self-concept following severe head injury. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 7(1), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004356-198403000-00002.CrossRefPubMed

Valiente, C., Cantero, D., Vázquez, C., Sanchez, Á., Provencio, M., & Espinosa, R. (2011). Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in paranoia and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(3), 691–699. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022856.CrossRefPubMed

Vickery, C. D., Sepehri, A., & Evans, C. C. (2008). Self-esteem in an acute stroke rehabilitation sample: a control group comparison. Clinical Rehabilitation, 22(2), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215507080142.CrossRefPubMed

Whelan-Goodinson, R., Ponsford, J., & Schönberger, M. (2009). Validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to assess depression and anxiety following traumatic brain injury as compared with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114(1–3), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.007.CrossRefPubMed

Zeigler-Hill, V. (2006). Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem: Implications for narcissism and self-esteem instability. Journal of Personality, 74(1), 119–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00371.x.CrossRefPubMed

Zessin, U., Dickhäuser, O., & Garbade, S. (2015). The relationship between self-compassion and well-being: a meta-analysis. Applied Psychology. Health and Well-Being, 7(3), 340–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12051.CrossRefPubMed

Zhang, J. W., Chen, S., & Tomova Shakur, T. K. (2020). From me to you: Self-compassion predicts acceptance of own and others’ imperfections. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(2), 228–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219853846.CrossRefPubMed

Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x.CrossRef

Titel: Exploring the Role of Explicit and Implicit Self-Esteem and Self-Compassion in Anxious and Depressive Symptomatology Following Acquired Brain Injury
Auteurs: Lorena Desdentado
Ausiàs Cebolla
Marta Miragall
Roberto Llorens
María D. Navarro
Rosa M. Baños
Publicatiedatum: 21-11-2020
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 4/2021
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01553-w

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2021

An Experimental Investigation of the Effects and Mechanisms of Mindfulness Meditation Versus Self-Hypnosis Versus an Attention Control on Cold Pressor Outcomes

The Four Levels of Awakening

Usage Patterns of the Calm Meditation App Among People with Cardiovascular Disease

Network Analysis of Mindfulness Facets, Affect, Compassion, and Distress

Do Trainee Mindfulness Teachers Practice What They Teach? Motivation, Challenges, and Learning Gaps

A Scoping Review of Self-compassion in Qualitative Studies About Children’s Experiences of Parental Mental Illness