Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-06-2008 | Original Paper

Expectancy Bias for Fear and Disgust and Behavioral Avoidance in Spider Fearful Individuals

Auteurs: Bunmi O. Olatunji, Josh M. Cisler, Suzanne Meunier, Kevin Connolly, Jeffrey M. Lohr

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 3/2008

Abstract

The study examines the relationship between fear and disgust-related expectancies of covariation and avoidance in spider fearful individuals. Participants high (n = 22) and low (n = 28) in spider fear were asked to rate the probability that spider pictures, disgust-relevant pictures (e.g., rotting foods and body products), and neutral pictures (e.g., tools and appliances) would be followed by one of three possible outcomes: fear, disgust, or neutral facial expressions. Participants then engaged in a behavioral avoidance task (BAT) that required them to approach and open a black box containing a spider that was placed 13 feet away. No significant differences between high and low spider fearful participants were found for expectancies for the spider picture—fear expression pairings. However, the high spider fear participants reported significantly higher expectancies than low spider fear participants for the spider picture—disgust expression pairings. Conversely, the low spider fear group reported significantly higher expectancies than the high spider fear participants for the spider picture—neutral expression pairings. Furthermore, higher expectancies for the disgust expression to be paired with spider pictures were significantly associated with avoidance on the BAT. These findings provide additional support for the role of disgust in spider phobia.

vorige artikel Training Non-Threatening Interpretations in Spider Fear

Arntz, A., Lavy, E., van den Berg, G., & van Rijsoort, S. (1993). Negative beliefs of spider phobics: A psychometric evaluation of the spider phobia beliefs questionnaire. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15, 257–277.CrossRef

Cavanagh, K., & Davey, G. C. L. (2000). UCS expectancy biases in spider phobics: Underestimation of aversive consequences following fear-irrelevant stimuli. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 641–651.PubMedCrossRef

Cavanagh, K., & Davey, G. (2003). Access to information about harm and safety in spider fearful and nonfearful individuals: When they are good they were very very good but when they were bad they were horrid. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34, 269–281.PubMedCrossRef

Davey, G. C. L. (1992). An expectancy model of laboratory preparedness effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 121, 24–40.

Davey, G. C. L., Cavanagh, K., & Lamb, A. (2003). Differential aversive outcome expectancies for high- and low-predation fear-relevant animals. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34, 117–128.PubMedCrossRef

de Jong, P. J., & Muris, P. (2002). Spider phobia: Interaction of disgust and perceived likelihood of involuntary physical contact. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16, 51–65.PubMedCrossRef

de Jong, P.J. & Peters, M. (in press). Contamination vs. harm-relevant outcome expectancies and covariation bias in spider phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy.

Edwards, S., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2006). An experimental demonstration that fear, but not disgust, is associated with return of fear in phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 58–71.PubMedCrossRef

Klorman, R., Hastings, J., Weerts, T., Melamed, B., & Lang, P. (1974). Psychometric description of some specific fear questionnaires. Behavior Therapy, 5, 401–409.CrossRef

Lang, P., Bradley, M., & Cuthbert, B. (1995). International Affective Picture System. Gainesville, Florida: Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida.

Matchett, G., & Davey, G. C. (1991). A test of the disease-avoidance model of animal phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 91–94.PubMedCrossRef

McNally, R. J., & Heatherton, T. F. (1993). Are covariation biases attributable to a priori expectancy biases? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 653–658.PubMedCrossRef

Muris, P. (2006). The pathogenesis of childhood anxiety disorders: Considerations from a development psychopathology perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30, 5–11.CrossRef

Öhman, A., Dimberg, U., & Öst, L.-G. (1985). Animal and social phobias: Biological constraints on learned fear responses. In S. Reiss, & R. R. Bootzin (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy (pp. 123–175). New York: Academic Press.

Öst, L.-G. (1996). One-session group treatment of spider phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 707–715.PubMedCrossRef

Olatunji, B. O. (2006). Evaluative learning and emotional responding to fearful and disgusting stimuli in spider phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 858–876.PubMedCrossRef

Olatunji, B. O., & Sawchuk, C. N. (2005). Disgust: Characteristic features, social manifestations, and clinical implications. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27, 932–962.CrossRef

Olatunji, B. O., Westendorf, D. H., Meunier, S., & Lohr, J. M. (2002). The facial expression of fear and disgust in specific phobia. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association. Chicago, IL.

Pauli, P., Wiedemann, G., & Montoya, P. (1998). Covariation bias in flight phobics. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, 555–565.PubMedCrossRef

Regier, D. A., Boyd, J. H., Burke, J. D., Rae, D. S., Myers, J. K., Kramer, M., Robins, L. N., George, L. K., Karno, M., & Locke, B. Z. (1988). One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 977–986.PubMed

Sawchuk, C. N., Lohr, J. M., Westendorf, D. A., Meunier, S. A., & Tolin, D. F. (2002). Emotional responding to fearful and disgusting stimuli in specific phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1031–1046.PubMedCrossRef

Taylor, S., & Rachman, S. J. (1994). Stimulus estimation and the overprediction of fear. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 173–181.PubMed

Thorpe, S. J., & Salkovskis, P. M. (1998). Studies on the role of disgust in the acquisition and maintenance of specific phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 877–893.PubMedCrossRef

Tolin, D. F., Lohr, J. M., Sawchuk, & Lee, T. C. (1997). Disgust and disgust sensitivity in blood-injection-injury and spider phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 10, 949–953.CrossRef

van Overveld, W. J. M., de Jong, P. J., & Peters, M. (2006). Differential UCS expectancy bias in spider fearful individuals: Evidence towards an association between spiders and disgust-relevant outcomes. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37, 60–72.PubMedCrossRef

Vermon, L. L., & Berenbaum, H. (2002). Disgust and fear in response to spiders. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 809–830.CrossRef

Woody, S. R., McLean, C., & Klassen, T. (2005). Disgust as a motivator of avoidance of spiders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 461–475.PubMedCrossRef

Woody, S. R., & Teachman, B. A. (2000). Intersection of disgust and fear: Normative and pathological views. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 291–311.CrossRef

Titel: Expectancy Bias for Fear and Disgust and Behavioral Avoidance in Spider Fearful Individuals
Auteurs: Bunmi O. Olatunji
Josh M. Cisler
Suzanne Meunier
Kevin Connolly
Jeffrey M. Lohr
Publicatiedatum: 01-06-2008
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 3/2008
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-007-9164-8

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2008

I Feel Fine but the Glass is Still Half Empty: Thought Suppression Biases Information Processing Despite Recovery from a Dysphoric Mood State

The Role of Anxiety Sensitivity in Eating Pathology

Training Non-Threatening Interpretations in Spider Fear

Aggressive Cognitions of Violent Versus Nonviolent Spouses

Social Support, Disease-Related Cognitions and Coping as Predictors of Depressed Mood in Systemic Sclerosis

How Do the Dimensions of Perfectionism Relate to Mental Health?