Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Netherlands Heart Journal 10/2013

Open Access 01-10-2013 | Review Article

Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients with coronary heart disease: a practice guideline

Auteurs: R. J. Achttien, J. B. Staal, S. van der Voort, H. M. C. Kemps, H. Koers, M. W. A. Jongert, E. J. M. Hendriks, on behalf of the Practice Recommendations Development Group

Gepubliceerd in: Netherlands Heart Journal | Uitgave 10/2013

share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail
insite
ZOEKEN

Abstract

Background

To improve the quality of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) the CR guideline from the Dutch Royal Society for Physiotherapists (KNGF) has been updated. This guideline can be considered an addition to the 2011 Dutch Multidisciplinary CR guideline, as it includes several novel topics.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed to formulate conclusions on the efficacy of exercise-based interventions during all CR phases in patients with CHD. Evidence was graded (1–4) according the Dutch evidence-based guideline development (EBRO) criteria. In case of insufficient scientific evidence, recommendations were based on expert opinion. This guideline comprised a structured approach including assessment, treatment and evaluation.

Results

Recommendations for exercise-based CR were formulated covering the following topics: preoperative physiotherapy, mobilisation during the clinical phase, aerobic exercise, strength training, and relaxation therapy during the outpatient rehabilitation phase, and adoption and monitoring of a physically active lifestyle after outpatient rehabilitation.

Conclusions

There is strong evidence for the effectiveness of exercise-based CR during all phases of CR. The implementation of this guideline in clinical practice needs further evaluation as well as the maintenance of an active lifestyle after supervised rehabilitation.

Introduction

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common causes of mortality in the Netherlands, with mortality rates of 5724 in men and 4125 for women, in the year 2011 [1]. Multidisciplinary cardiac rehabilitation (CR) reduces mortality rates by 32 % [2]. The main goals of CR are to increase physical and psychosocial recovery after a cardiac event and to reduce the risk for recurrent cardiac events by improving lifestyle (‘cardiovascular risk management’) [37].
Exercise training constitutes an important part of CR and is usually conducted by physiotherapists (PTs). The intervention is aimed at improving exercise capacity and optimising daily physical functioning in relation to individual physical activity limitations and participation restrictions [8]. Also, exercise programs should induce inactive patients to develop and maintain an active lifestyle, and consequently lower their future cardiovascular risk [9].
The importance and the exact content of an adequate CR exercise protocol is not always sufficiently appreciated [10]. Recently, it was reported that among Dutch CR centres, considerable variation exists in methods for determination of exercise intensity, training intensity and volume, and uniformity of physiotherapeutic interventions [11]. A possible explanation for this is that both the 2011 multidisciplinary CR guideline [12] and the 2005 CR guideline by the Dutch Royal Society for Physiotherapists (KNGF) [13] lack clear practical guidance for PTs. Moreover, many international guidelines and position statements are not specifically aimed at the practical application of exercise-based CR [37, 14]. Therefore, an updated clinical practice guideline on exercise-based CR was developed by the KNGF, describing optimal physiotherapy care during all phases of CR, including assessment, treatment and evaluation. This paper sums up the main conclusion and recommendations.

Methods

Guideline development

This guideline was systematically developed according to the Physiotherapy Guidelines Development in the Netherlands method [15]. The guideline development group (GDG) consisted of the following disciplines: PTs representing the KNGF, movement scientists, epidemiologists, a representative of the 2011 Dutch multidisciplinary CR guideline committee and a cardiologist representing the CR section of Dutch Society of Cardiology. An external group from relevant disciplines reviewed the draft versions of the guideline. The members of the GDG and the external members did not have any conflicts of interest.

Literature search and recommendations

A computerised literature search was undertaken in the Cochrane library, Medline, PEDro-database, Cinahl and relevant national and international guidelines of CR [37, 12, 14, 16], using the following keywords: heart disease, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), unstable angina pectoris (UAP), angina pectoris (AP), acute or elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), CR, preoperative and postoperative care, exercise and physiotherapy.
Recommendations for the efficacy of exercise-based CR were based on systematic reviews or meta-analyses, if available completed with more recent random-clinical trials (RCT). Methodological quality of RCT’s was scored on the PEDro scale [17]. Only studies with a PEDro score of more than 5 points out of 10 were included. The level of evidence of the conclusions based on literature has been categorised on the basis of the Dutch national agreements (EBRO/CBO). A distinction was made between four levels, based on the quality of the articles from which the evidence was obtained (Table 1).
Table 1
Levels of scientific evidence
Level of evidence
Quality levels (intervention and prevention)
Level 1: Study at A1 level or at least two independent A2 level studies
A1 Systematic review of at least two independent A2 level studies
A2 Randomised, double-blind, comparative clinical trial of good quality and sufficient sample size
Level 2: One study at A2 level or at least two independent B level studies
B Comparative study not meeting all criteria mentioned under A2 (including case-control studies and cohort studies)
Level 3: One B or C level study
C Non-comparative study
Level 4: Expert opinion
D Opinions of experts, for instance the members of the guideline development team
If there was insufficient evidence, recommendations were based on consensus within the GDG. Additionally, other aspects were used to determine recommendations such as: clinical relevance, safety, patient and professional perspective, availability of devices and resources, health organisations, juridical consequences, ethnical and organisational aspects, and possibilities to confirm this guideline to other monodisciplinary and multidisciplinary CR guidelines.

Results

The CR process is divided into the following phases

  • Preoperative phase (if applicable, preceding CABG);
  • Clinical phase;
  • Outpatient rehabilitation phase;
  • Post-rehabilitation phase.

Preoperative phase

  • Recommendation 1. Preoperative physiotherapy (PPT)
PPT is recommended for patients at increased risk of developing postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) after CABG (Table 2) [18]. PPT reduces mortality, morbidity (fewer airways infections), duration of ventilation and length of hospital stay (Level 1) [19].
Table 2
Risk of pulmonary complications after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)*
Parameters
Score
Age > 70 years
1
Productive cough
1
Diabetes mellitus
1
Smoking
1
COPD: FEV1 < 75 % predicted or requiring medication
1
BMI > 27.0 kg/m2
1
Lung function: FEV1 < 80 % predicted and FEV1/FVC < 70 % predicted
2
* The risk is low at a total score ≤ 1, high at a total score ≥ 2. COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC forced vital capacity
If a patient is referred for exercise-based CR prior to CABG, the following information should be provided: diagnosis, comorbidities, medication, and the time span before surgery. PPT should comprise inspiratory muscle training (IMT) using an inspiratory threshold device, coughing, huffing and breathing techniques (to promote sputum evacuation and stimulate optimum ventilation). In addition, aerobic training to preserve or improve physical fitness should be considered (in consultation with the patient’s cardiologist). It is recommended to start IMT at least 2 weeks, and if possible 4 weeks before surgery, at a frequency of 7 days a week using 20 min sessions at an intensity of 30 % of maximum inspiration pressure (PI max). The resistance should be adjusted once a week on the basis of the Borg scale (0–10). If the Borg score (0–10) is < 5, the resistance should be increased by 5 %.
During this phase the following goals should be pursued:
  • No detectable pulmonary problems (patient is functionally able to cough up sputum);
  • An increased PI max (and inspiratory endurance time) to the highest possible extent – measured using a PI max meter.

Clinical phase

  • Recommendation 2. Stay on the intensive care unit (ICU) or coronary care unit (CCU)
Relative rest is recommended during the patient’s stay on the CCU after an acute cardiac event or after their stay at the ICU following CABG (level 4).
The PT checks for problems of mucus clearance and ventilation. Treatment is given if necessary (as indicated by the pulmonologist or other specialist). The perioperative pulmonary treatment by the PT involves explaining the purpose of physiotherapy, teaching the patient techniques to improve ventilation and to mobilise and cough up sputum (breathing, huffing and coughing techniques).
  • Recommendation 3. Mobilisation phase
Dynamic mobilisation exercise results in a faster recovery and a better physical health at discharge in CABG patients (level 1) [20, 21] and other CHD patients (level 4) compared with rest, and is therefore recommended during the clinical phase.
The cardiologist provides the PT prior to the mobilisation phase with the following medical referral information: reason for referral, diagnosis, date of the event or treatment, medication use (type and dosage regime), complications or comorbidities, planned date of hospital admission, and any further diagnostic information deemed relevant by the cardiologist. The clinical mobilisation phase should include functional exercises, such as ADL-related exercises, walking and stair climbing, at an early stage. Exercise intensity should be decreased or exercise should be discontinued if the patient shows signs of excessive strain, such as angina, impaired pump function (shortness of breath disproportionate to exertion, abnormal fatigue disproportionate to exertion, increased peripheral/central oedema), arrhythmias (high heart rate not in proportion to exertion, irregular heartbeat, changes in known arrhythmias), abnormal increase or decrease of blood pressure, fainting, dizziness and vegetative reactions (excessive perspiring, pallor). During this phase, the PT explains the nature of the patient’s CHD and/or the surgery, the further course of the CR program, ways of coping with cardiac and other symptoms and the CHD itself, ways to recognise signs of excessive strain and the way the intensity of activities at home can be gradually increased.
During this phase the following goals should be pursued:
  • The patient is able to function at the intended ADL level. Moderate exertion is possible (≥ 3–4 METs);
  • The patient has at least some knowledge of their CHD;
  • The patient knows how to cope with their symptoms and is able to intensify and expand their ADL activities.
In some exceptional cases, patients may not have met these goals at the time of discharge from hospital, due to psychosomatic, social or severe physical problems. Such patients may be referred for clinical admission to a specialised multidisciplinary CR centre.

Outpatient rehabilitation phase

Outpatient rehabilitation consists of an intake / assessment procedure, a treatment phase and an evaluation, which will be discussed chronologically in the following section.
Intake / assessment procedure
At the start of the outpatient rehabilitation phase, all eligible patients should be referred for an intake procedure, carried out by a member of the rehabilitation team, preferably by using the Dutch Clinical Algorithm for patient needs in CR [22]. During this screening procedure, it is decided which interventions are indicated (Fig 1.).
If a patient is referred for an exercise program, an additional assessment should be performed to evaluate the nature and severity of the patient’s health problem in relation to their physical functioning and the extent to which it can be modified.
This assessment focuses on identification of impairments of bodily functions, limitations of activities, restrictions of participation and health problems that may influence the choice of exercise activities to be included in the exercise program (Fig. 2). Limitations of activities may regard their nature, duration and/or quality. The PT analyses the performance of problematic activities that were identified using the patient-specific symptoms instrument [23]. The performance of the problematic activities can be graded in terms of duration and intensity, perceived fatigue (Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale 6–20) and in terms of anxiety, chest pain and dyspnoea. When a maximum or symptom-limited exercise test has not been performed at baseline, or for (interim) evaluation of the exercise goals, the functional capacity can be determined by the Shuttle walk test (SWT) [24, 25] or the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) [26]. The MET method and/or the Specific Activity Scale (SAS) [27] can be used to estimate whether any discrepancy between the actual performance level and the target level can be eliminated with a suitable exercise program, and also for (interim) evaluation of the exercise program. Based on the results of the assessment procedure, rehabilitation goals will be defined (Fig. 2).
Treatment phase
The physiotherapeutic treatment during the outpatient rehabilitation phase comprises 3 modalities: information / advice, a tailored exercise program and a relaxation program (Fig. 3).

Information / advice

In the context of the physiotherapy treatment, the PT offers the patient assistance (guidance), information and advice, geared towards their personal goals. Aims of information and advice may include:
  • Improving the patient’s understanding of their disorder and of cardiac rehabilitation;
  • Encouraging compliance (including a physically active lifestyle);
  • Promoting a suitable way to handle symptoms;
  • Promoting return to work.

Tailored exercise program

Based on the individual goals, patients’ preferences and limitations established during the assessment procedure in combination with results of the maximum or symptom-limited exercise test and safety criteria, a definite exercise program is composed. These safety criteria are shown in Table 3.
Table 3
Safety criteria for exercise training
• Implantable cardioverter defribillator (ICD)
 - Cardiologist informs physiotherapist about safe heart rate range
 - First 6–8 weeks after implantation no (submaximal) strength training of the upper extremities*
• Diabetes mellitus
 - Check for wounds and sensory defects (monofilament test)
 - Check blood glucose values before, during and after the exercise session. Blood glucose values ≤5 and ≥15 mmol/l are relative contraindications for exercising
 - Retinopathy of grade ≥3 is a relative contraindication for exercising
• Pulmonary problems
 - No desaturation; this usually means that O2 saturation (SaO2) should remain ≥90 % during exercising (and should not fall by ≥ 4 %)+
* Symmetrical functional movements below the patient’s pain threshold (with comfortable rather than forceful movements and controlled breathing) can be started within 6 weeks after surgery (which can also help to prevent the development of a frozen shoulder)
+The physiotherapist should consult the patient’s pulmonologist or cardiologist to decide on the minimum individual saturation value
If these criteria are violated or if signs of excessive strain occur during exercise, such as severe fatigue or dyspnoea, angina, unexpected increase in breathing rate (> 40 breaths per minute), pulse pressure reduction (≥ 10 mmHg), reduction of systolic blood pressure during exercise (> 10 mmHg) and increasing ventricular or supraventricular arrhythmias, the exercise session will be terminated. In the early stages of the exercise program, the PT systematically measures the patient’s blood pressure and heart rate (and rhythm) before, during and after the exercise session. This supervised period is extended if any arrhythmias, ischaemia, angina, blood pressure abnormalities or supraventricular or ventricular ectopy occur during exercising.
The tailored exercise program may comprise practising skills and activities (to enable patients to utilise their general or strength endurance in motor activities), aerobic endurance training, local and strength endurance training, practising functions/activities, and/or training to reduce risk factors. In the case of comorbidities, the GDG recommends starting the exercise program based on the exercise principles relating to the most restrictive pathology or disorder.
  • Recommendation 4. Aerobic exercise
Aerobic exercise results in a reduction of general and cardiac mortality and morbidity rates, the number of non-fatal recurrent AMIs, and risk factors, as well as in a significant increase in exercise capacity, and is therefore recommended (Level 1) [9, 2831]. High-intensity interval training (HIT) may be recommended because it appears to be more effective than moderate-intensity endurance training (Level 2) [32]. If HIT is applied, the cardiologist should be informed and safety criteria should be closely adhered to.
The patient’s exercise capacity can be increased by means of aerobic endurance and interval training, preceded by warming up and followed by cooling down. The exercise principles to be applied depend on the goals of the physiotherapy and the patient’s physical condition. If the goal is to improve the patient’s exercise capacity, the training level can be gradually increased over a number of sessions from 50 to 80 % of VO2 peak/ heart rate reserve, 20–30 min per session, ≥ 2–3 times a week. HIT typically consists of four 4-minute blocks, during which the patient exercises at an intensity of 80–90 % of their VO2 peak/ heart rate reserve, with 3 min of active recovery during which they exercise at 40–50 % of their VO2 peak/ heart rate reserve. Interval training may be indicated for patients in poor physical condition not able to perform exercise of long duration; if the patient is in sufficiently good physical condition, both endurance training and interval training can be used. In both cases an initial 2 week phase of training at 40–50 % of VO2peak/ heart rate reserve is recommended.
Exercise intensity should be based on the results of a maximum or symptom-limited exercise test. The optimised exercise zone can be calculated using the Karvonen formula, which calculates the exercise heart rate as a percentage of the heart rate reserve, added to the resting heart rate [33]. If respiratory gas analysis was performed during a maximum or symptom-limited exercise testing (because of unexplained dyspnoea or comorbidity [COPD]), exercise intensity should preferably be based on a percentage of VO2 peak, VO2 reserve or the ventilatory or anaerobic threshold, converted into heart rate or wattage. If the patient is on beta-blockers, the exercises should be based on the results of the maximum or symptom-limited exercise test with beta-blocker use. If the patient’s heart rate increase during the maximum or symptom-limited exercise test is severely limited, the exercise intensity should be based on a percentage of the maximum capacity expressed in wattage or METs, and/or a Borg score (6–20).
  • Recommendation 5. Submaximal strength training
Strength training is recommended as an adjunct to aerobic exercise [31]. Strength training increases muscle strength and strength endurance, resulting in a reduction of activity limitations and increased participation, especially among older (and fragile) patients, who experience exertion-related limitations due to lack of muscle strength and strength endurance (Level 1) [34]. Submaximal strength training is not advised for patients who underwent surgery by sternotomy during the first 8 weeks. Symmetrical functional exercises within the pain threshold can be conducted after 6 weeks (in order to prevent a frozen shoulder) (Level 4).
Muscle strength can be improved using 8–10 exercises of the large muscle groups, at a frequency of 2–3 times a week (depending on the goals) against a resistance that is gradually increased from 50 % to 70–80 % of the one-repetition maximum (1RM). Exercising should preferably start with 2 weeks at 30–40 % of 1RM. The GDG recommends estimating the maximum strength on the basis of the 4–7RM, and then approaching the training load by using the pyramid diagram (Fig. 4).
Table 4 shows a broad specification of the training variables for the various priorities within the exercise program.
Table 4
Broad specification of training variables in the exercise program for the various priorities
Prioritised
Specification of training variable
Practising skills and activities
- Content: functional training of functions / skills / activities, including getting patient to enjoy exercise
- Frequency: 2–3 times a week
Training aerobic endurance
- Frequency: 3–5 times a week
- Intensity: 50–80 % of VO2 peak / heart rate reserve (Borg score 11–16) , 20–60 min, or high intensity interval training: 4-minute blocks at 80–90 % of VO2 peak/ heart rate reserve, with 3 min of active recovery at 40–50 % of their VO2 peak/ heart rate reserve
- Structure: warming up, aerobic training (endurance or interval training), cooling down
Training local and strength endurance
- Content: circuit training and functional exercises geared toward individual goals
- Frequency: 2–3 times a week
- Intensity: 50–80 % of 1RM
- Warming up, strength training (1–3 series, 10–15 repetitions (with 1–2 min intervals), 8–10 exercises), cooling down
Cardiovascular risk reduction *
- Content: moderate intensity endurance training (Borg score 11–13)
- Frequency: preferably every day
- Duration: 45–60 min a day
* This refers to risk factors that can be modified by physical activity, such as obesity, mild to moderate hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and abnormal blood lipids composition

Relaxation program

  • Recommendation 6. Relaxation program
A relaxation program (including breathing therapy) is recommended in CHD patients. A relaxation program reduces cardiac mortality and morbidity, and has a favourable effect on physical, psychological and social parameters (including resting heart rate and fear of exercise) (Level 1) [35], and appears to be superior in combination with an exercise program compared with only an exercise program (level 2) [36].
CHD patients should attend 2 sessions to try out the relaxation program. If the program proves beneficial, they attend a further 4–6 sessions lasting 60–90 min each. The relaxation program integrates cognitive therapy and physical relaxation exercises. The cognitive themes addressed include understanding the value of rest, the balance between exertion and rest, the influence of psychological factors on physical functioning and differentiating between cardiac factors in relation to stress, anger, depression and pressure of time. Instructions for relaxation can be given during exercising (active relaxation) or at rest (passive relaxation), partly in the context of warming up and cooling down, and partly as a separate relaxation program.
Evaluation
In addition to a ‘continuous’ evaluation over the entire course of the exercise program, more comprehensive interim evaluations should be carried out at least every 4 weeks, as well as at the end of the CR program. If patients only partially attained their goals, but are likely not to continue the rehabilitation activities independently (at home), the CR program is prolonged or the patient is referred to a primary care physiotherapy practice. If patients did not attain their goals and it seems likely that they have attained their maximum achievable level, they should be referred back to the multidisciplinary CR team to explore other treatment options.
Table 5 shows the intended outcome for each physiotherapeutic goal, instruments recommended for interim and final evaluation and the final targets that should be pursued. The PT also evaluates whether the patient has acquired sufficient knowledge about secondary prevention, and evaluates the goals of the relaxation program.
Table 5
Evaluation and screening instruments for each domain in physiotherapy for coronary heart disease
Domain
Evaluation instrument
When
Final outcome
1. Exploring one’s own physical limits
• Ask for 5 most problematic activities (PSC)
• Ask patient to carry out problematic activities and score for duration and intensity, perceived fatigue (Borg RPE scale 6–20) and in terms of anxiety and/or angina and/or dyspnoea
• Monitor heart rate and blood pressure
At start and end of CR and / or exercise program
Monitoring heart rate,
measuring blood pressure and scoring on Borg RPE scale before, during and after each session
Patient is aware of their own physical limits, i.e. they know what level of exertion is possible
2. Learning to cope with physical limitations
Patient can cope with physical limitations
3. Optimising exercise capacity
By physician
• Maximum or symptom-limited exercise test (or in very exceptional cases SWT) plus Borg RPE scale (6–20); and as desired scoring anxiety, angina and/or dyspnoea
By coordinator/nurse
• Subjective physical score on QoL-H
Questionnaire
At start and end of CR and / or exercise program
Exercise capacity is at optimum or target level
By physiotherapist
• As for goals 1 and 2
• SWT or 6MWT
• Possibly MET list and/or SAS
At start, every 4 weeks and at end of CR and/ or exercise program
Functional exercise capacity is at optimum or target level
4. Diagnostic
• As for goal 3 by physiotherapist
• Scoring on Borg RPE scale (6–20)
At start, every 4 weeks and at end of the CR and/or exercise program and continuous monitoring during (before, during and after exercise)
Patient’s physical condition and trainability are clear
5. Overcoming fear of physical exertion
• History-taking and observation
• Questionnaire: see Multidisciplinary Guideline CR 2011 (www.​nvvc.​nl) (in Dutch)
At start and end of CR and/or exercise program
Patient is no longer afraid of exertion
6. Developing an active lifestyle
• History-taking (motivational interviewing)
Monitor Movement and Health
(www.​tno.​nl) (in Dutch)
• Post-rehabilitation activities started
At start and end of CR and/or exercise program
Patient has adopted a physically active lifestyle
Focal points
   
 Acquiring information about secondary prevention
• Checklist for risk factors / unhealthy behaviour
• Post-rehabilitation activities started
At start and end of CR and/or exercise program
Patient is familiar with secondary prevention
 Goals of relaxation program
• Evaluation list
• Using a flowchart
At interim and final evaluation of CR and/or relaxation program
Patient is familiar with the relaxation program and is able to relax
Borg RPE scale Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion; QoL-H Dutch quality of life questionnaire for heart patients; 6MWT 6-minute walking test; MET metabolic equivalent of task; PSC Patient-specific complaints; SAS Specific activity scale; SWT Shuttle walk test; CR cardiac rehabilitation
The PT should report to the multidisciplinary CR team about the treatment process, the treatment outcomes and the recommendations (aftercare). This should happen at least at the end of the treatment, but possibly also during the treatment period. In addition, the PT informs the patient’s cardiologist, family physician and, if applicable, their rehabilitation physician or company doctor. The CR is then either continued or concluded, after consultation with the multidisciplinary team.

Post-rehabilitation phase

  • Recommendation 7. Adoption and monitoring of physically active lifestyle
Patients are advised to continue exercise to reduce the cardiac risk profile after the CR (Level 1) [37, 38]. A follow-up is recommended to encourage inactive patients to become physically active again (Level 3) [39].
Patients may be referred to exercise programs offered by certified exercise facilities, but may also individually make use of regular sports facilities. Patients with CHD who are unable to maintain an active lifestyle without assistance, or have not yet attained all the physical goals during the outpatient phase, but are deemed to be capable of doing so, should participate in an exercise program which is designed in accordance with the KNGF guideline for exercise interventions in CHD [40], or an equivalent KNGF-accredited intervention, supervised by a primary care PT who has completed additional training. Monitoring is important in order to identify any relapses at an early stage and intervene. The GDG recommends monitoring the patient’s active lifestyle (preferably after 6 and 12 months), by activity monitoring devices and or telephone or using a web-based or printed questionnaire.

Conclusions and recommendations

This guideline provides an evidence-based instrument to assist in practical and clinical decision-making during exercise-based CR in all phases of CR. Strong evidence is found for preoperative physiotherapy, mobilisation at an early stage in the clinical phase, aerobic exercise, strength training and relaxation therapy during the outpatient rehabilitation phase, and the adoption and monitoring of a physically active lifestyle after outpatient rehabilitation.
As compared with the 2005 CR KNGF guideline [13] and the 2011 multidisciplinary CR guideline [12], several novel topics have been included in the present guideline. First, recommendations were made with respect to the preoperative phase for patients undergoing CABG. Second, this guideline provides clear practical guidance on how to tailor exercise with respect to intensity and duration individually, using results of a maximum or symptom-limited exercise test. In this way we aim to reduce the considerable practice variation which has recently been reported in Dutch CR centres [11], and thereby, to increase effectivity of exercise-based CR in the Netherlands [10]. A third novel topic is the addition of HIT as a training strategy in CHD patients. Finally, this guideline focuses more on the adoption and monitoring of a physically active lifestyle after the outpatient rehabilitation phase.
The implementation of this guideline in clinical practice needs further evaluation [41]. Compliance to the guideline needs to be stimulated by, for example, adopting it into the Dutch clinical algorithm [22]. Also research is needed on strategies to improve monitoring and follow-up of the maintenance of a physical active lifestyle after supervised CR; for example by implementing activity monitoring devices combined with telemonitoring, or by web-based coaching platforms to guide patients [10]. Finally, more research is needed into characteristics and modalities of physical activity and exercise training in cardiovascular risk management in the long term [42].

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the other members of the GDG: Audrey Merry, Rob Klaver, Sandra Schoonewille, Sandra Verhagen, Harold Leeneman, Judith Verbeek, Shanne Bloemen and Angelique de Rijk, and external reference group: Rob Bertram, Jan van Dixhoorn, Marleen Buruma and Erik Hulzebos. The authors would also like to thank Jaap Donkers for his assistance in drafting the description of the preoperative phase. In addition, the GDG would like to thank the authors involved in developing the previous edition of this Guideline: Lisette Vogels, Jean Graus, Rob van Hulst, Frank Nusman, Roelof Peters and Bart Smit. The inclusion of the above persons as consultants does not imply that each of them agrees with every detail of the Guideline.

Funding

None.

Conflict of interests

None declared.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

Onze productaanbevelingen

Netherlands Heart Journal

Het Netherlands Heart Journal wordt uitgegeven in samenwerking met de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Cardiologie en de Nederlandse Hartstichting. Het tijdschrift is Engelstalig en wordt gratis beschikbaa ...

Literatuur
1.
go back to reference Koopman C, van Dis I, Bots M, et al. Hart- en vaatziekten in Nederland 2012, cijfers over risicofactoren, ziekte en sterfte. Den Haag: Hartstichting; 2012. Koopman C, van Dis I, Bots M, et al. Hart- en vaatziekten in Nederland 2012, cijfers over risicofactoren, ziekte en sterfte. Den Haag: Hartstichting; 2012.
2.
go back to reference Staat van de Gezondheidszorg. Preventie in de curatieve en langdurige zorg; noodzaak voor kwetsbare groepen. Utrecht: Inspectie voor de gezondheidzorg, ministerie van volksgezondheid, welzijn en sport; 2012. Staat van de Gezondheidszorg. Preventie in de curatieve en langdurige zorg; noodzaak voor kwetsbare groepen. Utrecht: Inspectie voor de gezondheidzorg, ministerie van volksgezondheid, welzijn en sport; 2012.
3.
go back to reference Balady GJ, Williams MA, Ades PA, et al. Core components of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee, the Council on Clinical Cardiology; the Councils on Cardiovascular Nursing, Epidemiology and Prevention, and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2007;27(3):121–9.PubMedCrossRef Balady GJ, Williams MA, Ades PA, et al. Core components of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee, the Council on Clinical Cardiology; the Councils on Cardiovascular Nursing, Epidemiology and Prevention, and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2007;27(3):121–9.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Giannuzzi P, Saner H, Bjornstad H, et al. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: position paper of the Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(13):1273–8.PubMedCrossRef Giannuzzi P, Saner H, Bjornstad H, et al. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: position paper of the Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(13):1273–8.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Piepoli MF, Corra U, Benzer W, et al. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: from knowledge to implementation. A position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010;17(1):1–17.PubMedCrossRef Piepoli MF, Corra U, Benzer W, et al. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: from knowledge to implementation. A position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010;17(1):1–17.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Smith Jr SC, Allen J, Blair SN, et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update: endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation. 2006;113(19):2363–72.PubMedCrossRef Smith Jr SC, Allen J, Blair SN, et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update: endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation. 2006;113(19):2363–72.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Thomas RJ, King M, Lui K, et al. AACVPR/ACC/AHA 2007 performance measures on cardiac rehabilitation for referral to and delivery of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention services endorsed by the American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Sports Medicine, American Physical Therapy Association, Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation, European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, Inter-American Heart Foundation, National Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(14):1400–33.PubMedCrossRef Thomas RJ, King M, Lui K, et al. AACVPR/ACC/AHA 2007 performance measures on cardiac rehabilitation for referral to and delivery of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention services endorsed by the American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Sports Medicine, American Physical Therapy Association, Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation, European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, Inter-American Heart Foundation, National Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(14):1400–33.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Lavie CJ, Thomas RJ, Squires RW, et al. Exercise training and cardiac rehabilitation in primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(4):373–83.PubMed Lavie CJ, Thomas RJ, Squires RW, et al. Exercise training and cardiac rehabilitation in primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(4):373–83.PubMed
9.
go back to reference Taylor RS, Brown A, Ebrahim S, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2004;116(10):682–92.PubMedCrossRef Taylor RS, Brown A, Ebrahim S, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2004;116(10):682–92.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Snoek JA, Cramer MJ, Backx FJ. Cardiac rehabilitation: how much pain for the optimal gain? Neth Heart J. 2013;21:135–7.PubMedCrossRef Snoek JA, Cramer MJ, Backx FJ. Cardiac rehabilitation: how much pain for the optimal gain? Neth Heart J. 2013;21:135–7.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Vromen T, Spee RF, Kraal JJ, et al. Exercise training programs in Dutch cardiac rehabilitation centres. Neth Heart J. 2013;21(3):138–43.PubMedCrossRef Vromen T, Spee RF, Kraal JJ, et al. Exercise training programs in Dutch cardiac rehabilitation centres. Neth Heart J. 2013;21(3):138–43.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Commissie Cardiovasculaire Preventie en Hartrevalidatie van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Cardiologie. Multidisciplinaire Richtlijn Hartrevalidatie 2011. Utrecht: Nederlandse Vereniging Voor Cardiologie: Revalidatiecommissie NHS/NVVC en projectgroep PAAHR; 2011. Commissie Cardiovasculaire Preventie en Hartrevalidatie van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Cardiologie. Multidisciplinaire Richtlijn Hartrevalidatie 2011. Utrecht: Nederlandse Vereniging Voor Cardiologie: Revalidatiecommissie NHS/NVVC en projectgroep PAAHR; 2011.
13.
go back to reference Vogels EMHM, Bertram RJJ, Graus JJJ, et al. KNGF- richtlijn hartrevalidatie. Ned Tijdschr Fysiother. 2005;115(1):1–59. Vogels EMHM, Bertram RJJ, Graus JJJ, et al. KNGF- richtlijn hartrevalidatie. Ned Tijdschr Fysiother. 2005;115(1):1–59.
14.
go back to reference Corra U, Giannuzzi P, Adamopoulos S, et al. Executive summary of the position paper of the Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC): core components of cardiac rehabilitation in chronic heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2005;12(4):321–5.PubMedCrossRef Corra U, Giannuzzi P, Adamopoulos S, et al. Executive summary of the position paper of the Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC): core components of cardiac rehabilitation in chronic heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2005;12(4):321–5.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference van der Wees J, Hendriks H, Heldoorn J et al. Methode voor ontwikkeling, implementatie en bijstelling van de KNGF-richtlijnen. Amersfoort/ Maastricht; 2007. van der Wees J, Hendriks H, Heldoorn J et al. Methode voor ontwikkeling, implementatie en bijstelling van de KNGF-richtlijnen. Amersfoort/ Maastricht; 2007.
16.
go back to reference Commissie Cardiovasculaire Preventie en Hartrevalidatie van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Cardiologie. NVVC Praktijkrichtlijn hartrevalidatie. 2011. Commissie Cardiovasculaire Preventie en Hartrevalidatie van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Cardiologie. NVVC Praktijkrichtlijn hartrevalidatie. 2011.
17.
go back to reference Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, et al. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther. 2003;83(8):713–21.PubMed Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, et al. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther. 2003;83(8):713–21.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Hulzebos EH, van Meeteren NL, de Bie RA, et al. Prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications on the basis of preoperative risk factors in patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Phys Ther. 2003;83(1):8–16.PubMed Hulzebos EH, van Meeteren NL, de Bie RA, et al. Prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications on the basis of preoperative risk factors in patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Phys Ther. 2003;83(1):8–16.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Valkenet K, van de Port IG, Dronkers JJ, et al. The effects of preoperative exercise therapy on postoperative outcome: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil. 2011;25(2):99–111.PubMedCrossRef Valkenet K, van de Port IG, Dronkers JJ, et al. The effects of preoperative exercise therapy on postoperative outcome: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil. 2011;25(2):99–111.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Hischhorn AD, Richards D, Mungovan SF, et al. Supervise moderate intensity exercise improves distance walked at hospital discharge following coronary bypass graft surgery–-a randomised controlled trail. Heart Lung Circ. 2008;17(2):129–38.CrossRef Hischhorn AD, Richards D, Mungovan SF, et al. Supervise moderate intensity exercise improves distance walked at hospital discharge following coronary bypass graft surgery–-a randomised controlled trail. Heart Lung Circ. 2008;17(2):129–38.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Mendes RG, Simoes RP, De Souza Melo CF, et al. Short-term supervised inpatient physiotherapy exercise protocol improves cardiac autonomic function after coronary artery bypass graft surgery–a randomised controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil. 2010;32(16):1320–7.PubMedCrossRef Mendes RG, Simoes RP, De Souza Melo CF, et al. Short-term supervised inpatient physiotherapy exercise protocol improves cardiac autonomic function after coronary artery bypass graft surgery–a randomised controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil. 2010;32(16):1320–7.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference NVVC. Beslisboom Poliklinische Indicatiestelling Hartrevalidatie 2012. Utrecht: Hartrevalidatie N-CCCPe, Hartrevalidatie L-HLMO. 2012. NVVC. Beslisboom Poliklinische Indicatiestelling Hartrevalidatie 2012. Utrecht: Hartrevalidatie N-CCCPe, Hartrevalidatie L-HLMO. 2012.
23.
go back to reference Salén, Spangfort. Disability Rating Index. In: Koke AJA, Heuts PHTG, Vlaeyen JS, Weber WEJ. Academisch Ziekenhuis Maastricht; 1999. Report No.: 117. Salén, Spangfort. Disability Rating Index. In: Koke AJA, Heuts PHTG, Vlaeyen JS, Weber WEJ. Academisch Ziekenhuis Maastricht; 1999. Report No.: 117.
24.
go back to reference Morales FJ, Martinez A, Mendez M, et al. A shuttle walk test for assessment of functional capacity in chronic heart failure. Am Heart J. 1999;138(2 Pt 1):291–8.PubMedCrossRef Morales FJ, Martinez A, Mendez M, et al. A shuttle walk test for assessment of functional capacity in chronic heart failure. Am Heart J. 1999;138(2 Pt 1):291–8.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Morales FJ, Montemayor T, Martinez A. Shuttle versus six-minute walk test in the prediction of outcome in chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2000;76(2–3):101–5.PubMedCrossRef Morales FJ, Montemayor T, Martinez A. Shuttle versus six-minute walk test in the prediction of outcome in chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2000;76(2–3):101–5.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Du H, Newton PJ, Salamonson Y, et al. A review of the six-minute walk test: its implication as a self-administered assessment tool. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009;8(1):2–8.PubMedCrossRef Du H, Newton PJ, Salamonson Y, et al. A review of the six-minute walk test: its implication as a self-administered assessment tool. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009;8(1):2–8.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Goldman L, Hashimoto B, Cook EF, et al. Comparative reproducibility and validity of systems assessing cardiovascular functional class: advantages of a new specific activity scale. Circulation. 1981;64(6):1227–34.PubMedCrossRef Goldman L, Hashimoto B, Cook EF, et al. Comparative reproducibility and validity of systems assessing cardiovascular functional class: advantages of a new specific activity scale. Circulation. 1981;64(6):1227–34.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Jolliffe JA, Rees K, Taylor RS, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;1, CD001800.PubMed Jolliffe JA, Rees K, Taylor RS, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;1, CD001800.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Clark AM, Hartling L, Vandermeer B, et al. Meta-analysis: secondary prevention programs for patients with coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(9):659–72.PubMedCrossRef Clark AM, Hartling L, Vandermeer B, et al. Meta-analysis: secondary prevention programs for patients with coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(9):659–72.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Efficacy of aerobic exercise on coronary heart disease risk factors. Prev Cardiol. 2008;11(2):71–5.PubMedCrossRef Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Efficacy of aerobic exercise on coronary heart disease risk factors. Prev Cardiol. 2008;11(2):71–5.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Meka N, Katragadda S, Cherian B, et al. Endurance exercise and resistance training in cardiovascular disease. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2008;2(2):115–21.PubMedCrossRef Meka N, Katragadda S, Cherian B, et al. Endurance exercise and resistance training in cardiovascular disease. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2008;2(2):115–21.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Rognmo O, Hetland E, Helgerud J, et al. High intensity aerobic interval exercise is superior to moderate intensity exercise for increasing aerobic capacity in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2004;11(3):216–22.PubMedCrossRef Rognmo O, Hetland E, Helgerud J, et al. High intensity aerobic interval exercise is superior to moderate intensity exercise for increasing aerobic capacity in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2004;11(3):216–22.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala O. The effects of training on heart rate. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. 1957;35:377–81. Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala O. The effects of training on heart rate. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. 1957;35:377–81.
34.
go back to reference Williams MA, Haskell WL, Ades PA, et al. Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation. 2007;116(5):572–84.PubMedCrossRef Williams MA, Haskell WL, Ades PA, et al. Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation. 2007;116(5):572–84.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference van Dixhoorn J, White AA, Ernst E. Relaxation therapy for rehabilitation and prevention in ischaemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2005;12(3):193–202.PubMedCrossRef van Dixhoorn J, White AA, Ernst E. Relaxation therapy for rehabilitation and prevention in ischaemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2005;12(3):193–202.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Neves A, Alves AJ, Ribeiro F, et al. The effect of cardiac rehabilitation with relaxation therapy on psychological, hemodynamic, and hospital admission outcome variables. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2009;29(5):304–9.PubMedCrossRef Neves A, Alves AJ, Ribeiro F, et al. The effect of cardiac rehabilitation with relaxation therapy on psychological, hemodynamic, and hospital admission outcome variables. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2009;29(5):304–9.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis. Jama. 2009;301(19):2024–35.PubMedCrossRef Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis. Jama. 2009;301(19):2024–35.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Volaklis KA, Douda HT, Kokkinos PF, et al. Physiological alterations to detraining following prolonged combined strength and aerobic training in cardiac patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006;13(3):375–80.PubMedCrossRef Volaklis KA, Douda HT, Kokkinos PF, et al. Physiological alterations to detraining following prolonged combined strength and aerobic training in cardiac patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006;13(3):375–80.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Trompers WH, Jongert MWA, Chorus AMJ et al. Web-based monitoring bij hartpatiënten. 2008. TNO kwaliteit van leven. Trompers WH, Jongert MWA, Chorus AMJ et al. Web-based monitoring bij hartpatiënten. 2008. TNO kwaliteit van leven.
40.
go back to reference Verhagen SJM, Jongert MWA, Koers H, et al. KNGF-standaard Beweeginterventie coronaire hartziekten. Amersfoort: Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Fysiotherapie; 2009. Verhagen SJM, Jongert MWA, Koers H, et al. KNGF-standaard Beweeginterventie coronaire hartziekten. Amersfoort: Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Fysiotherapie; 2009.
41.
go back to reference Kemps HM, van Engen-Verheul MM, Kraaijenhagen RA, et al. Improving guideline adherence for cardiac rehabilitation in the Netherlands. Neth Heart J. 2011;19:285–9.PubMedCrossRef Kemps HM, van Engen-Verheul MM, Kraaijenhagen RA, et al. Improving guideline adherence for cardiac rehabilitation in the Netherlands. Neth Heart J. 2011;19:285–9.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Sunamura M, Ter Hoeve N, van den Berg-Emons HJ, et al. OPTImal CArdiac REhabilitation (OPTICARE) following Acute Coronary Syndromes: Rationale and design of a randomised, controlled trial to investigate the benefits of expanded educational and behavioural intervention programs. Neth Heart J. 2013;21:324–30.PubMedCrossRef Sunamura M, Ter Hoeve N, van den Berg-Emons HJ, et al. OPTImal CArdiac REhabilitation (OPTICARE) following Acute Coronary Syndromes: Rationale and design of a randomised, controlled trial to investigate the benefits of expanded educational and behavioural intervention programs. Neth Heart J. 2013;21:324–30.PubMedCrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients with coronary heart disease: a practice guideline
Auteurs
R. J. Achttien
J. B. Staal
S. van der Voort
H. M. C. Kemps
H. Koers
M. W. A. Jongert
E. J. M. Hendriks
on behalf of the Practice Recommendations Development Group
Publicatiedatum
01-10-2013
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
Gepubliceerd in
Netherlands Heart Journal / Uitgave 10/2013
Print ISSN: 1568-5888
Elektronisch ISSN: 1876-6250
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-013-0467-y

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2013

Netherlands Heart Journal 10/2013 Naar de uitgave