Top

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Gepubliceerd in:

21-05-2019 | Original Paper

Examining Overparenting and Child Gender in Adolescence

Auteurs: Ryan J. Gagnon, Barry A. Garst

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 10/2019

Abstract

Objectives

Overparenting research has been primarily confined to parents of adult, college-aged children. Few studies have examined overparenting among parents of early adolescent children, particularly in non-academic out-of-school time settings. The present study examined the relation between overparenting, commonly associated parental behaviors, and child gender, to determine if, in a sample of 169 parents of youth ages 11–17 (M = 15.49), the same relations would be present as in prior overparenting research with emerging adult samples.

Methods

Data were collected using a cross-sectional design with a questionnaire administered to parents following their child’s participation in a one-week university-based residential summer camp. The initial seven-factor scale included items related to overparenting, affect management, parental monitoring, digital limit setting, psychological control, risk aversion, and autonomy granting. The final seven-factor 22-item measure was validated through confirmatory factor analysis and study hypotheses were tested through a structural equation model.

Results

Consistent with much of the overparenting literature involving parents of emerging adults, overparenting had a significant positive direct effect on affect management, parental monitoring, parental digital limit setting, psychological control, and risk aversion, and a significant negative direct effect on autonomy granting. No relation was found between child gender and affect management, parental monitoring, parental digital limit setting, overparenting, risk aversion, psychological control, or autonomy granting.

Conclusions

The findings were partly consistent with prior studies of emerging adults and have implications for our understanding of overparenting during adolescence as well as within the out-of-school time contexts in which overparenting research is emerging.

vorige artikel Perceived Appropriateness as a Moderator of the Association between Corporal Punishment and Chinese Adolescents’ Externalizing Behaviors

volgende artikel Effects of Paternal Incarceration on Father Involvement on Child Behavior Outcomes at Middle Childhood

Bandalos, D. L. (2018). Measurement theory and applications for the social sciences. New York, NY: Guilford, Press.

Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67(6), 3296–3319. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131780. CrossRef

Bentler, P. M. 2006). EQS 6 structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.

Bradley-Geist, J. B., & Olson-Buchanan, J. (2014). Helicopter parents: an examination of the correlates of over- parenting of college students. Education+Training, 56(4), 314–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-10-2012-0096. CrossRef

Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Burke, T. J., Segrin, C., & Farris, K. L. (2018). Young adult and parent perceptions of facilitation: associations with overparenting, family functioning, and student adjustment. Journal of Family Communication, 18(3), 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2018.1467913. CrossRef

Byrne, B. M. (2006). Structural equation modeling with EQS: Basic concepts, applications and programming. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Routledge.

Centers for Disease Control. (2018). Are you getting enough sleep? U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/features/sleep/index.html.

Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S., & Aiken, L. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Routledge.

Cui, M., Allen, J. W., Fincham, F. D., May, R. W., & Love, H. (2018a). Helicopter parenting, self-regulatory processes, and alcohol use among female college students. Journal of Adult Development, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-018-9301-5.

Cui, M., Darling, C. A., Coccia, C., Fincham, F. D., & May, R. W. (2019). Indulgent parenting, helicopter parenting, and well-being of parents and emerging adults. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(3), 860–871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-01314-3. CrossRef

Cui, M., Janhonen-Abrugah, H., Darling, C. A., Carlos-Chavez, F. L., & Palojoki, P. (2018b). Helicopter parenting and young adults’ well- being: a comparison between United States and Finland. Cross-Cultural Research, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397118802253.

Darlow, V., Norvilitis, J. M., & Schuetze, P. (2017). The relationship between helicopter parenting and adjustment to college. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 2291–2298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0751-3. CrossRef

Endendijk, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., Bakermans- Kranenburg, M. J., & Mesman, J. (2016). Gender-differentiated parenting revisited: meta-analysis reveals very few differences in parental control of boys and girls. PLoS One, 11(7), e0159193 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159193. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Eisinga, R., Grotenhuis, M., & Pelzer, B. (2013). The reliability of a two-item scale: Pearson, Cronbach, or Spearman-Brown? International Journal of Public Health, 58(4), 637–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0416-3. CrossRefPubMed

Gagnon, R. J. (2019). Examining overparenting, socioeconomic status, and parental out-of-school time experience: does socioeconomic status and out-of-school-time experience matter? Children and Youth Services Review, 101, 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.04.003. CrossRef

Gagnon, R. J., & Garst, B. (2019). Exploring overparenting in summer camp: adapting, developing, and implementing a measure. Annals of Leisure Research, 22(2), 161–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2018.1452619. CrossRef

Gagnon, R. J., Stone, G. A., & Garst, B. A. (2017). Beyond composite scores and Cronbach’s alpha: advancing methodological rigor in recreation research. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 9(4), 383–402. https://doi.org/10.18666/jorel-2017-v9-i4-7959. CrossRef

Garst, B., & Gagnon, R. J. (2015). Exploring overparenting within the context of youth development programs. Journal of Youth Development, 10(1), 6–18. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2015.416. CrossRef

Garst, B. A., & Gagnon, R. J. (2016). A structural model of camp director practices and outcomes: does intention toward program outcomes matter? Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 34(4), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2016-V34-I4-7293. CrossRef

Georgiou, S. N. (2008). Parental style and child bullying and victimization experiences at school. Social Psychology of Education, 11, 213–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-007-9048-5. CrossRef

Gere, M. K., Villabo, M. A., Togersen, S., & Kendall, P. C. (2012). Overprotective parenting and child anxiety: the role of co-occurring child behavior problems. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(6), 642–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.04.003. CrossRefPubMed

Givertz, M., & Segrin, C. (2012). The association between overinvolved parenting and young adults’ self-efficacy, psychological entitlement, and family communication. Communication Research, 41(8), 1111–1136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650212456392. CrossRef

Hong, J., Hwang, M., Kuo, Y., & Hsu, W. (2015). Parental monitoring and helicopter parenting relevant to vocational student’s procrastination and self-regulated learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 42, 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.08.003. CrossRef

Janssen, I. (2015). Hyper-parenting is negatively associated with physical activity among 7–12 year olds. Preventive Medicine, 73, 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.015. CrossRefPubMed

Kelly, L., Duran, R. L., & Miller-Ott, A. E. (2017). Helicopter parenting and cell-phone contact between parents and children in college. Southern Communication Journal, 82(2), 102–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794x.2017.1310286. CrossRef

Kerr, M., Stattin, H., & Burk, W. J. (2010). A reinterpretation of parental monitoring in longitudinal perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(1), 39–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00623.x. CrossRef

Klevens, J., & Hall, J. (2014). The importance of parental warmth, support, and control in preventing adolescent misbehavior. Journal of Child and Adolescent Behavior, 2(1), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4494.1000121. CrossRef

Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling. 4th ed. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Kouros, C. D., Pruitt, M. M., Ekas, N. V., Kiriaki, R., & Sunderland, M. (2017). Helicopter parenting, autonomy support, and college students’ mental health and well-being: the moderating role of sex and ethnicity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 939–949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0614-3. CrossRef

Kristjánsson, A. L., & Sigfúsdóttir, I. D. (2009). The role of parental support, parental monitoring, and time spent with parents in adolescent academic achievement in Iceland: a structural model of gender differences. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 53(5), 481–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313830903180786. CrossRef

Kunz, J. H., & Grych, J. H. (2013). Parental psychological control and autonomy granting: distinctions and associations with child and family functioning. Parenting, 13(2), 77–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.709147. CrossRefPubMed

Kwon, K., Yoo, G., & Bingham, G. E. (2016). Helicopter parenting in emerging adulthood: support or barrier for Korean college students’ psychological adjustment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0195-6. CrossRef

LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2011.574038. CrossRef

Little, R. J. A. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198–1202. https://doi.org/10.2307/2290157. CrossRef

Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Locke, J. Y., Kavanagh, D. J., & Campbell, M. A. (2016). Overparenting and homework: the student’s task, but everyone’s responsibility. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 26(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2015.29. CrossRef

Luebbe, A. M., Mancini, K. J., Kiel, E. J., Spangler, B. R., Semlak, J. L., & Fussner, L. M. (2018). Dimensionality of helicopter parenting and relations to emotional, decision-making, and academic functioning in emerging adults. Assessment, 25(7), 841–857. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116665907.

Margolies, P. J., & Weintraub, S. (1977). The revised 56‐item CRPBI as a research instrument: reliability and factor structure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(2), 472–476.

National Center for Education Statistics. (2008). Schools and staffing survey. U.S. Department of Education. https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/sass/tables/sass0708_035_s1s.asp.

Newman-Kingery, J., Peneston, K. R., Rice, S. E., & Wormuth, B. M. (2012). Parental anxious expectations and child anxiety predicting homesickness during overnight summer camp. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 4(3), 172–184. https://doi.org/10.7768/1948-5123.1116. CrossRef

Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down? Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1177–1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.007. CrossRef

Preacher, K. J., & Coffman, D. L. (2006, May). Computing power and minimum sample size for RMSEA [Computer software]. http://quantpsy.org/.

Rousseau, S., & Scharf, M. (2015). I will guide you: the indirect link between overparenting and young adults’ adjustment. Psychiatry Research, 228, 826–834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.016. CrossRefPubMed

Schaefer, E. S. (1965). Children’s reports of parental behavior: an inventory. Child Development, 36(2), 413–424. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126465. CrossRefPubMed

Scharf, M., & Rousseau, S. (2017). One day I will make a good parent: on the relationship between overparenting and young adults’ early parenting representations. Journal of Adult Development, 24(3), 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-016-9258-1. CrossRef

Schiffrin, H. H., Godfrey, H., Liss, M., & Erchull, M. J. (2015). Intensive parenting: does it have the desired impact on child outcomes? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 2322–2331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0035-0. CrossRef

Schiffrin, H. H., & Liss, M. (2017). The effects of helicopter parenting in academic motivation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 1472–1480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0658-z. CrossRef

Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., & Tashner, T. (2014). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(3), 548–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0658-z. CrossRef

Schiffrin, H. H., Yost, J. C., Power, V., Saldanha, E. R., & Sendrick, E. (2019). Examining the relationship between helicopter parenting and emerging adults’ mindsets using the consolidated Helicopter Parenting Scale. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 1207–1219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01360-5. CrossRef

Segrin, C., Givertz, M., Swaitkowski, P., & Montgomery, N. (2015). Overparenting is associated with child problems and a critical family environment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(2), 470–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9858-3. CrossRef

Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., Bauer, A., & Taylor Murphy, M. (2012). The association between overparenting, parent-child communication, and entitlement and adaptive traits in adult children. Family Relations, 61(2), 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00689.x. CrossRef

Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., & Montgomery, N. (2013). Parent and child traits associated with overparenting. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(6), 569–595. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2013.32.6.569. CrossRef

Shin, W., & Li, B. (2017). Parental mediation of children’s digital technology use in Singapore. Journal of Children and Media, 11(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2016.1203807. CrossRef

Song, S. (2018). Spending patterns of Chinese parents on children’s backpacks support the Trivers-Willard hypothesis: Results based on transaction data from China’s largest online retailer. Evolution and Human Behavior, 39(3), 336–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.02.005.

Somers, P., & Settle, J. (2010). The helicopter parent: research toward a typology. College and University: The Journal of the American Association of Collegiate Registrars, 86(1), 18–24.

Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Smits, I., Lowet, K., & Goossens, L. (2007). The role of intrusive parenting in the relationship between peer management strategies and peer affiliation. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2007.02.003. CrossRef

Spokas, M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2009). Overprotective parenting, social anxiety, and external locus of control: cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, 543–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-008-9227-5. CrossRef

Ungar, M. (2009). Overprotective parenting: helping parents provide children the right amount of risk and responsibility. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 37(3), 258–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180802534247. CrossRef

van der Bruggen, C. O., Stams, G. J. J., & Bögels, S. M. (2008). Research review: the relation between child and parent anxiety and parental control, a meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(12), 1257–1269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01898.x. CrossRefPubMed

Wall, G. (2010). Mothers’ experiences with intensive parenting and brain development discourse. Women’s Studies International Forum, 33, 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2010.02.019. CrossRef

Wilhelm, K. A. Y., Niven, H., Parker, G., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2005). The stability of the Parental Bonding Instrument over a 20-year period. Psychological Medicine, 35(3), 387–393. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291704003538. CrossRefPubMed

Willoughby, B. J., Hersh, J. N., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2015). Back off! Helicopter parenting and a retreat from marriage among emerging adults. Journal of Family Issues, 36(5), 669–692. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x13495854. CrossRef

Yin, R. K. (2016). Qualitative research from start to finish. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.

Titel: Examining Overparenting and Child Gender in Adolescence
Auteurs: Ryan J. Gagnon
Barry A. Garst
Publicatiedatum: 21-05-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 10/2019
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01467-9

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2019

Evaluating Parents’ and Children’s Assessments of Competence, Health Related Quality of Life and Illness Perception

Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Effectiveness of the OpenMind (OM) Program for Pre-School Children

Parental Social Validity of the Mindfulness-Based OpenMind-Korea (OM-K) Preschool Program

Family Stress Moderates Emotional and Behavioral Symptoms in a Child Partial Hospital Setting

Children’s and Parents’ Perceptions of Vulnerability as Weakness: Associations with Children’s Well-Being

Perceived Appropriateness as a Moderator of the Association between Corporal Punishment and Chinese Adolescents’ Externalizing Behaviors