Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies 10/2017

24-05-2017 | Original Paper

Ethnic Differences in Adolescent Mental Health Problems: Examining Early Risk Factors and Deviant Peer Affiliation

Auteurs: Whitney Mihiroa Gillies, Joseph M. Boden, Myron D. Friesen, Sonja Macfarlane, David M. Fergusson

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 10/2017

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Using life-course longitudinal data from the Christchurch Health and Development Study (CHDS), we examined ethnic differences in rates of psychiatric disorder among New Zealand adolescents, comparing New Zealand Māori to their European peers. The CHDS includes a large birth cohort of New Zealand children who have been regularly assessed throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Ethnicity (New Zealand Māori vs. non-Māori) was assessed at age 14 years. Internalizing and externalizing disorders were assessed at age 15, 16, and 18 years. A diverse range of risk factors were included to test if differences in mental health difficulties were explained by greater exposure to early life-course challenges. We found significant differences in rates of mental disorder during adolescence between New Zealand Māori and non-Māori, but these differences were largely explained by early developmental challenges and adolescent peer affiliations. Differences across the two ethnic groups in rates of internalizing disorders were explained by the increased exposure amongst Māori to socioeconomic disadvantage during childhood, while differences in externalizing disorders were explained by greater exposure amongst Māori to childhood family adversity and deviant peer affiliation during adolescence. The findings point to the significant influence of cumulative early life-course risk factors in accounting for the ethnic differences between Māori and non-Māori in the development of adolescent internalizing and externalizing disorders.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Literatuur
go back to reference Barrera, M., Prelow, H. M., Dumka, L. E., Gonzales, N. A., Knight, G. P., Michaels, M. L., Roosa, M. W., & Tein, J. (2002). Pathways from family economic conditions to adolescents’ distress: Supportive parenting, stressors outside the family, and deviant peers. Journal of community psychology, 30, 135–152. doi:10.1002/jcop.10000.CrossRef Barrera, M., Prelow, H. M., Dumka, L. E., Gonzales, N. A., Knight, G. P., Michaels, M. L., Roosa, M. W., & Tein, J. (2002). Pathways from family economic conditions to adolescents’ distress: Supportive parenting, stressors outside the family, and deviant peers. Journal of community psychology, 30, 135–152. doi:10.​1002/​jcop.​10000.CrossRef
go back to reference Baxter, J., Kokaua, J., Wells, J. E., McGee, M. A., & Oakley Browne, M. A., for the New Zealand Mental Health Survey Research. (2006). Ethnic comparisons of the 12 month prevalence of mental disorders and treatment contact in Te Rau Hinengaro: the New Zealand mental health survey. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 905–913. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2006.01910.x.CrossRefPubMed Baxter, J., Kokaua, J., Wells, J. E., McGee, M. A., & Oakley Browne, M. A., for the New Zealand Mental Health Survey Research. (2006). Ethnic comparisons of the 12 month prevalence of mental disorders and treatment contact in Te Rau Hinengaro: the New Zealand mental health survey. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 905–913. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1440-1614.​2006.​01910.​x.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Boden, J. M., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2010). Risk factors for conduct disorder and oppositional/defiant disorder: Evidence from a New Zealand birth cohort. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 1125–1133. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.08.005.PubMed Boden, J. M., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2010). Risk factors for conduct disorder and oppositional/defiant disorder: Evidence from a New Zealand birth cohort. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 1125–1133. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jaac.​2010.​08.​005.PubMed
go back to reference Boulton, A., Tamehana, J., & Brannelly, T. (2013). Whānau-centered health and social service delivery in New Zealand: The challanges to, and opportunities for, innovation. MAI Journal, 2, 18–32. Boulton, A., Tamehana, J., & Brannelly, T. (2013). Whānau-centered health and social service delivery in New Zealand: The challanges to, and opportunities for, innovation. MAI Journal, 2, 18–32.
go back to reference Carter, K., & Imlach Gunasekara, F. (2012). Dynamics of income and deprivation in New Zealand, 2002–2009. A descriptive analysis of the Survey of Family, Income and Employment (SoFIE). Wellington: Department of Public health, University of Otago. Carter, K., & Imlach Gunasekara, F. (2012). Dynamics of income and deprivation in New Zealand, 2002–2009. A descriptive analysis of the Survey of Family, Income and Employment (SoFIE). Wellington: Department of Public health, University of Otago.
go back to reference Clark, T. C., Robinson, E. M., Crengle, S. M., Herd, R. A., Grant, S., & Denny, S. J. (2008). Te Ara Whakapiki Taitamariki. Youth'07: The health and wellbeing of secondary school students in New Zealand. Results for Māori young people. Auckland: The University of Auckland. Clark, T. C., Robinson, E. M., Crengle, S. M., Herd, R. A., Grant, S., & Denny, S. J. (2008). Te Ara Whakapiki Taitamariki. Youth'07: The health and wellbeing of secondary school students in New Zealand. Results for Māori young people. Auckland: The University of Auckland.
go back to reference Cotterell, G., & von Randow, M. (2008). Measuring changes in family and Whānau wellbeing using census data, 1981-2006: A preliminary analysis. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand. Cotterell, G., & von Randow, M. (2008). Measuring changes in family and Whānau wellbeing using census data, 1981-2006: A preliminary analysis. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand.
go back to reference DeLay, D., Ha, T., Van Ryzin, M., Winter, C., & Dishion, T. J. (2016). Changing friend selection in middle school: A social network analysis of a randomized intervention study designed to prevent adolescent problem behavior. Prevention Science, 17, 285–294. doi:10.1007/s11121-015-0605-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral DeLay, D., Ha, T., Van Ryzin, M., Winter, C., & Dishion, T. J. (2016). Changing friend selection in middle school: A social network analysis of a randomized intervention study designed to prevent adolescent problem behavior. Prevention Science, 17, 285–294. doi:10.​1007/​s11121-015-0605-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Deutsch, A. R., Crockett, L. J., Wolff, J. M., & Russell, S. T. (2012). Parent and peer pathways to adolescent delinquency: Variations by ethnicity and neighborhood context. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41, 1078–1094. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9754-y.CrossRefPubMed Deutsch, A. R., Crockett, L. J., Wolff, J. M., & Russell, S. T. (2012). Parent and peer pathways to adolescent delinquency: Variations by ethnicity and neighborhood context. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41, 1078–1094. doi:10.​1007/​s10964-012-9754-y.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Elliot, D. S., & Huizinga, D. (1989). Improving self-reported measures of delinquency. In M. W. Klien (Ed.), Cross-National Research in Self-Reported Crime and Delinquency (pp. 155–186). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher.CrossRef Elliot, D. S., & Huizinga, D. (1989). Improving self-reported measures of delinquency. In M. W. Klien (Ed.), Cross-National Research in Self-Reported Crime and Delinquency (pp. 155–186). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher.CrossRef
go back to reference Expert Advisory Group on Solutions to Child Poverty. (2012). Solutions to child poverty in New Zealand: Evidence for action. Wellington: Manaakitia a Tātou Tamariki Children’s Commissioner. Expert Advisory Group on Solutions to Child Poverty. (2012). Solutions to child poverty in New Zealand: Evidence for action. Wellington: Manaakitia a Tātou Tamariki Children’s Commissioner.
go back to reference Evans, G. W., & Cassells, R. C. (2014). Childhood poverty, cumulative risk exposure, and mental health in emerging adults. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 287–296.CrossRefPubMed Evans, G. W., & Cassells, R. C. (2014). Childhood poverty, cumulative risk exposure, and mental health in emerging adults. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 287–296.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Fahnhorst, T., & Winters, K. (2005). Predictors of adolescent alcohol and other drug involvement. Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology News, 10, 7–9.CrossRef Fahnhorst, T., & Winters, K. (2005). Predictors of adolescent alcohol and other drug involvement. Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology News, 10, 7–9.CrossRef
go back to reference Families Commission. (2009). Family violence: statistics report. Wellington: Families Commission. Families Commission. (2009). Family violence: statistics report. Wellington: Families Commission.
go back to reference Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (1999). Prospective childhood predictors of deviant peer affiliations in adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 40, 581–592. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00475.CrossRef Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (1999). Prospective childhood predictors of deviant peer affiliations in adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 40, 581–592. doi:10.​1111/​1469-7610.​00475.CrossRef
go back to reference Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (1993). The prevalence and comorbidity of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a birth cohort of 15 year olds. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(6), 1127–1134.CrossRefPubMed Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (1993). The prevalence and comorbidity of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a birth cohort of 15 year olds. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(6), 1127–1134.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Shannon, F. T., & Lawton, J. M. (1989). The Christchurch child development study: A review of epidemiological findings. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 3, 302–325.CrossRefPubMed Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Shannon, F. T., & Lawton, J. M. (1989). The Christchurch child development study: A review of epidemiological findings. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 3, 302–325.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Fergusson, D. M., Poulton, R., Horwood, L. J., Milne, B., Swain-Campbell, N., & Baxter, J. (2003). Comorbidity and Coincidence in the Christchurch and Dunedin Longitudinal Studies. Wellington, New Zealand. Fergusson, D. M., Poulton, R., Horwood, L. J., Milne, B., Swain-Campbell, N., & Baxter, J. (2003). Comorbidity and Coincidence in the Christchurch and Dunedin Longitudinal Studies. Wellington, New Zealand.
go back to reference Fergusson, D. M., Swain-Campbell, N. R., & Horwood, L. J. (2002). Deviant peer affiliations, crime and substance use: A fixed effects regression analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 419–430. doi:10.1023/A:1015774125952.CrossRefPubMed Fergusson, D. M., Swain-Campbell, N. R., & Horwood, L. J. (2002). Deviant peer affiliations, crime and substance use: A fixed effects regression analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 419–430. doi:10.​1023/​A:​1015774125952.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Fergusson, D. M., Wanner, B., Vitaro, F., Horwood, J., & Swain-Campbell, N. (2003). Deviant peer affiliations and depression: Confounding or causation? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 605–618. doi:10.1023/A:1026258106540.CrossRefPubMed Fergusson, D. M., Wanner, B., Vitaro, F., Horwood, J., & Swain-Campbell, N. (2003). Deviant peer affiliations and depression: Confounding or causation? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 605–618. doi:10.​1023/​A:​1026258106540.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Frigerio, A., Rucci, P., Goodman, R., Ammaniti, M., Carlet, O., Cavolina, P., et al. (2009). Prevalence and correlates of mental disorders among adolescents in Italy: the PrISMA study. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 217–226. doi:10.1007/s00787-008-0720-x.CrossRefPubMed Frigerio, A., Rucci, P., Goodman, R., Ammaniti, M., Carlet, O., Cavolina, P., et al. (2009). Prevalence and correlates of mental disorders among adolescents in Italy: the PrISMA study. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 217–226. doi:10.​1007/​s00787-008-0720-x.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Goebert, D., Nahulu, L., Hishinuma, E., Bell, C., Yuen, N., Carlton, B., et al. (2000). Cumulative effect of family environment on psychiatric symptomatology among multiethnic adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27, 34–42. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00108-7.CrossRefPubMed Goebert, D., Nahulu, L., Hishinuma, E., Bell, C., Yuen, N., Carlton, B., et al. (2000). Cumulative effect of family environment on psychiatric symptomatology among multiethnic adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27, 34–42. doi:10.​1016/​S1054-139X(00)00108-7.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hishinuma, E. S., Johnson, R. C., Kim, S. P., Nishimura, S. T., Makini, Jr., G. K., Andrade, N. N., et al. (2005). Prevalence and correlates of misconduct among ethnically diverse adolescents of Native Hawaiian/Part-Hawaiian and Non-Hawaiian ancestry. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 51, 242–258. doi:10.1177/0020764005057371.CrossRef Hishinuma, E. S., Johnson, R. C., Kim, S. P., Nishimura, S. T., Makini, Jr., G. K., Andrade, N. N., et al. (2005). Prevalence and correlates of misconduct among ethnically diverse adolescents of Native Hawaiian/Part-Hawaiian and Non-Hawaiian ancestry. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 51, 242–258. doi:10.​1177/​0020764005057371​.CrossRef
go back to reference Jäkel, J., Leyendecker, B., & Agache, A. (2015). Family and individual factors associated with Turkish immigrant and German children’s and adolescents’ mental health. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 1097–1105. doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9918-3.CrossRef Jäkel, J., Leyendecker, B., & Agache, A. (2015). Family and individual factors associated with Turkish immigrant and German children’s and adolescents’ mental health. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 1097–1105. doi:10.​1007/​s10826-014-9918-3.CrossRef
go back to reference Keijsers, L., Branje, S., Hawk, S. T., Schwartz, S. J., Frijns, T., Koot, H. M., van Leir, P., & Meeus, W. (2012). Forbidden friends as forbidden fruit: Parental supervision of friendships, contact with deviant peers, and adolescent delinquency. Child Development, 83, 651–666. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01701.x.PubMed Keijsers, L., Branje, S., Hawk, S. T., Schwartz, S. J., Frijns, T., Koot, H. M., van Leir, P., & Meeus, W. (2012). Forbidden friends as forbidden fruit: Parental supervision of friendships, contact with deviant peers, and adolescent delinquency. Child Development, 83, 651–666. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1467-8624.​2011.​01701.​x.PubMed
go back to reference Kjeldsen, A., Janson, H., Stoolmiller, M., Torgersen, L., & Mathiesen, K. S. (2014). Externalising behaviour from infancy to mid-adolescence: Latent profiles and early predictors. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35, 25–34. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2013.11.003.CrossRef Kjeldsen, A., Janson, H., Stoolmiller, M., Torgersen, L., & Mathiesen, K. S. (2014). Externalising behaviour from infancy to mid-adolescence: Latent profiles and early predictors. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35, 25–34. doi:10.​1016/​j.​appdev.​2013.​11.​003.CrossRef
go back to reference Laird, R. D., Jordan, K. Y., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2001). Peer rejection in childhood, involvement with antisocial peers in early adolescence, and the development of externalizing behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 337–354. doi:10.1017/S0954579401002085.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Laird, R. D., Jordan, K. Y., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2001). Peer rejection in childhood, involvement with antisocial peers in early adolescence, and the development of externalizing behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 337–354. doi:10.​1017/​S095457940100208​5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Laird, R. D., Pettit, G. S., Dodge, K. A., & Bates, J. E. (2005). Peer relationship antecedents of delinquent behavior in late adolescence: Is there evidence of demographic group differences in developmental processes? Development and Psychopathology, 17, 127–144. doi:10.1017/S0954579405050078.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Laird, R. D., Pettit, G. S., Dodge, K. A., & Bates, J. E. (2005). Peer relationship antecedents of delinquent behavior in late adolescence: Is there evidence of demographic group differences in developmental processes? Development and Psychopathology, 17, 127–144. doi:10.​1017/​S095457940505007​8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Marie, D., Fergusson, D. M., & Boden, J. M. (2014). Childhood socioeconomic status and ethnic disparities in psychosocial outcomes in New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 672–680. doi:10.1177/0004867414525839.CrossRefPubMed Marie, D., Fergusson, D. M., & Boden, J. M. (2014). Childhood socioeconomic status and ethnic disparities in psychosocial outcomes in New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 672–680. doi:10.​1177/​0004867414525839​.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Marie, D., Fergusson, D. M., & Boden, J. M. (2009). Ethnic identity and exposure to maltreatment in childhood: Evidence from a New Zealand birth cohort. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 36, 154. Marie, D., Fergusson, D. M., & Boden, J. M. (2009). Ethnic identity and exposure to maltreatment in childhood: Evidence from a New Zealand birth cohort. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 36, 154.
go back to reference Martinez Cobo, J. (1982). Study of the problem of discrimination against indigenous populations (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1982/2/Add.6). United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues: http://undesadspd.org.dnnmax.com/IndigenousPeoples/LibraryDocuments/Mart%C3%ADnezCoboStudy.aspx. Martinez Cobo, J. (1982). Study of the problem of discrimination against indigenous populations (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1982/2/Add.6). United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues: http://​undesadspd.​org.​dnnmax.​com/​IndigenousPeople​s/​LibraryDocuments​/​Mart%C3%ADnezCoboStudy.aspx.
go back to reference Minsky, S., Petti, T., Gara, M., Vega, W., Lu, W. L., & Kiely, G. (2006). Ethnicity and clinical psychiatric diagnosis in childhood. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 33, 558–567. doi:10.1007/s100488-006-0069-8.CrossRefPubMed Minsky, S., Petti, T., Gara, M., Vega, W., Lu, W. L., & Kiely, G. (2006). Ethnicity and clinical psychiatric diagnosis in childhood. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 33, 558–567. doi:10.​1007/​s100488-006-0069-8.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1988). Self-reported delinquency: Results from an instrument for New Zealand. Australia & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 21, 227–240.CrossRef Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1988). Self-reported delinquency: Results from an instrument for New Zealand. Australia & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 21, 227–240.CrossRef
go back to reference Mok, P. L. H., Antonsen, S., Pedersen, C. B., & Webb, R. T. (2017). Younger or older parental age and risk of suicidality, premature death, psychiatric illness, and criminality in offspring. Journal of Affective Disorders, 208, 130–138. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.001.CrossRefPubMed Mok, P. L. H., Antonsen, S., Pedersen, C. B., & Webb, R. T. (2017). Younger or older parental age and risk of suicidality, premature death, psychiatric illness, and criminality in offspring. Journal of Affective Disorders, 208, 130–138. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jad.​2016.​10.​001.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Nielsen, S. S., & Krasnik, A. (2010). Poorer self-perceived health among migrants and ethnic minorities versus the majority population in Europe: A systematic review. International Journal of Public Health, 55, 357–371. doi:10.1007/s00038-010-0145-4.CrossRefPubMed Nielsen, S. S., & Krasnik, A. (2010). Poorer self-perceived health among migrants and ethnic minorities versus the majority population in Europe: A systematic review. International Journal of Public Health, 55, 357–371. doi:10.​1007/​s00038-010-0145-4.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Noel, H., Denny, S., Farrant, B., Rossen, F., Teevale, T., Clark, T., et al. (2013). Clustering of adolescent health concerns: A latent class analysis of school students in New Zealand. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 49(11), 935–941. doi:10.1111/jpc.12397.CrossRefPubMed Noel, H., Denny, S., Farrant, B., Rossen, F., Teevale, T., Clark, T., et al. (2013). Clustering of adolescent health concerns: A latent class analysis of school students in New Zealand. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 49(11), 935–941. doi:10.​1111/​jpc.​12397.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Okamura, K. H., Ebesutani, C., Bloom, R., Higa-McMillan, C. K., Nakamura, B. J., & Chorpita, B. F. (2016). Differences in internalizing symptoms across specific ethnic minority groups: An analysis across Chinese American, Filipino American, Japanese American, native Hawaiian, and white youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies. doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0488-4. Okamura, K. H., Ebesutani, C., Bloom, R., Higa-McMillan, C. K., Nakamura, B. J., & Chorpita, B. F. (2016). Differences in internalizing symptoms across specific ethnic minority groups: An analysis across Chinese American, Filipino American, Japanese American, native Hawaiian, and white youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies. doi:10.​1007/​s10826-016-0488-4.
go back to reference Padilla-Walker, L. M., Bean, R. A., & Hsieh, A. L. (2011). The role of parenting and personal characteristics on deviant peer association among European American and Latino adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 2034–2042. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.05.034.CrossRef Padilla-Walker, L. M., Bean, R. A., & Hsieh, A. L. (2011). The role of parenting and personal characteristics on deviant peer association among European American and Latino adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 2034–2042. doi:10.​1016/​j.​childyouth.​2011.​05.​034.CrossRef
go back to reference Perry, B. (2015). Household incomes in New Zealand: Trends in indicators of inequality and hardship 1982 to 2014. Wellington: Ministry of Social Development. Perry, B. (2015). Household incomes in New Zealand: Trends in indicators of inequality and hardship 1982 to 2014. Wellington: Ministry of Social Development.
go back to reference Stansfeld, S. A., Haines, M. M., Head, J. A., Bhui, K., Viner, R., Taylor, S. J. C., et al. (2004). Ethnicity, social deprivation and psychological distress in adolescents: School-based epidemiological study in east London. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 233–238. doi:10.1192/bjp.185.3.23.CrossRefPubMed Stansfeld, S. A., Haines, M. M., Head, J. A., Bhui, K., Viner, R., Taylor, S. J. C., et al. (2004). Ethnicity, social deprivation and psychological distress in adolescents: School-based epidemiological study in east London. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 233–238. doi:10.​1192/​bjp.​185.​3.​23.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference van Kessel, K., Myers, E., Stanley, S., & Reed, L. W. (2012). Trends in child and adolescent discharges at a New Zealand psychiatric inpatient unit between 1998 and 2007. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 125, 55.PubMed van Kessel, K., Myers, E., Stanley, S., & Reed, L. W. (2012). Trends in child and adolescent discharges at a New Zealand psychiatric inpatient unit between 1998 and 2007. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 125, 55.PubMed
go back to reference van Lier, P. A. C., Wanner, B., & Vitaro, F. (2007). Onset of antisocial behavior, affiliation with deviant friends, and childhood maladjustment: A test of the childhood- and adolescent-onset models. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 167–185. doi:10.1017/s0954579407070095.PubMed van Lier, P. A. C., Wanner, B., & Vitaro, F. (2007). Onset of antisocial behavior, affiliation with deviant friends, and childhood maladjustment: A test of the childhood- and adolescent-onset models. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 167–185. doi:10.​1017/​s095457940707009​5.PubMed
go back to reference Whitbeck, L. B., Yu, M., Johnson, K. D., Hoyt, D. R., & Walls, M. L. (2008). Diagnostic prevalence rates from early to mid-adolescence among indigenous adolescents: First results from a longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 890–900. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181799609.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Whitbeck, L. B., Yu, M., Johnson, K. D., Hoyt, D. R., & Walls, M. L. (2008). Diagnostic prevalence rates from early to mid-adolescence among indigenous adolescents: First results from a longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 890–900. doi:10.​1097/​CHI.​0b013e3181799609​.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference White, H. R., & Labouvie, E. W. (1989). Towards the assessment of adolescent problem drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 50, 30.CrossRef White, H. R., & Labouvie, E. W. (1989). Towards the assessment of adolescent problem drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 50, 30.CrossRef
go back to reference Wills, R. (2016). Are we there yet?five years on the road to addressing child poverty. Wellington: Manaakitia a Tātou Tamariki Children’s Commissioner. Wills, R. (2016). Are we there yet?five years on the road to addressing child poverty. Wellington: Manaakitia a Tātou Tamariki Children’s Commissioner.
go back to reference World Health Organization (1993). Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Geneva: World Health Organisation. World Health Organization (1993). Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Geneva: World Health Organisation.
go back to reference Wynd, D. (2013). Child abuse: An analysis of child, youth and family data. Auckland: Child Poverty Action Group. Wynd, D. (2013). Child abuse: An analysis of child, youth and family data. Auckland: Child Poverty Action Group.
Metagegevens
Titel
Ethnic Differences in Adolescent Mental Health Problems: Examining Early Risk Factors and Deviant Peer Affiliation
Auteurs
Whitney Mihiroa Gillies
Joseph M. Boden
Myron D. Friesen
Sonja Macfarlane
David M. Fergusson
Publicatiedatum
24-05-2017
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 10/2017
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0792-7

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2017

Journal of Child and Family Studies 10/2017 Naar de uitgave