Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 10/2007

01-11-2007 | Original paper

Empathizing and Systemizing in Adults with and without Autism Spectrum Conditions: Cross-Cultural Stability

Auteurs: Akio Wakabayashi, Simon Baron-Cohen, Tokio Uchiyama, Yuko Yoshida, Miho Kuroda, Sally Wheelwright

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 10/2007

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

This study tests the empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory of sex differences and the extreme male brain (EMB) theory of autism. Three groups of participants took part: n = 48 people with autism spectrum, n = 137 general population controls, and n = 1,250 university student controls. Each participant completed the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and the Systemizing Quotient (SQ). Results: The autism spectrum condition (ASC) group scored significantly lower than controls on the EQ, and significantly higher on the SQ. Among both control groups, females scored significantly higher than males on the EQ, whilst males scored significantly higher than females on the SQ. The distribution of ‘brain types’, based on the difference between EQ and SQ scores, showed distinct profiles for people with ASC, control males and control females.
Literatuur
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association (1994). DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association (1994). DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
go back to reference Argyle, M., & Cooke, M. (1976). Gaze and mutual gaze. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Argyle, M., & Cooke, M. (1976). Gaze and mutual gaze. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: an essay on autism and theory of mind. Boston, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books. Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: an essay on autism and theory of mind. Boston, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books.
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S. (1997). Are children with autism superior at folk physics? In H. Wellman, & K. Inagaki (Eds.), Children’s theories. New direction for child development series. Jossey-Bass Inc. Baron-Cohen, S. (1997). Are children with autism superior at folk physics? In H. Wellman, & K. Inagaki (Eds.), Children’s theories. New direction for child development series. Jossey-Bass Inc.
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S. (2000). Theory of mind and autism: a fifteen year review. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Understanding other minds (pp. 3–20) 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Baron-Cohen, S. (2000). Theory of mind and autism: a fifteen year review. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Understanding other minds (pp. 3–20) 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 248–254.PubMedCrossRef Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 248–254.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S. (2003). The essential difference: Men, women and the extreme male brain. London: Penguin. Baron-Cohen, S. (2003). The essential difference: Men, women and the extreme male brain. London: Penguin.
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., & Bolton, P. (1993). Autism: The facts. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Baron-Cohen, S., & Bolton, P. (1993). Autism: The facts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., & Hammer, J. (1997). Is autism an extreme form of the male brain? Advances in Infancy Research, 11, 193–217. Baron-Cohen, S., & Hammer, J. (1997). Is autism an extreme form of the male brain? Advances in Infancy Research, 11, 193–217.
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The Empathizing Quotient (EQ): an investigation of adults with Asperger Syndrome and high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 163–175.PubMedCrossRef Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The Empathizing Quotient (EQ): an investigation of adults with Asperger Syndrome and high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 163–175.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition, 21, 37–46.PubMedCrossRef Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition, 21, 37–46.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1986). Mechanical, behavioural and intentional understanding of picture stories in autistic children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4, 113–125. Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1986). Mechanical, behavioural and intentional understanding of picture stories in autistic children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4, 113–125.
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Cohen, D. J. (eds.), (1993). Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Cohen, D. J. (eds.), (1993). Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Hill, J. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test, revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger Syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 241–252.PubMedCrossRef Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Hill, J. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test, revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger Syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 241–252.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Hoekstra, R., Knickmeyer, R., & Wheelwright, S. (in press). The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ)—Children’s version. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Baron-Cohen, S., Hoekstra, R., Knickmeyer, R., & Wheelwright, S. (in press). The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ)—Children’s version. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger Syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 813–822.PubMedCrossRef Baron-Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger Syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 813–822.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Stone, V., & Rutherford, M. (1999). A mathematician, a physicist, and a computer scientist with Asperger syndrome: Performance on folk psychology and folk physics test. Neurocase, 5, 475–483.CrossRef Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Stone, V., & Rutherford, M. (1999). A mathematician, a physicist, and a computer scientist with Asperger syndrome: Performance on folk psychology and folk physics test. Neurocase, 5, 475–483.CrossRef
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., O’Riordan, M., Jones, R., Stone, V., & Plaisted, K. (1999). A new test of social sensitivity: Detection of faux pas in normal children and children with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 407–418.PubMedCrossRef Baron-Cohen, S., O’Riordan, M., Jones, R., Stone, V., & Plaisted, K. (1999). A new test of social sensitivity: Detection of faux pas in normal children and children with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 407–418.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Richler, J., Bisarya, D., Gurunathan, N., & Wheelwright, S. (2003). The systemizing quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger Syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. In U. Frith, & E. Hill (Eds.), Autism: mind and brain (pp. 161–186). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Baron-Cohen, S., Richler, J., Bisarya, D., Gurunathan, N., & Wheelwright, S. (2003). The systemizing quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger Syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. In U. Frith, & E. Hill (Eds.), Autism: mind and brain (pp. 161–186). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001). The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger Syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 5–17.PubMedCrossRef Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001). The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger Syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 5–17.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Spong, A., Scahill, V., & Lawson, J. (2001). Are intuitive physics and intuitive psychology independent? Journal of Development and Learning Disorders, 5, 47–78. Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Spong, A., Scahill, V., & Lawson, J. (2001). Are intuitive physics and intuitive psychology independent? Journal of Development and Learning Disorders, 5, 47–78.
go back to reference Benbow, C. P., & Stanley, J. (1983). Sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability: More facts. Science, 222, 1029–1031.PubMedCrossRef Benbow, C. P., & Stanley, J. (1983). Sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability: More facts. Science, 222, 1029–1031.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Beneditt, J. (1994). Women in science ‘94. Comparisons across cultures. Science, 263, 1391–1396. Beneditt, J. (1994). Women in science ‘94. Comparisons across cultures. Science, 263, 1391–1396.
go back to reference Brush, S. G. (1991). Women in science and engineering. American Scientist, 79, 404–419. Brush, S. G. (1991). Women in science and engineering. American Scientist, 79, 404–419.
go back to reference Buck, R. W., Savin, V. J., Miller, R. E., & Caul, W. F. (1972). Communication of affect through facial expression in humans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, 362–371.PubMedCrossRef Buck, R. W., Savin, V. J., Miller, R. E., & Caul, W. F. (1972). Communication of affect through facial expression in humans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, 362–371.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Charman, T., & Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Understanding models, photos, and beliefs: A test of the modularity thesis of metarepresentation. Cognitive Development, 10, 287–298.CrossRef Charman, T., & Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Understanding models, photos, and beliefs: A test of the modularity thesis of metarepresentation. Cognitive Development, 10, 287–298.CrossRef
go back to reference Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1994). Origins of domain specificity: the evolution of functional organization. In L. A. Hirschfeld, & S. A Gelman (Eds.), Mapping the mind: domain specificity in cognition and culture (pp. 85–116). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1994). Origins of domain specificity: the evolution of functional organization. In L. A. Hirschfeld, & S. A Gelman (Eds.), Mapping the mind: domain specificity in cognition and culture (pp. 85–116). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85. Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.
go back to reference Davis, M. H., & Franzoi, S. L. (1991). Stability and change in adolescent self-consciousness and empathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 25, 70–87.CrossRef Davis, M. H., & Franzoi, S. L. (1991). Stability and change in adolescent self-consciousness and empathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 25, 70–87.CrossRef
go back to reference Dennett, D. (1987). The intentional stance. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press/Bradford Books. Dennett, D. (1987). The intentional stance. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press/Bradford Books.
go back to reference Geary, D. (1995). Sexual selection and sex differences in spatial cognition. Learning and Individual Differences, 7, 289–301.CrossRef Geary, D. (1995). Sexual selection and sex differences in spatial cognition. Learning and Individual Differences, 7, 289–301.CrossRef
go back to reference Gillberg, C. (1992). The Emmanuel Miller Lecture, 1991: Autism and autistic-like conditions: Subclasses among disorders of empathy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 813–842.PubMedCrossRef Gillberg, C. (1992). The Emmanuel Miller Lecture, 1991: Autism and autistic-like conditions: Subclasses among disorders of empathy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 813–842.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Goldenfeld N., Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2005). Empathizing and systemizing in males, females, and autism. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 2, 338–345. Goldenfeld N., Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2005). Empathizing and systemizing in males, females, and autism. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 2, 338–345.
go back to reference Hall, J. A. (1978). Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 845–858.CrossRef Hall, J. A. (1978). Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 845–858.CrossRef
go back to reference Halpern, D. (1992). Sex differences in cognitive ability. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Association. Halpern, D. (1992). Sex differences in cognitive ability. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Association.
go back to reference Happé, F. (1994). An advanced test of theory of mind: Understanding story characters’ thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 129–154.PubMedCrossRef Happé, F. (1994). An advanced test of theory of mind: Understanding story characters’ thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 129–154.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hermelin, B. (2002). Bright splinters of the mind: A personal story of research with autistic savants. London: Jessica kingsley. Hermelin, B. (2002). Bright splinters of the mind: A personal story of research with autistic savants. London: Jessica kingsley.
go back to reference Hoffman, M. L. (1977). Sex differences in empathy and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 712–722.PubMedCrossRef Hoffman, M. L. (1977). Sex differences in empathy and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 712–722.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill. Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill.
go back to reference Hui, C. H., & Triandis, H. C. (1986). Individualism-Collectivism: A study of cross-cultural researchers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 17, 222–248.CrossRef Hui, C. H., & Triandis, H. C. (1986). Individualism-Collectivism: A study of cross-cultural researchers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 17, 222–248.CrossRef
go back to reference Hyde, J., & Linn, M. (1988). Gender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 53–69.CrossRef Hyde, J., & Linn, M. (1988). Gender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 53–69.CrossRef
go back to reference Laungani, P. (2000). Culture influences on the development of identity: India and England. In J. Mohan (Eds.), Personality across cultures. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Laungani, P. (2000). Culture influences on the development of identity: India and England. In J. Mohan (Eds.), Personality across cultures. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Lawson, J., Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). Empathizing and systemizing in adults with and without Asperger Syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 301–310.PubMedCrossRef Lawson, J., Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). Empathizing and systemizing in adults with and without Asperger Syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 301–310.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Leekam, S., & Perner, J. (1991). Does the autistic child have a metarepresentational deficit? Cognition, 40, 203–218.PubMedCrossRef Leekam, S., & Perner, J. (1991). Does the autistic child have a metarepresentational deficit? Cognition, 40, 203–218.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Leekam, S. R., Libby, S. J., Wing, L., Gould, J., & Taylor, C. (2002). The diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders: Algorithms for ICD−10 childhood autism and Wing and Gould autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 327–342.PubMedCrossRef Leekam, S. R., Libby, S. J., Wing, L., Gould, J., & Taylor, C. (2002). The diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders: Algorithms for ICD−10 childhood autism and Wing and Gould autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 327–342.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Leslie, A. M., & Thaiss, L. (1992). Domain specificity in conceptual development: Evidence from autism. Cognition, 43, 225–251.PubMedCrossRef Leslie, A. M., & Thaiss, L. (1992). Domain specificity in conceptual development: Evidence from autism. Cognition, 43, 225–251.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Linn, M., & Petersen, A. (1985). Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 56, 1479–1498.PubMedCrossRef Linn, M., & Petersen, A. (1985). Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 56, 1479–1498.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lummis, M., & Stevenson, H. (1990). Gender differences in beliefs and achievement: A cross-cultural study. Developmental Psychology, 26, 254–263.CrossRef Lummis, M., & Stevenson, H. (1990). Gender differences in beliefs and achievement: A cross-cultural study. Developmental Psychology, 26, 254–263.CrossRef
go back to reference Masters, M. S., & Sanders, B. (1993). Is the gender difference in mental rotation disappearing? Behavior Genetics, 23, 337–341.PubMedCrossRef Masters, M. S., & Sanders, B. (1993). Is the gender difference in mental rotation disappearing? Behavior Genetics, 23, 337–341.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ounsted, C. & Taylor, D. (Eds.), (1972). Gender differences: Their ontogeny and significance. Churchill, Livingstone. Ounsted, C. & Taylor, D. (Eds.), (1972). Gender differences: Their ontogeny and significance. Churchill, Livingstone.
go back to reference Perner, J., Frith, U., Leslie, A. M., & Leekam, S. (1989). Exploration of the autistic child’s theory of mind: Knowledge, belief, and communication. Child Development, 60, 689–700.CrossRef Perner, J., Frith, U., Leslie, A. M., & Leekam, S. (1989). Exploration of the autistic child’s theory of mind: Knowledge, belief, and communication. Child Development, 60, 689–700.CrossRef
go back to reference Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill. Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
go back to reference Wakabayashi, A., Baron-Cohen, S., Sasaki, J., Ogawa, Y., & Wheelwright, S. (submitted). Are intuitive psychology and intuitive physics independent?: A study from the viewpoint of the Empathizing-Systemizing theory. Wakabayashi, A., Baron-Cohen, S., Sasaki, J., Ogawa, Y., & Wheelwright, S. (submitted). Are intuitive psychology and intuitive physics independent?: A study from the viewpoint of the Empathizing-Systemizing theory.
go back to reference Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised edition. New York; The Psychological Corporation. (Japanese version: Shinagawa, F., Kobayashi, S.,Fujita, K., & Maekawa, H. (1990) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised version. Tokyo: Nihon Bunka Kagakusha.). Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised edition. New York; The Psychological Corporation. (Japanese version: Shinagawa, F., Kobayashi, S.,Fujita, K., & Maekawa, H. (1990) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised version. Tokyo: Nihon Bunka Kagakusha.).
go back to reference Wellman, H. M. & Inagaki, K. (1997). The emergence of core domains of thought: Children’s reasoning about physical, psychological, and biological phenomena. Jossey-Bass Inc. Wellman, H. M. & Inagaki, K. (1997). The emergence of core domains of thought: Children’s reasoning about physical, psychological, and biological phenomena. Jossey-Bass Inc.
go back to reference Wheelwright, S., Baron-Cohen, S., Goldenfeld, N., Delaney, J., Fine, D., Smith, R., Weil, L., & Wakabayashi, A. (2006). Predicting Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) from the Systemizing Quotient—Revised (SQ-R) and Empathy Quotient (EQ). Brain Research, 1079, 47–56.PubMedCrossRef Wheelwright, S., Baron-Cohen, S., Goldenfeld, N., Delaney, J., Fine, D., Smith, R., Weil, L., & Wakabayashi, A. (2006). Predicting Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) from the Systemizing Quotient—Revised (SQ-R) and Empathy Quotient (EQ). Brain Research, 1079, 47–56.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Wing, L., Leekam, S. R., Libby, S. J., Gould, J., & Larcombe, M. (2002). The diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders: Background, inter-rater reliability and clinical use. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 307–325.PubMedCrossRef Wing, L., Leekam, S. R., Libby, S. J., Gould, J., & Larcombe, M. (2002). The diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders: Background, inter-rater reliability and clinical use. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 307–325.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Witkin, H., Oltman, P., Raskin, E., & Karp, S. (1971). A manual for the Embedded Figures Test. Consulting psychologists Press. Witkin, H., Oltman, P., Raskin, E., & Karp, S. (1971). A manual for the Embedded Figures Test. Consulting psychologists Press.
go back to reference World Health Organization (1992). International classification of diseases (10th ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization (1992). International classification of diseases (10th ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization.
Metagegevens
Titel
Empathizing and Systemizing in Adults with and without Autism Spectrum Conditions: Cross-Cultural Stability
Auteurs
Akio Wakabayashi
Simon Baron-Cohen
Tokio Uchiyama
Yuko Yoshida
Miho Kuroda
Sally Wheelwright
Publicatiedatum
01-11-2007
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 10/2007
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0316-6

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2007

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 10/2007 Naar de uitgave

Acknowledgements

Consulting Editors