Top

Gepubliceerd in:

22-06-2020 | Original Article

Emotional SNARC: emotional faces affect the impact of number magnitude on gaze patterns

Auteurs: Ivan Blanco, Ines Nieto, Carmelo Vazquez

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 5/2021

Abstract

The Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect is characterised by a spatial cognitive representation of low numbers to the left side of space and high numbers to the right side of space. This effect has been found using a diversity of stimuli and experimental paradigms. However, the influence of emotional stimuli on this effect remains unclear. In this study, the SNARC effect is analysed in relation to pairs of emotional facial stimuli (happy–neutral, sad–neutral and happy–sad pairs). Gaze patterns of 151 participants were analysed when exposed to a free-viewing eye-tracking paradigm consisting of pairs of emotional faces preceded by small and large numbers. Replicating previous results, a standard SNARC effect was found independently of the emotional expressions of the faces (i.e., there was a significant linear trend of number magnitude in the frequency of first fixations of the gaze to the left side space). However, specific slope analyses revealed that the SNARC effect was influenced by the spatial position of each emotion presented in the emotional pairs. Specifically, the effect disappeared in happy–neutral trials, when the happy faces were allocated in the right position and also in happy–sad trials when two emotional stimuli were simultaneously displayed. The study revealed that the SNARC effect is sensitive to the spatial position of emotional stimuli which further adds to other known limits of the phenomenon. The limitations of the study and its implications in the area of cognition and emotion are also discussed.

vorige artikel Between-person variation in naturally occurring affect does not relate to working memory performance: a latent variable modelling study

volgende artikel Do interoceptive accuracy and interoceptive sensibility predict emotion regulation?

Armstrong, T., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: A meta-analytic review and synthesis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(8), 704–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.004.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Blanco, I., Serrano-Pedraza, I., & Vazquez, C. (2017). Don’t look at my teeth when I smile: Teeth visibility in smiling faces affects emotionality ratings and gaze patterns. Emotion, 17(4), 640–647. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000260.CrossRefPubMed

Blanco, I., Poyato, N., Nieto, I., Boemo, T., Pascual, T., Roca, P., & Vazquez, C. (2019). Attentional biases in dysphoria when happy and sad faces are simultaneously presented. Journal Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 65, 101499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101499.CrossRef

Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., & Lee, S. C. (1997). Attentional biases for negative information in induced and naturally occurring dysphoria. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(10), 911–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00053-3CrossRefPubMed

Bulf, H., Macchi Cassia, V., & de Hevia, M. D. (2014). Are numbers, size, and brightness equally efficient in orienting visual attention? Evidence from an eye-tracking study. PLoS ONE, 9(6), e99499. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099499.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Calvo, M. G., & Avero, P. (2005). Time course of attentional bias to emotional scenes in anxiety: Gaze direction and duration. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 433–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930441000157.CrossRefPubMed

Calvo, M. G., & Nummenmaa, L. (2011). Time course of discrimination between emotional facial expressions: The role of visual saliency. Vision Research, 51, 1751–1759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2011.06.001.CrossRefPubMed

Calvo, M. G., Nummenmaa, L., & Avero, P. (2008). Visual search of emotional faces. Experimental Psychology, 55(6), 359–370. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.55.6.359.CrossRefPubMed

Cipora, K., & Wood, G. (2017). Finding the SNARC instead of hunting it: A 20∗20 Monte Carlo investigation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1194. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01194.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Dehaene, S., Bossini, S., & Giraux, P. (1993). The mental representation of parity and number magnitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122(3), 371–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.122.3.371.CrossRef

Epp, A. M., Dobson, K. S., Dozois, D. J. A., & Frewen, P. A. (2012). A systematic meta-analysis of the Stroop task in depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(4), 316–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.005CrossRefPubMed

Fias, W., & Fischer, M. H. (2005). Spatial representation of numbers. In J. I. D. Campbell (Ed.), Handbook of mathematical cognition (pp. 43–54). New York: Psychology Press.

Fias, W., Brysbaert, M., Geypens, F., & d’Ydewalle, (1996). The importance of magnitude information in numerical processing: Evidence from the SNARC effect. Mathematical Cognition, 2(1), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/135467996387552.CrossRef

Fischer, M. H., & Shaki, S. (2014). Spatial associations in numerical cognition-From single digits to arithmetic. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67(8), 1461–1483. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.927515.CrossRef

Fischer, M. H., Warlop, N., Hill, R. L., & Fias, W. (2004). Oculomotor bias induced by number perception. Experimental Psychology, 51(2), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.51.2.91.CrossRefPubMed

Foulsham, T., Gray, A., Nasiopoulos, E., & Kingstone, A. (2013). Leftward biases in picture scanning and line bisection: A gaze-contingent window study. Vision Research, 78, 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2012.12.001.CrossRefPubMed

Frischen, A., Eastwood, J. D., & Smilek, D. (2008). Visual search for faces with emotional expressions. Psychological Bulletin, 134(5), 662–676. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.5.662.CrossRefPubMed

Hartmann, M. (2015). Numbers in the eye of the beholder: What do eye movements reveal about numerical cognition? Cognitive Processing, 16(1), 245–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-015-0716-7.CrossRefPubMed

Hartmann, M., Martarelli, C. S., Mast, F. W., & Stocker, K. (2014). Eye movements during mental time travel follow a diagonal line. Consciousness and Cognition, 30, 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.09.007.CrossRefPubMed

Hoffmann, D., Hornung, C., Martin, R., & Schiltz, C. (2013). Developing number–space associations: SNARC effects using a color discrimination task in 5-year-olds. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 116(4), 775–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.07.013.CrossRefPubMed

Koster, E. H. W., Crombez, G., Van Damme, S., Verschuere, B., & De Houwer, J. (2004). Does imminent threat capture and hold attention? Emotion, 4(3), 312–317. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.4.3.312.CrossRefPubMed

Kowler, E. (2011). Eye movements: The past 25years. Vision Research, 51(13), 1457–1483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2010.12.014.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1997). Motivated attention: Affect, activation, and action. In P. J. Lang, R. F. Simons, & M. Balaban (Eds.), Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes (pp. 97–135). New Jersey: Routledge.

Lee, E., Kang, J. I., Park, I. H., Kim, J. J., & An, S. K. (2008). Is a neutral face really evaluated as being emotionally neutral? Psychiatry Research, 157(1–3), 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2007.02.005.CrossRefPubMed

Lewis, E. J., Blanco, I., Raila, H., & Joormann, J. (2019). Does repetitive negative thinking affect attention? Differential effects of worry and rumination on attention to emotional stimuli. Emotion. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000535.CrossRefPubMed

Leyman, L., De Raedt, R., Schacht, R., & Koster, E. H. (2007). Attentional biases for angry faces in unipolar depression. Psychological Medicine, 37(3), 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329170600910X.CrossRefPubMed

Loetscher, T., Bockisch, C. J., Nicholls, M. E., & Brugger, P. (2010). Eye position predicts what number you have in mind. Current Biology, 20, R264–R265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.01.015.CrossRefPubMed

López-Gómez, I., Hervás, G., & Vázquez, C. (2015). Adaptación de la “Escala de afecto positivo y negativo” (PANAS) en una muestra general española. Bahavior Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 23(3), 529–548.

Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., Öhman, A. (1998). The karolinska directed emotional faces - KDEF [CD ROM]. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology section, Karolinska Institutet, (ISBN: 91-630-7164-9).

Macnamara, A., Keage, H. A. D., & Loetscher, T. (2018). Mapping of non-numerical domains on space: Asystematic review and meta-analysis. Experimental Brain Research, 236(2), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-017-5154-6.CrossRefPubMed

Myachykov, A., Cangelosi, A., Ellis, R., & Fischer, M. H. (2015). The oculomotor resonance effect in spatial–numerical mapping. Acta Psychologica, 161, 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.09.006.CrossRefPubMed

Nava, E., Rinaldi, L., Bulf, H., & Macchi Cassia, V. (2017). Visual and proprioceptive feedback differently modulate the spatial representation of number and time in children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 161, 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.04.012.CrossRefPubMed

Nummenmaa, L., & Calvo, M. G. (2015). Dissociation between recognition and detection advantage for facial expressions: A meta-analysis. Emotion, 15(2), 243. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000042.CrossRefPubMed

Olatunji, B. O., Ciesielski, B. G., Armstrong, T., & Zald, D. H. (2011). Emotional expressions and visual search efficiency: Specificity and effects of anxiety symptoms. Emotion, 11(5), 1073–1079. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021785.CrossRefPubMed

Ouellet, M., Santiago, J., Israeli, Z., & Gabay, S. (2010). Is the future the right time? Experimental Psychology, 57(4), 308–314. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000036.CrossRefPubMed

Pitt, B., & Casasanto, D. (2018). Spatializing emotion: No evidence for a domain-general magnitude system. Cognitive Science, 42(7), 2150–2180. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12568.CrossRefPubMed

Pool, E., Brosch, T., Delplanque, S., & Sander, D. (2016). Attentional bias for positive emotional stimuli: a meta-analytic investigation. Psychological Bulletin, 142(1), 79–106. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000026.CrossRefPubMed

Raila, H., Scholl, B. J., & Gruber, J. (2015). Seeing the world through rose-colored glasses: People who are happy and satisfied with life preferentially attend to positive stimuli. Emotion, 15, 449–462. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000049.CrossRefPubMed

Ruiz-Fernández, S., Rahona, J. J., Hervás, G., Vázquez, C., & Ulrich, R. (2011). Number magnitude determines gaze direction: Spatial–numerical association in a free-choice task. Cortex, 47(5), 617–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2010.10.006.CrossRefPubMed

Sanchez, A., & Vazquez, C. (2014). Looking at the eyes of happiness: Positive emotions mediate the influence of life satisfaction on attention to happy faces. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(5), 435–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.910827.CrossRef

Savage, R. A., Lipp, O. V., Craig, B. M., Becker, S. I., & Horstmann, G. (2013). In search of the emotional face: Anger versus happiness superiority in visual search. Emotion, 13, 758–768. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031970.CrossRefPubMed

Spering, M., & Carrasco, M. (2015). Acting without seeing: Eye movements reveal visual processing without awareness. Trends in Neurosciences, 38(4), 224–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2015.02.002.CrossRef

Vallesi, A., Weisblatt, Y., Semenza, C., & Shaki, S. (2014). Cultural modulations of space-time compatibility effects. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21(3), 666–669. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-013-0540-y.CrossRef

van Gompel, R. P., Fischer, M. H., Murray, W. S., & Hill, R. L. (2007). Eye-movement research: An overview of current and past developments. In R. P. van Gompel, M. H. Fischer, W. S. Murray, & R. L. Hill (Eds.), Eye movements: A window on mind and brain (pp. 1–28). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Viarouge, A., Hubbard, E. M., & McCandliss, B. D. (2014). The cognitive mechanisms of the SNARC effect: An individual differences approach. PLoS ONE, 9(4), e95756. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095756.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Emotional SNARC: emotional faces affect the impact of number magnitude on gaze patterns
Auteurs: Ivan Blanco
Ines Nieto
Carmelo Vazquez
Publicatiedatum: 22-06-2020
Uitgeverij: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research / Uitgave 5/2021
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-020-01375-4

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2021

Dual mechanisms of cognitive control in mindful individuals

The influence of children’s mathematical competence on performance in mental number line, time knowledge and time perception

No identification of abrupt onsets that capture attention: evidence against a unified model of spatial attention

When more is less in financial decision-making: financial literacy magnifies framing effects

Pretty crowds are happy crowds: the influence of attractiveness on mood perception

Between-person variation in naturally occurring affect does not relate to working memory performance: a latent variable modelling study