Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1/2016

17-02-2015

Emotional Desensitization to Violence Contributes to Adolescents’ Violent Behavior

Auteurs: Sylvie Mrug, Anjana Madan, Michael Windle

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 1/2016

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Many adolescents are exposed to violence in their schools, communities and homes. Exposure to violence at high levels or across multiple contexts has been linked with emotional desensitization, indicated by low levels of internalizing symptoms. However, the long-term consequences of such desensitization are unknown. This study examined emotional desensitization to violence, together with externalizing problems, as mediators of the relationship between exposure to violence in pre-adolescence and violent behavior in late adolescence. A community sample of youth (N = 704; 48 % female; 76 % African American, 22 % Caucasian) reported on their exposure to violence in multiple settings at ages 11, 13 and 18. Internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed at ages 11 and 13; violent behavior was measured at age 18. Structural Equation Modeling showed that exposure to high levels of violence at age 11 was associated with lower levels of internalizing problems (quadratic effect) at age 13, as was exposure to violence across multiple contexts (linear effect). In turn, fewer internalizing problems and more externalizing problems at age 13 predicted more violent behavior at age 18. The results suggest that emotional desensitization to violence in early adolescence contributes to serious violence in late adolescence.
Literatuur
go back to reference Aber, J. L., Brown, J. L., & Jones, S. M. (2003). Developmental trajectories toward violence in middle childhood: course, demographic differences, and response to school-based intervention. Developmental Psychology, 39, 324–348.PubMedCrossRef Aber, J. L., Brown, J. L., & Jones, S. M. (2003). Developmental trajectories toward violence in middle childhood: course, demographic differences, and response to school-based intervention. Developmental Psychology, 39, 324–348.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Allwood, M. A., & Bell, D. J. (2008). A preliminary examination of emotional and cognitive mediators in the relations between violence exposure and violent behaviors in youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 36, 989–1007.CrossRef Allwood, M. A., & Bell, D. J. (2008). A preliminary examination of emotional and cognitive mediators in the relations between violence exposure and violent behaviors in youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 36, 989–1007.CrossRef
go back to reference Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., & Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 151–173.PubMedCrossRef Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., & Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 151–173.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bartholow, B. D., Bushman, B. J., & Sestir, M. A. (2006). Chronic violent video game exposure and desensitization to violence: behavioral and event-related brain potential data. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 532–539.CrossRef Bartholow, B. D., Bushman, B. J., & Sestir, M. A. (2006). Chronic violent video game exposure and desensitization to violence: behavioral and event-related brain potential data. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 532–539.CrossRef
go back to reference Beyers, J. M., & Loeber, R. (2003). Untangling developmental relations between depressed mood and delinquency in male adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 247.PubMedCrossRef Beyers, J. M., & Loeber, R. (2003). Untangling developmental relations between depressed mood and delinquency in male adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 247.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Boxer, P., Morris, A. S., Terranova, A. M., Kithakye, M., Savoy, S. C., & McFaul, A. F. (2008). Coping with exposure to violence: relations to emotional symptoms and aggression in three urban samples. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 17, 881–893.CrossRef Boxer, P., Morris, A. S., Terranova, A. M., Kithakye, M., Savoy, S. C., & McFaul, A. F. (2008). Coping with exposure to violence: relations to emotional symptoms and aggression in three urban samples. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 17, 881–893.CrossRef
go back to reference Bradshaw, C. P., Rodgers, C. R. R., Ghandour, L. A., & Garbarino, J. (2009). Social-cognitive mediators of the association between community violence exposure and aggressive behavior. School Psychology Quarterly, 24, 199–210.CrossRef Bradshaw, C. P., Rodgers, C. R. R., Ghandour, L. A., & Garbarino, J. (2009). Social-cognitive mediators of the association between community violence exposure and aggressive behavior. School Psychology Quarterly, 24, 199–210.CrossRef
go back to reference Brook, D. W., Brook, J. S., Rubenstone, E., Zhang, C., & Saar, N. S. (2011). Developmental associations between externalizing behaviors, peer delinquency, drug use, perceived neighborhood crime, and violent behavior in urban communities. Aggressive Behavior, 37, 349–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Brook, D. W., Brook, J. S., Rubenstone, E., Zhang, C., & Saar, N. S. (2011). Developmental associations between externalizing behaviors, peer delinquency, drug use, perceived neighborhood crime, and violent behavior in urban communities. Aggressive Behavior, 37, 349–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Bushman, B., & Anderson, C. (2009). Comfortably numb: desensitizing effects of violent media on helping others. Psychological Science, 20, 273–277.PubMedCrossRef Bushman, B., & Anderson, C. (2009). Comfortably numb: desensitizing effects of violent media on helping others. Psychological Science, 20, 273–277.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Census Bureau, U. S. (2004). 2000 census of population and housing, population and housing unit counts PHC-3-1, United States summary. Washington: Author. Census Bureau, U. S. (2004). 2000 census of population and housing, population and housing unit counts PHC-3-1, United States summary. Washington: Author.
go back to reference Cooley-Quille, M., Boyd, R. C., Frantz, E., & Walsh, J. (2001). Emotional and behavioral impact of exposure to community violence in inner-city adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 199–206.PubMedCrossRef Cooley-Quille, M., Boyd, R. C., Frantz, E., & Walsh, J. (2001). Emotional and behavioral impact of exposure to community violence in inner-city adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 199–206.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Crouch, J. L., Hanson, R. F., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Resnick, H. S. (2000). Income, race/ethnicity, and exposure to violence in youth: results from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 625–641.CrossRef Crouch, J. L., Hanson, R. F., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Resnick, H. S. (2000). Income, race/ethnicity, and exposure to violence in youth: results from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 625–641.CrossRef
go back to reference Davis, T., Ammons, C., Dahl, A., & Kliewer, W. (2015). Community violence exposure and callous-unemotional traits in adolescents: testing parental support as a promotive versus protective factor. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 7–12.PubMedCrossRef Davis, T., Ammons, C., Dahl, A., & Kliewer, W. (2015). Community violence exposure and callous-unemotional traits in adolescents: testing parental support as a promotive versus protective factor. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 7–12.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Beverly Hills: Sage. Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Beverly Hills: Sage.
go back to reference Engelhardt, C. R., Bartholow, B. D., Kerr, G. T., & Bushman, B. J. (2011). This is your brain on violent video games: neural desensitization to violence predicts increased aggression following violent video game exposure. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1033–1036.CrossRef Engelhardt, C. R., Bartholow, B. D., Kerr, G. T., & Bushman, B. J. (2011). This is your brain on violent video games: neural desensitization to violence predicts increased aggression following violent video game exposure. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1033–1036.CrossRef
go back to reference Fanti, K. A., & Avraamides, M. N. (2011). Desensitization to media violence. In M. Paludi (Ed.), The psychology of teen violence and victimization (pp. 121–133). Santa Barbara: Praeger. Fanti, K. A., & Avraamides, M. N. (2011). Desensitization to media violence. In M. Paludi (Ed.), The psychology of teen violence and victimization (pp. 121–133). Santa Barbara: Praeger.
go back to reference Fanti, K. A., Vanman, E., Henrich, C. C., & Avraamides, M. N. (2009). Desensitization to media violence over a short period of time. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 179–187.PubMedCrossRef Fanti, K. A., Vanman, E., Henrich, C. C., & Avraamides, M. N. (2009). Desensitization to media violence over a short period of time. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 179–187.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Farrell, A. D., & Bruce, S. E. (1997). Impact of exposure to community violence on violent behavior and emotional distress among urban adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26, 2–14.PubMedCrossRef Farrell, A. D., & Bruce, S. E. (1997). Impact of exposure to community violence on violent behavior and emotional distress among urban adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26, 2–14.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. K., & Turner, H. A. (2007). Polyvictimization: a neglected component in child victimization. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 7–16.PubMedCrossRef Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. K., & Turner, H. A. (2007). Polyvictimization: a neglected component in child victimization. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 7–16.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L. (2013). Violence, crime, and abuse exposure in a national sample of children and youth: an update. JAMA Pediatrics, 167, 614–21.PubMedCrossRef Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L. (2013). Violence, crime, and abuse exposure in a national sample of children and youth: an update. JAMA Pediatrics, 167, 614–21.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Flannery, D., Wester, K., & Singer, M. (2004). Impact of violence exposure at school on child mental health and violent behavior. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 559–574.CrossRef Flannery, D., Wester, K., & Singer, M. (2004). Impact of violence exposure at school on child mental health and violent behavior. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 559–574.CrossRef
go back to reference Fowler, P. J., Tompsett, C. J., Braciszewski, J. M., Jacques-Tiura, A. J., & Baltes, B. B. (2009). Community violence: a meta-analysis on the effect of exposure and mental health outcomes of children and adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 227–259.PubMedCrossRef Fowler, P. J., Tompsett, C. J., Braciszewski, J. M., Jacques-Tiura, A. J., & Baltes, B. B. (2009). Community violence: a meta-analysis on the effect of exposure and mental health outcomes of children and adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 227–259.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Frick, P. J. (2006). Developmental pathways to conduct disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15, 311–331.PubMedCrossRef Frick, P. J. (2006). Developmental pathways to conduct disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15, 311–331.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Frick, P. J., & Dickens, C. (2006). Current perspectives on conduct disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 8, 59–72.PubMedCrossRef Frick, P. J., & Dickens, C. (2006). Current perspectives on conduct disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 8, 59–72.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Funk, J. B., Baldacci, H. B., Pasold, T., & Baumgardner, J. (2004). Violence exposure in real-life, video games, television, movies, and the internet: is there desensitization? Journal of Adolescence, 27, 23–29.PubMedCrossRef Funk, J. B., Baldacci, H. B., Pasold, T., & Baumgardner, J. (2004). Violence exposure in real-life, video games, television, movies, and the internet: is there desensitization? Journal of Adolescence, 27, 23–29.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gaylord-Harden, N. K., Cunningham, J. A., & Zelencik, B. (2011). Effects of exposure to community violence on internalizing symptoms: does desensitization to violence occur in African American youth? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 711–719.PubMedCrossRef Gaylord-Harden, N. K., Cunningham, J. A., & Zelencik, B. (2011). Effects of exposure to community violence on internalizing symptoms: does desensitization to violence occur in African American youth? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 711–719.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Guerra, N. G., Huesmann, L. R., & Spindler, A. (2003). Community violence exposure, social cognition, and aggression among urban elementary school children. Child Development, 74, 1561–1576.PubMedCrossRef Guerra, N. G., Huesmann, L. R., & Spindler, A. (2003). Community violence exposure, social cognition, and aggression among urban elementary school children. Child Development, 74, 1561–1576.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Howard, A. L., Kimonis, E. R., Munoz, L. C., & Frick, P. J. (2012). Violence exposure mediates the relation between callous-unemotional traits and offending patterns in adolescents. Journal of Child Abnormal Psychology, 40, 1237–1247.CrossRef Howard, A. L., Kimonis, E. R., Munoz, L. C., & Frick, P. J. (2012). Violence exposure mediates the relation between callous-unemotional traits and offending patterns in adolescents. Journal of Child Abnormal Psychology, 40, 1237–1247.CrossRef
go back to reference Kazdin, A. E., Rodgers, A., & Colbus, D. (1986). The hopelessness scale for children: psychometric characteristics and concurrent validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 241–245.PubMedCrossRef Kazdin, A. E., Rodgers, A., & Colbus, D. (1986). The hopelessness scale for children: psychometric characteristics and concurrent validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 241–245.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kilpatrick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L. (2003). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: Results from the national survey of adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 692–700.PubMedCrossRef Kilpatrick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L. (2003). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: Results from the national survey of adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 692–700.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Leadbeater, B. J., Kuperminc, G. P., Blatt, S. J., & Hertzog, C. (1999). A multivariate model of gender differences in adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1268–1282.PubMedCrossRef Leadbeater, B. J., Kuperminc, G. P., Blatt, S. J., & Hertzog, C. (1999). A multivariate model of gender differences in adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1268–1282.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Linz, D. G., Donnerstein, E., & Penrod, S. (1988). Effects of long-term exposure to violent and sexually degrading depictions of women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(5), 758–68.PubMedCrossRef Linz, D. G., Donnerstein, E., & Penrod, S. (1988). Effects of long-term exposure to violent and sexually degrading depictions of women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(5), 758–68.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Little, T. D., Jones, S. M., Henrich, C. C., & Hawley, P. H. (2003). Disentangling the ‘whys’ from the ‘whats’ of aggressive behavior. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 122–133.CrossRef Little, T. D., Jones, S. M., Henrich, C. C., & Hawley, P. H. (2003). Disentangling the ‘whys’ from the ‘whats’ of aggressive behavior. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 122–133.CrossRef
go back to reference Lucas, C. P., Zhang, H., Fisher, P. W., Shaffer, D., Regier, D. A., Narrow, W. E., Bourdon, K., Dulcan, M. K., Canino, G., Rubio-Stipec, M., Lahey, B. B., & Friman, P. (2001). The DISC Predictive Scales (DPS): efficiently screening for diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 443–449.PubMedCrossRef Lucas, C. P., Zhang, H., Fisher, P. W., Shaffer, D., Regier, D. A., Narrow, W. E., Bourdon, K., Dulcan, M. K., Canino, G., Rubio-Stipec, M., Lahey, B. B., & Friman, P. (2001). The DISC Predictive Scales (DPS): efficiently screening for diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 443–449.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Masten, A., Roisman, G. I., Long, J. D., Burt, K. B., Obradovic, J., Riley, J. R., & Tellegen, A. (2005). Developmental cascades: linking academic achievement, externalizing and internalizing symptoms over 20 years. Developmental Psychology, 41, 733–746.PubMedCrossRef Masten, A., Roisman, G. I., Long, J. D., Burt, K. B., Obradovic, J., Riley, J. R., & Tellegen, A. (2005). Developmental cascades: linking academic achievement, externalizing and internalizing symptoms over 20 years. Developmental Psychology, 41, 733–746.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference McCart, M. R., Smith, D. W., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H., & Ruggiero, K. J. (2007). Do urban adolescents become desensitized to community violence? Data from a national survey. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 434–442.PubMedCrossRef McCart, M. R., Smith, D. W., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H., & Ruggiero, K. J. (2007). Do urban adolescents become desensitized to community violence? Data from a national survey. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 434–442.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Molitor, F., & Hirsch, K. W. (1994). Children’s toleration of real-life aggression after exposure to media violence: a replication of the Drabman and Thomas studies. Child Study Journal, 24, 191–207. Molitor, F., & Hirsch, K. W. (1994). Children’s toleration of real-life aggression after exposure to media violence: a replication of the Drabman and Thomas studies. Child Study Journal, 24, 191–207.
go back to reference Mrug, S., & Windle, M. (2009). Bidirectional influences of violence exposure and adjustment in early adolescence: externalizing behaviors and school connectedness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 611–623.PubMedCrossRef Mrug, S., & Windle, M. (2009). Bidirectional influences of violence exposure and adjustment in early adolescence: externalizing behaviors and school connectedness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 611–623.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Mrug, S., & Windle, M. (2010). Prospective effects of violence exposure across multiple contexts on early adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 953–961.PubMedCrossRef Mrug, S., & Windle, M. (2010). Prospective effects of violence exposure across multiple contexts on early adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 953–961.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Mrug, S., Loosier, P. S., & Windle, M. (2008). Violence exposure across multiple contexts: individual and joint effects on adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78, 70–84.PubMedCrossRef Mrug, S., Loosier, P. S., & Windle, M. (2008). Violence exposure across multiple contexts: individual and joint effects on adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78, 70–84.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Mrug, S., Madan, A., Cook, E.W., & Wright, R.A. (2014). Emotional and physiological desensitization to real-life and movie violence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0202-z. Mrug, S., Madan, A., Cook, E.W., & Wright, R.A. (2014). Emotional and physiological desensitization to real-life and movie violence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. doi:10.​1007/​s10964-014-0202-z.
go back to reference Mullin, C. R., & Linz, D. (1995). Desensitization and resensitization to violence against women: effects of exposure to sexually violent films on judgments of domestic violence victims. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(3), 449–459.PubMedCrossRef Mullin, C. R., & Linz, D. (1995). Desensitization and resensitization to violence against women: effects of exposure to sexually violent films on judgments of domestic violence victims. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(3), 449–459.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ng-Mak, D. S., Salzinger, S., Feldman, R., & Stueve, A. (2002). Normalization of violence among inner-city youth: a formulation for research. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72, 92–101.PubMedCrossRef Ng-Mak, D. S., Salzinger, S., Feldman, R., & Stueve, A. (2002). Normalization of violence among inner-city youth: a formulation for research. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72, 92–101.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ng-Mak, D. S., Salzinger, S., Feldman, R. S., & Stueve, C. A. (2004). Pathologic adaptation to community violence among inner-city youth. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74, 196–208.PubMedCrossRef Ng-Mak, D. S., Salzinger, S., Feldman, R. S., & Stueve, C. A. (2004). Pathologic adaptation to community violence among inner-city youth. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74, 196–208.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891.PubMedCrossRef Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rankin, C. H., Abrams, T., Barry, R. J., Bhatnagar, S., Clayton, D. F., Colombo, J., Coppola, G., Geyer, M. A., Glanzman, D. L., Marsland, S., McSweeney, F. K., Wilson, D. A., Wu, C. F., & Thompson, R. F. (2009). Habituation revisited: an updated and revised description of the behavioral characteristics of habituation. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 92, 135–138.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rankin, C. H., Abrams, T., Barry, R. J., Bhatnagar, S., Clayton, D. F., Colombo, J., Coppola, G., Geyer, M. A., Glanzman, D. L., Marsland, S., McSweeney, F. K., Wilson, D. A., Wu, C. F., & Thompson, R. F. (2009). Habituation revisited: an updated and revised description of the behavioral characteristics of habituation. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 92, 135–138.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1997). What I think and feel: a revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 15–20.PubMedCrossRef Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1997). What I think and feel: a revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 15–20.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rosenfield, D., Jouriles, E. N., McDonald, R., & Mueller, V. (2014). Interparental conflict, community violence, and child problems: Making sense of counterintuitive findings. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84, 275–283.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rosenfield, D., Jouriles, E. N., McDonald, R., & Mueller, V. (2014). Interparental conflict, community violence, and child problems: Making sense of counterintuitive findings. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84, 275–283.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Sams, D. P., & Truscott, S. D. (2004). Empathy, exposure to community violence and use of violence among urban, at risk adolescents. Child & Youth Care Forum, 33, 33–50.CrossRef Sams, D. P., & Truscott, S. D. (2004). Empathy, exposure to community violence and use of violence among urban, at risk adolescents. Child & Youth Care Forum, 33, 33–50.CrossRef
go back to reference Schwartz, D., & Proctor, L. J. (2000). Community violence exposure and children’s social adjustment in the school peer group: the mediating roles of emotion regulation and social cognition. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 670–683.PubMedCrossRef Schwartz, D., & Proctor, L. J. (2000). Community violence exposure and children’s social adjustment in the school peer group: the mediating roles of emotion regulation and social cognition. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 670–683.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Kataoka, S., Rhodes, H. J., & Vestal, K. D. (2003). Prevalence of child and adolescent exposure to community violence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6, 247–264.PubMedCrossRef Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Kataoka, S., Rhodes, H. J., & Vestal, K. D. (2003). Prevalence of child and adolescent exposure to community violence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6, 247–264.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Su, W., Mrug, S., & Windle, M. (2010). Social cognitive and emotional mediators link violence exposure and parental nurturance to adolescent aggression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 814–824.PubMedCrossRef Su, W., Mrug, S., & Windle, M. (2010). Social cognitive and emotional mediators link violence exposure and parental nurturance to adolescent aggression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 814–824.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Thornberry, T. P., & Krohn, M. D. (2000). The self-report method of measuring delinquency and crime. Measurement and Analysis of Crime and Justice: Criminal Justice Series, 4, 33–83. Thornberry, T. P., & Krohn, M. D. (2000). The self-report method of measuring delinquency and crime. Measurement and Analysis of Crime and Justice: Criminal Justice Series, 4, 33–83.
go back to reference Wiesner, M. (2003). A longitudinal latent variable analysis of reciprocal relations between depressive symptoms and delinquency during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 633–645.PubMedCrossRef Wiesner, M. (2003). A longitudinal latent variable analysis of reciprocal relations between depressive symptoms and delinquency during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 633–645.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Wilson, H. W., Stover, C. S., & Berkowitz, S. J. (2009). The relationship between childhood violence exposure and juvenile antisocial behavior: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 769–779.PubMedCrossRef Wilson, H. W., Stover, C. S., & Berkowitz, S. J. (2009). The relationship between childhood violence exposure and juvenile antisocial behavior: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 769–779.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Wothke, W. (2000). Longitudinal and multi-group modeling with missing data. In T. D. Little, K. U. Schnabel, & J. Baumert (Eds.), Modeling longitudinal and multiple group data: Practical issues, applied approaches and specific examples (pp. 219–240). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum. Wothke, W. (2000). Longitudinal and multi-group modeling with missing data. In T. D. Little, K. U. Schnabel, & J. Baumert (Eds.), Modeling longitudinal and multiple group data: Practical issues, applied approaches and specific examples (pp. 219–240). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Metagegevens
Titel
Emotional Desensitization to Violence Contributes to Adolescents’ Violent Behavior
Auteurs
Sylvie Mrug
Anjana Madan
Michael Windle
Publicatiedatum
17-02-2015
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 1/2016
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-9986-x

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2016

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1/2016 Naar de uitgave