Top

25-11-2024 | Original Article

Emotion Regulation Monitoring in Daily Life: The Roles of Event Intensity, Emotion Intensity, Perceived Regulation Success and Psychopathology

Auteurs: Xu-hua Li, Yu-ting Zhang, Xu Li, Ming Peng, Marlies Houben, Thomas Vaessen, Inez Myin-Germeys

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research

Abstract

Purpose

During emotional events, people monitor the effectiveness of their emotion regulation (ER) to decide whether to keep using their current ER strategy, switch to a new strategy, or stop the regulation process. However, there is little empirical research on the monitoring phase of ER, particularly on which and how situational and individual factors influence this process.

Methods

We tested situational and individual factors as predictors of real-life ER monitoring decisions. 155 young adults responded to 5 prompts per day in a 7-day experience sampling protocol. At each prompt they described an emotional event, rated the intensity of event, their current emotions and perceived success in ER, and reported their decision to simply stop using their current ER strategy or to switch to a new strategy during the event.

Results

Multilevel modeling results showed the decision to stop using the current ER strategy was predicted by perceived success in ER after both positive and negative events, and by depressive and anxiety symptoms after positive events. The decision to switch to a new strategy was more likely when there were high negative affect after a negative event, and less likely when there was perceived success after a positive event.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that situational and individual factors affect people’s decisions about how to regulate emotion. Interventions addressing excessive regulatory stopping in response to positive events and their underlying causes may benefit individuals with depression or anxiety.

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Abasi, I., Shams, G., Pascual-Vera, B., Milosevic, I., Bitarafan, M., Ghanadanzadeh, S., & Talebi Moghaddam, M. (2023). Positive emotion regulation strategies as mediators in depression and generalized anxiety disorder symptoms: A transdiagnostic framework investigation. Current Psychology, 42(1), 800–807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01392-5CrossRef

Aldao, A., Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation flexibility. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39(3), 263–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9662-4CrossRef

Arend, M. G., & Schäfer, T. (2019). Statistical power in two-level models: A tutorial based on Monte Carlo simulation. Psychological Methods, 24(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000195CrossRefPubMed

Barrett, L. F., Gross, J., Christensen, T. C., & Benvenuto, M. (2001). Knowing what you’re feeling and knowing what to do about it: Mapping the relation between emotion differentiation and emotion regulation. Cognition & Emotion, 15(6), 713–724. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000239CrossRef

Bartolomeo, L. A., Raugh, I. M., & Strauss, G. P. (2022). Deconstructing emotion regulation in schizophrenia: The nature and consequences of abnormalities in monitoring dynamics. Schizophrenia Research, 240, 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.12.043CrossRefPubMed

Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01CrossRef

Beblo, T., Fernando, S., Klocke, S., Griepenstroh, J., Aschenbrenner, S., & Driessen, M. (2012). Increased suppression of negative and positive emotions in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141(2–3), 474–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.019CrossRefPubMed

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. F. (1996). Comparison of beck depression inventories-IA and-II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67(3), 588–597. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13CrossRefPubMed

Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 57(1), 289–300.CrossRef

Birk, J. L., & Bonanno, G. A. (2016). When to throw the switch: The adaptiveness of modifying emotion regulation strategies based on affective and physiological feedback. Emotion, 16(5), 657–670. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000157CrossRefPubMed

Blalock, D. V., Kashdan, T. B., & Farmer, A. S. (2016). Trait and daily emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(3), 416–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-015-9739-8CrossRef

Blanke, E. S., Bellingtier, J. A., Riediger, M., & Brose, A. (2021). When and how to regulate: Everyday emotion-regulation strategy use and stressor intensity. Affective Science, 3, 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-021-00087-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Brans, K., Koval, P., Verduyn, P., Lim, Y. L., & Kuppens, P. (2013). The regulation of negative and positive affect in daily life. Emotion, 13(5), 926–939. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032400CrossRefPubMed

Carl, J. R., Fairholme, C. P., Gallagher, M. W., Thompson-Hollands, J., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). The effects of anxiety and depressive symptoms on daily positive emotion regulation. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 36(2), 224–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-013-9387-9CrossRef

Daniel, K. E., Goodman, F. R., Beltzer, M. L., Daros, A. R., Boukhechba, M., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2020). Emotion malleability beliefs and emotion experience and regulation in the daily lives of people with high trait social anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44(6), 1186–1198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10139-8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Daniel, K. E., Southward, M. W., & Teachman, B. A. (2024). Investigating psychiatric symptoms as predictors of the reasons people do not regulate their emotions in daily life. Emotion, 24(1), 241–254. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001260CrossRefPubMed

Decker, M. L., Turk, C. L., Hess, B., & Murray, C. E. (2008). Emotion regulation among individuals classified with and without generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(3), 485–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.002CrossRefPubMed

Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Aldao, A., & De Los Reyes, A. (2015). Emotion regulation in context: Examining the spontaneous use of strategies across emotional intensity and type of emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 271–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.011CrossRef

Dorman Ilan, S., Shafir, R., Birk, J. L., Bonanno, G. A., & Sheppes, G. (2019). Monitoring in emotion regulation: Behavioral decisions and neural consequences. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 14(12), 1273–1283. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa001CrossRefPubMed

Eldesouky, L., & English, T. (2019). Individual differences in emotion regulation goals: Does personality predict the reasons why people regulate their emotions? Journal of Personality, 87(4), 750–766. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12430CrossRefPubMed

English, T., Lee, I. A., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2017). Emotion regulation strategy selection in daily life: The role of social context and goals. Motivation and Emotion, 41(2), 230–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-016-9597-zCrossRefPubMed

Finch, H., & Bolin, J. (2017). Multilevel Modeling Using Mplus (1st ed.). Chapman and Hall/CRC.CrossRef

Green, P., & MacLeod, C. J. (2016). SIMR: An R package for power analysis of generalized linear mixed models by simulation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7(4), 493–498. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12504CrossRef

Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271CrossRef

Gross, J. J. (2015a). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781CrossRef

Gross, J. J. (2015b). The extended process model of emotion regulation: Elaborations, applications, and future directions. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2015.989751CrossRef

Gross, J. J., & Jazaieri, H. (2014). Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: An affective science perspective. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 387–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702614536164CrossRef

Hay, A. C., Sheppes, G., Gross, J. J., & Gruber, J. (2015). Choosing how to feel: Emotion regulation choice in bipolar disorder. Emotion, 15(2), 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000024CrossRefPubMed

Hiekkaranta, A. P., Kirtley, O. J., Lafit, G., Decoster, J., Derom, C., De Hert, M., Gülöksüz, S., Jacobs, N., Menne-Lothmann, C., Rutten, B. P. F., Thiery, E., Van Os, J., Van Winkel, R., Wichers, M., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2021). Emotion regulation in response to daily negative and positive events in youth: The role of event intensity and psychopathology. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 144, 103916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.103916CrossRefPubMed

Hofmann, S. G. (2014). Interpersonal emotion regulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38(5), 483–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9620-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hofmann, S. G., Carpenter, J. K., & Curtiss, J. (2016). Interpersonal emotion regulation questionnaire (IERQ): Scale development and psychometric characteristics. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(3), 341–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9756-2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hothorn, T., Bretz, F., & Westfall, P. (2008). Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biometrical Journal: Journal of Mathematical Methods in Biosciences, 50(3), 346–363.CrossRef

Kellough, J. L., Beevers, C. G., Ellis, A. J., & Wells, T. T. (2008). Time course of selective attention in clinically depressed young adults: An eye tracking study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(11), 1238–1243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.07.004CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kneeland, E. T., Dovidio, J. F., Joormann, J., & Clark, M. S. (2016). Emotion malleability beliefs, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: Integrating affective and clinical science. Clinical Psychology Review, 45, 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.008CrossRefPubMed

Kuo, J. R., Fitzpatrick, S., Krantz, L. H., & Zeifman, R. J. (2018). How do you choose and how well does it work?: The selection and effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies and their relationship with borderline personality disorder feature severity. Cognition and Emotion, 32(3), 632–640. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1330254CrossRefPubMed

Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). Lmertest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13CrossRef

LaRowe, L. R., Connell Bohlen, L., & Williams, D. M. (2024). There is no happiness in positive affect: The pervasive misunderstanding of the rotated circumplex model. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1301428. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1301428CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lennarz, H. K., Hollenstein, T., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Kuntsche, E., & Granic, I. (2019). Emotion regulation in action: Use, selection, and success of emotion regulation in adolescents’ daily lives. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 43(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025418755540CrossRefPubMed

Li, W., & Qian, M. (1995). Revision of the norm of state trait anxiety scale in Chinese college students. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitis Pekinesis, 31(1), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.13209/j.0479-8023.1995.014CrossRef

Li, X., Zhang, Y., Li, X., Wang, Y., Peng, M., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2024). Abnormalities in emotion regulation are associated with negative, but not positive or disorganized schizotypy: An experience sampling study. Schizophrenia Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2024.06.018CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lincoln, T. M., Schulze, L., & Renneberg, B. (2022). The role of emotion regulation in the characterization, development and treatment of psychopathology. Nature Reviews Psychology, 1(5), 272–286. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-022-00040-4CrossRef

Liu, D. Y., & Thompson, R. J. (2017). Selection and implementation of emotion regulation strategies in major depressive disorder: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 57, 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.07.004CrossRefPubMed

Mathews, B. L., Kerns, K. A., & Ciesla, J. A. (2014). Specificity of emotion regulation difficulties related to anxiety in early adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 37(7), 1089–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.08.002CrossRefPubMed

Millgram, Y., Huppert, J. D., & Tamir, M. (2020). Emotion goals in psychopathology: A new perspective on dysfunctional emotion regulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(3), 242–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420917713CrossRef

Millgram, Y., Joormann, J., Huppert, J. D., & Tamir, M. (2015). Sad as a matter of choice? Emotion-Regulation Goals in Depression. Psychological Science, 26(8), 1216–1228. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615583295CrossRefPubMed

Murphy, J. W., & Young, M. A. (2020). Monitoring processes in extended emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion, 34(5), 1059–1067. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2020.1722614CrossRefPubMed

Myin-Germeys, I., Kasanova, Z., Vaessen, T., Vachon, H., Kirtley, O., Viechtbauer, W., & Reininghaus, U. (2018). Experience sampling methodology in mental health research: New insights and technical developments. World Psychiatry, 17(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20513CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Myin-Germeys, I., Van Os, J., Schwartz, J. E., Stone, A. A., & Delespaul, P. A. (2001). Emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(12), 1137. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.58.12.1137CrossRefPubMed

Newman, M. G., & Llera, S. J. (2011). A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: A review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(3), 371–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.008CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ortner, C. N. M., Chadwick, L., & Pennekamp, P. (2022). Do motives matter? Short- and long-term motives as predictors of emotion regulation in everyday life. Emotion, 22(7), 1625–1638. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000989CrossRefPubMed

R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.

Rompilla, D. B., Hittner, E. F., Stephens, J. E., Mauss, I., & Haase, C. M. (2022). Emotion regulation in the face of loss: How detachment, positive reappraisal, and acceptance shape experiences, physiology, and perceptions in late life. Emotion, 22(7), 1417–1434. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000932CrossRefPubMed

Shafir, R., Thiruchselvam, R., Suri, G., Gross, J. J., & Sheppes, G. (2016). Neural processing of emotional-intensity predicts emotion regulation choice. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(12), 1863–1871. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw114CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sheppes, G., Scheibe, S., Suri, G., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Emotion-regulation choice. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1391–1396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611418350CrossRefPubMed

Sheppes, G., Suri, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation and psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11(1), 379–405. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112739CrossRefPubMed

Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory: STAI (Form Y). Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto.

Springstein, T., & English, T. (2024). Distinguishing emotion regulation success in daily life from maladaptive regulation and dysregulation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 28(2), 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683231199140CrossRefPubMed

Tamir, M., John, O. P., Srivastava, S., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Implicit theories of emotion: Affective and social outcomes across a major life transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(4), 731–744. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.731CrossRefPubMed

Tng, G. Y. Q., & Yang, H. (2023). Social anxiety and emotion regulation flexibility: A daily diary approach. Cognition and Emotion, 38(2), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2023.2279176CrossRef

Toh, W. X., & Yang, H. (2024). To switch or not to switch? Individual differences in executive function and emotion regulation flexibility. Emotion, 24(1), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001250CrossRefPubMed

Troy, A. S., Shallcross, A. J., Brunner, A., Friedman, R., & Jones, M. C. (2018). Cognitive reappraisal and acceptance: Effects on emotion, physiology, and perceived cognitive costs. Emotion, 18(1), 58–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000371CrossRefPubMed

Vanderlind, W. M., Millgram, Y., Baskin-Sommers, A. R., Clark, M. S., & Joormann, J. (2020). Understanding positive emotion deficits in depression: From emotion preferences to emotion regulation. Clinical Psychology Review, 76, 101826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101826CrossRefPubMed

Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.219CrossRefPubMed

Wilms, R., Lanwehr, R., & Kastenmüller, A. (2020). Emotion regulation in everyday life: The role of goals and situational factors. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 877. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00877CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Yang, W. H., Wu, D. J., & Peng, F. (2012). Application of Chinese version of beck depression inventory-II to Chinese first-year college students. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology., 20(6), 762–764.

Yoon, S., Verona, E., Schlauch, R., Schneider, S., & Rottenberg, J. (2020). Why do depressed people prefer sad music? Emotion, 20(4), 613–624. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000573CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Emotion Regulation Monitoring in Daily Life: The Roles of Event Intensity, Emotion Intensity, Perceived Regulation Success and Psychopathology
Auteurs: Xu-hua Li
Yu-ting Zhang
Xu Li
Ming Peng
Marlies Houben
Thomas Vaessen
Inez Myin-Germeys
Publicatiedatum: 25-11-2024
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10547-0

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen