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Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology

25-11-2024

Emotion Regulation Moderates the Prospective Association between ERN and Anxiety in Early Adolescence: An Age-Specific Moderation of Cognitive Reappraisal but not Expressive Suppression

Auteurs: Jaron X. Y. Tan, Pan Liu

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of anxiety problems during adolescence underscores the importance of a better understanding of the development of anxiety. Existing literature has documented a prospective association between error responsivity - characterized by the ERP component of error-related negativity (ERN) - and anxiety in youths. However, it remains unclear to what extent the ERN-anxiety relationship may be moderated by emotion regulation, another attribute critical to the development of anxiety. We collected two waves of data from 115 healthy early adolescents (66 girls; Mean age/SD at T1 = 11.00/1.16 years), approximately one year apart. Participants completed an EEG Go/No-Go task and reported on their anxiety symptoms at T1 and T2; they also reported on their emotion regulation tendencies (i.e., cognitive reappraisal [CR] and expressive suppression [ES]) at T2. The ERN was quantified via a principal component analysis. We found a moderating effect of ES on the ERN-anxiety association. Specifically, a larger T1 ERN predicted greater T2 anxiety symptoms for youths with higher, but not lower, ES. Interestingly, the moderating effect of CR on the ERN-symptom association was conditioned on age. Among older youths (upper age tercile) only, the association between T1 ERN and T2 symptoms was significant for those with lower, but not higher, CR. These findings contribute novel evidence on the moderating effect of emotion regulation on the prospective ERN-anxiety relationship in early adolescence. Our results elucidate age-specific patterns in the moderating effect of CR. Future studies can leverage these findings to tailor emotion regulation interventions for youths of different ages.

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We conducted a similar set of models without including youth’s age and sex as covariates. Results of these models were highly similar and are reported in the supplemental materials (Table S1-S3, Figure S1-S2).

We also conducted two sets of alternative models that (1) did not include the unique variance of T2 ERN as a covariate (Table S4-S6, Figure S3-S4) or (2) included the original score of T2 ERN as a covariate (Table S7-S9, Figure S5-S6). These models generated highly similar results and are reported in the supplemental materials.

In an alternative analysis, we included youths’ pubertal status as another covariate in the models. The results were similar: both the three-way interaction (ERN × Cognitive Reappraisal × Age; ß = 0.19, SE = 0.01, p = .040) and the two-way interaction (ERN × Expressive Suppression; ß = -0.13, SE = 0.02, p = .045) remained significant after controlling for pubertal status.

Results of the original model that included these terms (ERN × Expressive Suppression × Age, ERN × Age, Expressive Suppression × Age) are reported in the supplemental materials (Table S10-S11). In this model, the ERN × Age interaction was significant (ß = -0.14, SE = 0.08, p = .047). Decomposing the interaction showed the expected patterns: the ERN-symptom association was marginally significant for older youths of the upper tercile of age (ß = -0.22, SE = 0.13, p = .051), but not for younger youths of the lower (ß = 0.13, SE = 0.14, p = .271) or middle (ß = -0.04, SE = 0.09, p = .600) terciles of age.

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Titel: Emotion Regulation Moderates the Prospective Association between ERN and Anxiety in Early Adolescence: An Age-Specific Moderation of Cognitive Reappraisal but not Expressive Suppression
Auteurs: Jaron X. Y. Tan
Pan Liu
Publicatiedatum: 25-11-2024
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-024-01263-0

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