7. Embryonic, placental and foetal growth and development

In this chapter normal foetal growth is described, starting from the embryonic period until delivery. Environmental and behavioural influences on growth are discussed and how these lead to abnormal growth patterns. An important subject is how to measure growth and how to discern normal deviations in size from abnormal growth. One of the important learning goals is to understand the pathophysiological processes of excessive growth and restricted growth, as well as their impact on outcomes in the immediate period of pregnancy and in later life. From this chapter, the reader will learn about the large influence of maternal behaviour, health and disease on offspring health. Lastly, the evidence on interventions to improve outcomes is discussed.