Top

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Gepubliceerd in:

21-02-2017 | Original Paper

Electrophysiological Endophenotypes and the Error-Related Negativity (ERN) in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Family Study

Auteurs: Ann Clawson, Mikle South, Scott A. Baldwin, Michael J. Larson

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 5/2017

Abstract

We examined the error-related negativity (ERN) as an endophenotype of ASD by comparing the ERN in families of ASD probands to control families. We hypothesized that ASD probands and families would display reduced-amplitude ERN relative to controls. Participants included 148 individuals within 39 families consisting of a mother, father, sibling, and proband. Robust ANOVAs revealed non-significant differences in ERN amplitude and behavioral performance among ASD probands relative to control youth. In subsequent multiple regression analyses group and kinship (proband, sibling, mother, father) did not significantly predict ΔERN (error minus correct ERN) or behavioral performance. Results do not provide evidence for the ERN as an endophenotype of ASD. Future research is needed to examine state- or trait-related factors influencing ERN amplitudes in ASD.

vorige artikel Joint-Attention and the Social Phenotype of School-Aged Children with ASD

volgende artikel “Set in Stone” or “Ray of Hope”: Parents’ Beliefs About Cause and Prognosis After Genomic Testing of Children Diagnosed with ASD

One youth with ASD and three siblings were missing SRS-II scores. ADOS-G scores were obtained from the ASD proband (total score of 21), indicating that he displayed symptoms above the diagnostic threshold. All participants were retained in analyses to maintain statistical power. All analyses were replicated excluding these participants, and the pattern of significance remained consistent.

Ahmed, A. A., & Vander Wyk, B. C. (2013). Neural processing of intentional biological motion in unaffected siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder: An fMRI study. Brain and Cognition, 83, 297–306. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2013.09.007.CrossRefPubMed

Albrecht, B., Brandeis, D., Uebel, H., Heinrich, H., Mueller, U. C., Hasselhorn, M., et al. (2008). Action monitoring in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, their nonaffected siblings, and normal control subjects: Evidence for an endophenotype. Biological Psychiatry, 64(7), 615–625. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.12.016.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Anokhin, A. P., Golosheykin, S., & Heath, A. C. (2008). Heritability of frontal brain function related to action monitoring. Psychophysiology, 45, 524–534. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00664.CrossRefPubMed

Ari, B., & Güvenir, H. A. (2002). Clustered linear regression. Knowledge-Based Systems, 15, 169–175. doi:10.1016/S0950-7051(01)00154-X.CrossRef

Baldwin, S. A., Larson, M. J., & Clayson, P. E. (2015). The dependability of electrophysiological measurements of performance monitoring in a clinical sample: A generalizability and decision analysis of the ERN and Pe. Psychophysiology. doi:10.1111/psyp.12401.PubMed

Balsters, J. H., Mantini, D., Apps, M. A., Eickhoff, S. B., & Wenderoth, N. (2016). Connectivity based parcellation increases network detection sensitivity in resting state fMRI: An investigation into the cingulate cortex in autism. Neuroimage: Clinical, 11, 494–507. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2016.03.016.CrossRef

Barnea-Goraly, N., Lotspeich, L. J., & Reiss, A. L. (2010). Similar white matter aberrations in children with autism and their unaffected siblings: A diffusion tensor imaging study using tract-based spatial statistics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 1052–1060. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.123.CrossRefPubMed

Baron-Cohen, S., Hoekstra, R. A., Knickmeyer, R., & Wheelwright, S. (2006). The Autism spectrum quotient (AQ)—adolescent version. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 343–350. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0073-6.CrossRefPubMed

Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001). The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 5–17. doi:10.1023/A:1005653411471.CrossRefPubMed

Belmonte, M. K., Gomot, M., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2010). Visual attention in autism families: ‘Unaffected’ sibs share atypical frontal activation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 259–276. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02153.CrossRefPubMed

Bolton, P. F., Pickles, A., Murphy, M., & Rutter, M. (1998). Autism, affective and other psychiatric disorders: Patterns of familial aggregation. Psychological Medicine, 28, 385–395.CrossRefPubMed

Bosl, W., Tierney, A., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Nelson, C. (2011). EEG complexity as a biomarker for autism spectrum disorder risk. BMC Medicine, 9, 18. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-9-18.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bush, G., Luu, P., & Posner, M. I. (2000). Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(6), 215–222. doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01483-2.CrossRefPubMed

Carrasco, M., Harbin, S. M., Nienhus, J. K., Fitzgerald, K. D., Gehring, W. J., & Hanna, G. L. (2013). Increased error-related brain activity in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder and unaffected siblings. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 39–46. doi:10.1002/da.22035.CrossRefPubMed

Clayson, P. E., Clawson, A., & Larson, M. J. (2011). Sex differences in electrophysiological indices of conflict monitoring. Biological Psychology, 87, 282–289. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.03.011.CrossRefPubMed

Clayson, P. E., Clawson, A., & Larson, M. J. (2012). The effects of induced state negative affect on performance monitoring processes. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(6), 677–688. doi:10.1093/scan/nsr040.CrossRefPubMed

Constantino, J. N., & Gruber, C. P. (2012). Social responsiveness scale, second edition (SRS-2). Torrance, CA: Western Psychological Services.

Delorme, A., & Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134, 9–21. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009.CrossRefPubMed

Dien, J. (2010). The ERP PCA Toolkit: An open source program for advanced statistical analysis of event-related potential data. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 187, 138–145. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.12.009.CrossRefPubMed

Dutilh, G., van Ravenzwaaij, D. V., Nieuwenhuis, S., van der Maas, H. L. J., Forstmann, B. U., & Wagenmakers, E. (2012). How to measure post-error slowing: A confound and a simple solution. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 56, 208–216. doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2012.04.001.CrossRef

Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a non-search task. Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 143–149.CrossRef

Euser, A. S., Evans, B. E., Greaves-Lord, K., Huizink, A. C., & Franken, I. H. (2012). Diminished error-related brain activity as a promising endophenotype for substance-use disorders: Evidence from high-risk offspring. Addiction Biology, 18, 970–984. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.12.016.CrossRefPubMed

Gaugler, T., Klei, L., Sanders, S. J., Bodea, C. A., Goldberg, A. P., Lee, A. B., et al. (2014). Most genetic risk for autism resides with common variation. Nature Genetics, 46, 881–885. doi:10.1038/ng.3039.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gehring, W. J., Goss, B., Coles, M. G. H., Meyer, D. E., & Donchin, E. (1993). A neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychological Science, 4, 385–390. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00586.x.CrossRef

Glahn, D., Thompson, P. M., & Blangero, J. (2007). Neuroimaging endophenotypes: Strategies for finding genes influencing brain structure and function. Human Brain Mapping, 28, 488–501. doi:10.1002/hbm.20401.CrossRefPubMed

Goin-Kochel, R. P., Abacchi, A., & Constantino, J. N. (2007). Lack of evidence for increased genetic loading for autism among families of affected females: A replicaiton from family history data in two large samples. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 11, 279–286. doi:10.1177/1362361307076857.CrossRef

Gottesman, I. I., & Gould, T. D. (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: Etymology and strategic intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 636–645. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.636.CrossRefPubMed

Gould, T. D., & Gottesman, I. (2006). Psychiatric endophenotypes and the development of valid animal models. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 5, 113–119. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2005.00186.x.CrossRef

Griebling, B. S., Minshew, N. J., Bodner, K., Libove, R., Bansal, R., Konasale, P., et al. (2010). Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex magnetic resonance imaging measurements and cognitive performance in autism. Journal of Child Neurology, 27, 856–863. doi:10.1177/0883073809351313.CrossRef

Groen, Y., Wijers, A. A., Mulder, L. J. M., Waggeveld, B., Minderaa, R. B., & Althaus, M. (2008). Error and feedback processing in children with ADHD and children with Autistic spectrum disorder: An EEG event-related potential study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 119, 2476–2493. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.08.004.CrossRefPubMed

Hajcak, G., Franklin, M. E., Foa, E. B., & Simons, R. F. (2008). Increased error-related brain activity in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder before and after treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 116–123. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010143.CrossRefPubMed

Happé, F., Ronald, A., & Plomin, R. (2006). Time to give up on a single explanation for autism. Nature Neuroscience, 9, 1218–1220. doi:10.1038/nn1770.CrossRefPubMed

Haznedar, M. M., Buchsbaum, M. S., Wei, T. C., Hof, P. R., Cartwright, C., Bienstock, C. A., et al. (2000). Limbic circuitry in patients with autism spectrum disorders studied with positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1994–2001. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.12.1994.CrossRefPubMed

Henderson, H., Ono, K. E., McMahon, C. M., Schwartz, C. B., Usher, L. V., & Mundy, P. C. (2015). The costs and benefits of self-monitoring for higher funcitoning children and adolescents with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 548–559. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1968-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Henderson, H., Schwartz, C., Mundy, P., Burnette, C., Sutton, S., Zahka, N., et al. (2006). Response monitoring, the error-related negativity, and differences in social behavior in autism. Brain and Cognition, 61, 96–109. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2005.12.009.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hoffmann, E., Brűck, C., Kreifelts, B., Ethofer, T., & Wildgruber, D. (2016). Reduced functional connectivity to the frontal cortex during the processing of social cues in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Neural Transmission, 123, 937–947. doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1544-3.CrossRefPubMed

Howlin, P., Moss, P., Savage, S., Bolton, P., & Rutter, M. (2015). Outcomes in adult life among siblings of individuals with autism. Journal of Autism And Developmental Disorders, 45, 707–718. doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2224-5.CrossRefPubMed

Hűpen, P., Groen, Y., Gaastra, G. F., Tucha, L., & Tucha, O. (2016). Performance monitoring in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic literature review of event-related potential studies. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 102, 33–46. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.03.006.CrossRefPubMed

IBMCorp. (2013). IBM SPSS satatistics, version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.

Ingersoll, B., Hopwood, C. J., Wainer, A., & Donnellan, M. B. (2011). A comparison of three self-report measures of the broader autism phenotype in a non-clinical sample. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 4, 1646–1657. doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1192-2.CrossRef

Insel, T. R., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2009). Endophenotypes: Bridging genomic complexity and disorder heterogeneity. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 988–989. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.008.CrossRefPubMed

Jeste, S. S., & Nelson, C. A. (2009). Event related potentials in the understanding of autism spectrum disorders: An analytical review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 495–510. doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0652-9.CrossRefPubMed

Kaiser, M. D., Hudac, C. M., Schultz, S., Lee, S. M., Cheung, C., Berken, A. M., et al. (2010). Neural signatures of autism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 21223–21228. doi:10.1073/pnas.1010412107.CrossRef

Larson, M. J., & Clayson, P. E. (2011). The relationship between cogntiive performance and electrophysiological indices of performance monitoring. Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, 159–171. doi:10.3758/s13415-010-0018-6.CrossRef

Larson, M. J., Clayson, P. E., & Clawson, A. (2014). Making sense of all the conflict: A theoretical review and critique of conflict-related ERPs. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 93, 283–297. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.06.007.CrossRefPubMed

Larson, M. J., South, M., & Clayson, P. E. (2011). Sex differences in error-related performance monitoring. Neuroreport, 22, 44–48. doi:10.1097/WNR.0b013e3283427403.CrossRefPubMed

Lee, M., Rebora, P., Valsecchi, M. G., Czene, K., & Reilly, M. (2013). A unified model for estimating and testing familial aggregation. Statistics in Medicine, 32, 5353–5365. doi:10.1002/sim.6025.CrossRefPubMed

Leung, R. C., Vogan, V. M., Powell, T. L., Anagnostou, E., & Taylor, M. L. (2015). The role of executive functions in social impairment in autism spectrum disorder. Child Neuropsychology, 3, 1–9. doi:10.1080/09297049.2015.1005066.

Li, X., Zou, H., & Brown, T. W. (2012). Genes associated with autism spectrum disorder. Brain Research Bulletin, 88, 543–552. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.05.017.CrossRefPubMed

Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., et al. (2000). The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 205–223. doi:10.1023/A:1005592401947.CrossRefPubMed

McLoughlin, G., Albrecht, B., Banaschewski, T., Rothenberger, A., Brandeis, D., Asherson, P., et al. (2009). Performance monitoring is altered in adult ADHD: A familial event-related potential investigation. Neuropsychologia, 47, 3134–3142. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.013.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

McMahon, C. M., & Henderson, H. A. (2014). Error-monitoring in response to social stimuli in individuals with higher-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Developmental Science, 28, 1–15. doi:10.1111/desc.12220.

Miller, G. A., & Rockstroh, B. (2013). Endophenotypes in psychopathology research: Where do we stand? Annual Reviews of Clinical Psychology, 9, 177–213. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185540.CrossRef

Minshew, N. J., & Williams, D. L. (2007). The new neurobiology of autism: Cortex, connectivity, and neuronal organization. Archives of Neurology, 64, 645–950. doi:10.1001/archneur.64.7.94.CrossRef

Moser, J. S., Moran, T. P., Schroder, H. S., Donnellan, M. B., & Yeung, N. (2013). On the relationship between anxiety and error monitoring: A meta-analysis and conceptual framework. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(466), 1–19. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00466.

Noriuchi, M., Kikuchi, Y., Yoshiura, T., Kira, R., Shigeto, H., Hara, T., et al. (2010). Altered white matter fractional anisotropy and social impairment in children with autism spectrum disorder. Brain Research, 1362, 141–149. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.051.CrossRefPubMed

Olvet, D. M., & Hajcak, G. (2008). The error-related negativity (ERN) and psychopathology: Toward an endophenotype. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1343–1354. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.07.003.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Olvet, D. M., & Hajcak, G. (2009). The stability of error-related brain activity with increasing trials. Psychophysiology, 46, 957–961. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00848.x.CrossRefPubMed

Olvet, D. M., & Hajcak, G. (2012). The error-related negativity relates to sadness following mood induction among individuals with high neuroticism. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(3), 289–295. doi:10.1093/scan/nsr007.CrossRefPubMed

Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Carter, A., Messinger, D., Yirmiya, N., Zwaigenbaum, L., et al. (2011). Recurrence risk for autism spectrum disorders: A baby siblings research consortium study. Pediatrics, 128, 488–495. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2825.

Peterson, E., Schmidt, G. L., Tregellas, J. R., Winterrowd, E., Kopelioff, L., Hepburn, S., et al. (2006). A voxel-based morphometry study of gray matter in parents of children with autism. Neuroreport, 21, 1289–1292. doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000233087.15710.87.CrossRef

Pickles, A., Starr, E., Kazak, S., Bolton, P., Bailey, A., Goodman, R., et al. (2000). Variable expression of the autism broader phenotype: Findings from extended pedigrees. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 491–502. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00634.CrossRefPubMed

Piven, J., Gayle, J., Chase, G. A., Fink, B., Landa, R., Wzorke, M. M., et al. (1990). A family history study of neuropsychiatric disorders in the adult siblings of autistic individuals. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 177–184. doi:10.1097/00004583-199003000-00004.CrossRefPubMed

Ratcliff, R. (1993). Methods for dealing with reaction time outliers. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 510–532.CrossRefPubMed

Riesel, A., Endrass, T., Kaufmann, C., & Kathmann, N. (2011). Overactive error-related brain activity as a candidate endophenotype for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from unaffected first-degree relatives. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 317–324. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10030416.CrossRefPubMed

Ritsner, M. S., & Gottesman, I. I. (2009). Where do we stand in the quest for neuropsychiatric biomarkers and endophenotypes and what next? In M. S. Ritsner (Ed.), The handbook of neuropsychiatric biomarkers, endophenotypes and genes (Vol. 1, pp. 3–21). Berlin: Springer.CrossRef

Santesso, D. L., Drmic, I. E., Jetha, M. K., Bryson, S. E., Goldberg, J. O., Hall, G. B., et al. (2011). An event-related source localization study of response monitoring and social impairments in autism spectrum disorder. Psychophysiology, 48(2), 241–251. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01056.x.CrossRefPubMed

Santesso, D. L., Segalowitz, S. J., & Schmidt, L. A. (2006). Error-related electrocortical responses in 10-year-old children and young adults. Developmental Science, 9, 473–481. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00514.x.CrossRefPubMed

Simmonite, M., Bates, A. T., Groom, M. J., Jackson, G. M., Hollis, C., & Liddle, P. F. (2012). Error processing-associated event-related potentials in schizophrenia and unaffected siblings. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 84, 74–79. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.01.012.CrossRefPubMed

Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, comorbidity, and associated features in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 921–929. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f.CrossRefPubMed

Sokhadze, E., Baruth, J., El-Baz, A., Horrell, T., Sokhadze, G., Carroll, T., et al. (2010). Impaired error monitoring and correction funciton in autism. Journal of Neurotherapy, 14, 79–95. doi:10.1080/10874201003771561.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sokhadze, E., Baruth, J., Sears, L., Sokhadze, G., El-Baz, A., Williams, E., et al. (2012). Event-related potential study of attention regulation during illusory figure categorization task in ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and typical children. Journal of Neurotherapy, 16, 12–31. doi:10.1080/10874208.2012.650119.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Solomon, M., Frank, M. J., Ragland, J. D., Smith, A. C., Niendam, T. A., Lesh, T. A., et al. (2015). Feedback-driven trial-by-trial learning in autism spectrum disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172, doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14010036.PubMed

South, M., Larson, M. J., Krauskopf, E., & Clawson, A. (2010). Error processing in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Biological Psychology, 85, 242–251. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.07.009.CrossRefPubMed

StataCorp (2013). Stata statistical software: Release 13. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.

Szatmari, P., & Jones, M. B. (1998). Genetic epidemiology of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. In F. R. Volkmar (Ed.), Autism and pervasive developmental disorders (pp. 109–129). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Thakkar, K. N., Polli, F. E., Joseph, R. M., Tuch, D. S., Hadjikhani, N., Barton, J. J. S., et al. (2008). Response monitoring, repetitive behaviour and anterior cingulate abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 131, 2464–2478. doi:10.1093/brain/awn099.CrossRef

van den Brink, R. L., Wynn, S. C., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2014). Post-error slowing as a consequence of disturbed low-frequency oscillatory phase entrainment. Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 11096–11105. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4991-13.2014.CrossRefPubMed

Van Eylen, L., Boets, B., Cosemans, N., Peeters, H., Steyaert, J., Wagemans, J., et al. (2016). Executive functioning and local-global visual processing: Candidate endophenotypes for autism spectrum disorder? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12637.PubMed

van Veen, V., & Carter, C. S. (2002). The timing of action-monitoring processes in the anterior cingulate cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 593–602. doi:10.1162/08989290260045837.CrossRefPubMed

Viding, E., & Blakemore, S. J. (2007). Endophenotype approach to developmental psychopathology: Implications for autism research. Behavioral Genetics, 37, 51–60. doi:10.1007/s10519-006-9105-4.CrossRef

Vlamings, P. H. J. M., Jonkman, L. M., Hoeksma, M. R., van Engeland, H., & Kemner, C. (2008). Reduced error monitoring in children with autism spectrum disorder: An ERP study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 399–406. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06336.x.CrossRefPubMed

Volkmar, F., & McPartland, J. C. (2014). From Kanner to DSM-5: Autism as an evolving diagnostic concept. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 193–212. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153710.CrossRefPubMed

Wass, S. (2011). Distortions and disconnections: Disrupted brain connectivity in autism. Brain and Cognition, 75, 18–28. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2010.10.005.CrossRefPubMed

Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company.

Williams, R. L. (2000). A note on robust variance estimation for cluster-correlated data. Biometrics, 56, 645–646. doi:10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00645.x.CrossRefPubMed

Wong, D., Mayberry, M., Bishop, D. V., Maley, A., & Hallmayer, J. (2006). Profiles of executive function in parents and siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 5, 561–576. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2005.00199.x.CrossRef

Yirmiya, N., & Shaked, M. (2005). Psychiatric disorders in parents of children with autism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology And Psychiatry, 46, 69–83. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00334.x.CrossRefPubMed

Zhou, Y., Shi, L., Cui, X., Wang, S., & Luo, X. (2016). Functional connectivity of the caudal anterior cingulate cortex is decreased in autism. PLoS ONE, 11, e0151879. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.051879.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: Electrophysiological Endophenotypes and the Error-Related Negativity (ERN) in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Family Study
Auteurs: Ann Clawson
Mikle South
Scott A. Baldwin
Michael J. Larson
Publicatiedatum: 21-02-2017
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 5/2017
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3066-8

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2017

Potential Risk Factors for the Development of Self-Injurious Behavior among Infants at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Effect of Social Stimuli on Postural Responses in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Brief Report: What Drives Parental Concerns About Their 18-Month-Olds at Familial Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Atypical Processing of Gaze Cues and Faces Explains Comorbidity between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Exploring the Cognitive Foundations of the Shared Attention Mechanism: Evidence for a Relationship Between Self-Categorization and Shared Attention Across the Autism Spectrum

Examining the Efficacy of a Family Peer Advocate Model for Black and Hispanic Caregivers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder