Top

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Gepubliceerd in:

18-11-2022 | Original Article

Effect of Emotion Regulation Difficulties on Acute Smoking Urges Following a 35% Carbon Dioxide Challenge

Auteurs: Hannah R. Brinkman, Jacqueline E. Smith, Teresa M. Leyro, Michael J. Zvolensky, Samantha G. Farris

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 1/2023

Abstract

Background

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) challenges produce uncomfortable anxious arousal sensations and can be leveraged to study how vulnerability factors influence smoking outcomes in contexts of acute distress. Emotion dysregulation is associated with elevated anxious arousal among smokers, which may acutely reduce smoking motivation following CO₂ exposure as immediate smoking may further amplify CO₂-induced arousal. However, no studies have examined the effect of emotion regulation (ER) difficulties on smoking motivation immediately following CO₂-induced distress. This study examined the role of ER difficulties on the effect of 35% CO₂-induced arousal and acute smoking urges.

Methods

Smokers were randomized to receive a single vital capacity breath of either 35% CO₂-enriched or compressed room air. Trait ER difficulties and pre- and immediate post-challenge smoking urges were assessed. Consistent with work showing emotion dysregulation is associated with elevated anxious arousal and reactivity to bodily sensations, we hypothesized that smokers higher in ER difficulties would experience reduced urges immediately following 35% CO₂-exposure (relative to room air).

Results

Analyses showed a significant interaction between challenge condition and ER difficulties on smoking urges. Smokers with greater ER difficulty evidenced reduced urges following CO₂-exposure, whereas urges increased following room air.

Conclusion

This study found that smokers with greater ER difficulties evidenced an acute dampening in smoking urges following 35% CO₂-exposure. These findings may suggest a modification to extant negative reinforcement models of addiction by suggesting that contexts characterized by acute anxious arousal may decrease immediate negative reinforcement smoking.

vorige artikel Distinguishing the Dimensions of the Original Dysfunctional Attitude Scale in an Archival Clinical Sample

volgende artikel The Impact of Emotion Regulation on the Relationship Between Momentary Negative Affect and End-of-Day Worry and Rumination

Abrams, K., Schruers, K., Cosci, F., & Sawtell, S. (2008). Biological challenge procedures used to study co-occurring nicotine dependence and panic disorder. Addictive Behaviors, 33(11), 1463–1469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.02.018 CrossRef

Ameringer, K. J., & Leventhal, A. M. (2010). Applying the tripartite model of anxiety and depression to cigarette smoking: An integrative review. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 12(12), 1183–1194. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntq174 CrossRef

Asnaani, A., Tyler, J., McCann, J., Brown, L., & Zang, Y. (2020). Anxiety sensitivity and emotion regulation as mechanisms of successful CBT outcome for anxiety-related disorders in a naturalistic treatment setting. Journal of Affective Disorders, 267, 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.160 CrossRef

Attwood, A. S., Ataya, A. F., Bailey, J. E., Lightman, S. L., & Munafo, M. R. (2014). Effects of 7.5% carbon dioxide inhalation on anxiety and mood in cigarette smokers. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 28(8), 763–772. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114529378 CrossRef

Beadman, M., Das, R. K., Freeman, T. P., Scragg, P., West, R., & Kamboj, S. K. (2015). A comparison of emotion regulation strategies in response to craving cognitions: Effects on smoking behaviour, craving and affect in dependent smokers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 69, 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.03.013 CrossRef

Brandt, C. P., Johnson, K. A., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2012). Main and interactive effects of emotion dysregulation and breath-holding duration in relation to panic-relevant fear and expectancies about anxiety-related sensations among adult daily smokers. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(1), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.007 CrossRef

Carter, B. L., Lam, C. Y., Robinson, J. D., Paris, M. M., Waters, A. J., Wetter, D. W., & Cinciripini, P. M. (2008). Real-time craving and mood assessments before and after smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 10(7), 1165–1169. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200802163084 CrossRef

Chase, T., Teng, E. J., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2018). Emotion regulation difficulties in relation to anxiety, depression, and functional impairment among treatment-seeking smokers. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 206(8), 614–620. https://doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000000866 CrossRef

Farris, S. G., DiBello, A. M., Allan, N. P., Hogan, J., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2015). Evaluation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 among treatment-seeking smokers. Psychological Assessment, 27(3), 1123–1128. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000112 CrossRef

Farris, S. G., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2016). An experimental test of the effect of acute anxious arousal and anxiety sensitivity on negative reinforcement smoking. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(7), 641–653. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116642880 CrossRef

Garey, L., Olofsson, H., Garza, T., Shepherd, J. M., Smit, T., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2020). The role of anxiety in smoking onset, severity, and cessation-related outcomes: A review of recent literature. Current Psychiatry Reports, 22(8), 38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-020-01160-5 CrossRef

Gonzalez, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Vujanovic, A. A., Leyro, T. M., & Marshall, E. C. (2008). An evaluation of anxiety sensitivity, emotional dysregulation, and negative affectivity among daily cigarette smokers: Relation to smoking motives and barriers to quitting. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43(2), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.03.002 CrossRef

Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:Joba.0000007455.08539.94 CrossRef

Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0048577201393198 CrossRef

Hallion, L. S., Steinman, S. A., Tolin, D. F., & Diefenbach, G. J. (2018). Psychometric properties of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS) and its short forms in adults with emotional disorders. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 539. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00539 CrossRef

Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications.

Johnson, K. A., Farris, S. G., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2012). Anxiety sensitivity and cognitive-based smoking processes: Testing the mediating role of emotion dysregulation among treatment-seeking daily smokers. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 31(2), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2012.665695 CrossRef

Joiner, T. E., Jr., Steer, R. A., Beck, A. T., Schmidt, N. B., Rudd, M. D., & Catanzaro, S. J. (1999). Physiological hyperarousal: Construct validity of a central aspect of the tripartite model of depression and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108(2), 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.108.2.290 CrossRef

Leventhal, A. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2015). Anxiety, depression, and cigarette smoking: A transdiagnostic vulnerability framework to understanding emotion–smoking comorbidity. Psychological Bulletin, 141(1), 176–212. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000003 CrossRef

MacIntyre, J. M., Ruscio, A. C., Brede, E., & Waters, A. J. (2018). Emotion dysregulation and negative affect: Laboratory and EMA investigations in smokers. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 7, 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.01.001 CrossRef

Manning, K. F., Garey, L., Mayorga, N. A., Shepherd, J. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2019). The relation between fatigue severity and anxious arousal, negative affect, and emotion dysregulation among adult e-cigarette users. Fatigue: Biomedicine. Health & Behavior, 7, 92–101.

McCarthy, D. E., Curtin, J. J., Piper, M. E., & Baker, T. B. (2010). Negative reinforcement: Possible clinical implications of an integrative model. In Substance abuse and emotion (pp. 15–42). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12067-001

McLeish, A. C., Smit, T., Garey, L., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2021). Anxiety sensitivity and emotion dysregulation in dual and exclusive E-cigarette users. Substance Use & Misuse, 56(12), 1825–1830. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1954028 CrossRef

McLeish, A. C., Zvolensky, M. J., Yartz, A. R., & Leyro, T. M. (2008). Anxiety sensitivity as a moderator of the association between smoking status and anxiety symptoms and bodily vigilance: Replication and extension in a young adult sample. Addictive Behaviors, 33(2), 315–327. CrossRef

National Institute on Mental Health. (2022). RDoC Classification: Domain: Arousal and Regulatory Systems. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-funded-by-nimh/rdoc/constructs/arousal

Paz, R., Zvielli, A., Goldstein, P., & Bernstein, A. (2017). Brief mindfulness training de-couples the anxiogenic effects of distress intolerance on reactivity to and recovery from stress among deprived smokers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 95, 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.017 CrossRef

Perkins, K. A., Karelitz, J. L., Conklin, C. A., Sayette, M. A., & Giedgowd, G. E. (2010). Acute negative affect relief from smoking depends on the affect situation and measure but not on nicotine. Biological Psychiatry, 67(8), 707–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.017 CrossRef

Perkins, K. A., Karelitz, J. L., Giedgowd, G. E., & Conklin, C. A. (2013). Negative mood effects on craving to smoke in women versus men. Addictive Behaviors, 38(2), 1527–1531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.06.002 CrossRef

Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(86)90143-9 CrossRef

Ritschel, L. A., Tone, E. B., Schoemann, A. M., & Lim, N. E. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale across demographic groups. Psychological Assessment, 27(3), 944–954. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000099 CrossRef

Rogers, A. H., Bakhshaie, J., Viana, A. G., Manning, K., Mayorga, N. A., Garey, L., Raines, A. M., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2018). Emotion dysregulation and smoking among treatment-seeking smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 79, 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.12.025 CrossRef

Sloan, E., Hall, K., Moulding, R., Bryce, S., Mildred, H., & Staiger, P. K. (2017). Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic treatment construct across anxiety, depression, substance, eating and borderline personality disorders: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 57, 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.002 CrossRef

Sobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1992). Timeline follow-back: A technique for assessing self-reported alcohol consumption. In Measuring alcohol consumption: Psychosocial and biochemical methods. (pp. 41–72). Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0357-5_3

Szasz, P. L., Szentagotai, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012). Effects of emotion regulation strategies on smoking craving, attentional bias, and task persistence. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(5), 333–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.010 CrossRef

Taylor, S., Zvolensky, M. J., Cox, B. J., Deacon, B., Heimberg, R. G., Ledley, D. R., Abramowitz, J. S., Holaway, R. M., Sandin, B., Stewart, S. H., Coles, M., Eng, W., Daly, E. S., Arrindell, W. A., Bouvard, M., & Cardenas, S. J. (2007). Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Development and initial validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3. Psychological Assessment, 19(2), 176–188. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.19.2.176 CrossRef

Tiffany, S. T., & Drobes, D. J. (1991). The development and initial validation of a questionnaire on smoking urges. British Journal of Addiction, 86(11), 1467–1476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01732.x CrossRef

Vickers, K., Jafarpour, S., Mofidi, A., Rafat, B., & Woznica, A. (2012). The 35% carbon dioxide test in stress and panic research: Overview of effects and integration of findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(3), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.004 CrossRef

Vujanovic, A. A., Zvolensky, M. J., & Bernstein, A. (2007). The interactive effects of anxiety sensitivity and emotion dysregulation in predicting anxiety-related cognitive and affective symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 803–817. CrossRef

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995). Testing a tripartite model: II Exploring the symptom structure of anxiety and depression in student, adult, and patient samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.104.1.15 CrossRef

Watson, D., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Clark, L. A., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995). esting a tripartite model: I. Evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.104.1.3 CrossRef

Wolpe, J. (1968). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Conditional Reflex: A Pavlovian Journal of Research & Therapy, 3(4), 234–240. CrossRef

Zvolensky, M. J., Bakhshaie, J., Shepherd, J. M., Peraza, N., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., Glover, N., Brown, J. T., & Brown, R. A. (2019). Anxiety sensitivity and smoking among Spanish-speaking Latinx smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 90, 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.022 CrossRef

Zvolensky, M. J., & Bernstein, A. (2005). Cigarette smoking and panic psychopathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(6), 301–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00386.x CrossRef

Zvolensky, M. J., Manning, K., Garey, L., Alfano, C. A., Mayorga, N. A., & Peraza, N. (2021). Emotion dysregulation, fatigue, and electronic cigarette expectancies. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 50(2), 138–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2020.1819868 CrossRef

Zvolensky, M. J., Paulus, D. J., Garey, L., Raines, A. M., Businelle, M., Shankman, S. A., Manning, K., Goodwin, R. D., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017). Anxiety sensitivity and nicotine replacement therapy side effects: examining the role of emotion dysregulation among treatment-seeking smokers. J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 78(6), 877–883. CrossRef

Zvolensky, M. J., Paulus, D. J., Langdon, K. J., Robles, Z., Garey, L., Norton, P. J., & Businelle, M. S. (2017b). Anxiety sensitivity explains associations between anxious arousal symptoms and smoking abstinence expectancies, perceived barriers to cessation, and problems experienced during past quit attempts among low-income smokers. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 48, 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.12.003 CrossRef

Zvolensky, M. J., Schmidt, N. B., & Stewart, S. H. (2003). Panic disorder and smoking. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 29–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.10.1.29 CrossRef

Titel: Effect of Emotion Regulation Difficulties on Acute Smoking Urges Following a 35% Carbon Dioxide Challenge
Auteurs: Hannah R. Brinkman
Jacqueline E. Smith
Teresa M. Leyro
Michael J. Zvolensky
Samantha G. Farris
Publicatiedatum: 18-11-2022
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 1/2023
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-022-10342-9

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2023

The Beliefs About Memory Inventory (BAMI) and Its Ability to Predict Compulsive Checking

Schema-Driven Involuntary Categoric Memory in Depression

Distinguishing the Dimensions of the Original Dysfunctional Attitude Scale in an Archival Clinical Sample

Habit Reversal Training and Variants of Decoupling for Use in Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors. A Randomized Controlled Trial

Measuring Appearance-Related Comparisons: Validation of the Comparison Standards Scale for Appearance

The Impact of Emotion Regulation on the Relationship Between Momentary Negative Affect and End-of-Day Worry and Rumination