Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

05-02-2019 | Original Paper

EEG Abnormalities as a Neurophysiological Biomarker of Severity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Cohort Study

Auteurs: Antonio Gennaro Nicotera, Randi Jenssen Hagerman, Maria Vincenza Catania, Serafino Buono, Santo Di Nuovo, Elisa Maria Liprino, Emanuela Stracuzzi, Stefania Giusto, Giuseppina Di Vita, Sebastiano Antonino Musumeci

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 6/2019

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

To date, the phenotypic significance of EEG abnormalities in patients with ASD is unclear. In a population affected by ASD we aimed to evaluate: the phenotypic characteristics; the prevalence of EEG abnormalities; the potential correlations between EEG abnormalities and behavioral and cognitive variables. Sixty-nine patients with ASD underwent cognitive or developmental testing, language assessment, and adaptive behavior skills evaluation as well as sleep/wake EEG recording. EEG abnormalities were found in 39.13% of patients. EEG abnormalities correlated with autism severity, hyperactivity, anger outbursts, aggression, negative or destructive behavior, motor stereotypies, intellectual disability, language impairment and self-harm. Our findings confirmed that EEG abnormalities are present in the ASD population and correlate with several associated phenotypic features.
Literatuur
go back to reference Akshoomoff, N., Farid, N., Courchesne, E., & Haas, R. (2007). Abnormalities on the neurological examination and EEG in young children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(5), 887–893.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Akshoomoff, N., Farid, N., Courchesne, E., & Haas, R. (2007). Abnormalities on the neurological examination and EEG in young children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(5), 887–893.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders firth edition (DSM-5). Washington DC: APA.CrossRef American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders firth edition (DSM-5). Washington DC: APA.CrossRef
go back to reference Archer, T., & Garcia, D. (2016). Attention-Deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Focus upon aberrant N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors systems. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 29, 295–311.CrossRefPubMed Archer, T., & Garcia, D. (2016). Attention-Deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Focus upon aberrant N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors systems. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 29, 295–311.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Baglietto, M. G., Battaglia, F. M., Nobili, L., et al. (2001). Neuropsychological disorders related to interictal epileptic discharges during sleep in benign epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal or Rolandic spikes. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 43(6), 407–412.CrossRef Baglietto, M. G., Battaglia, F. M., Nobili, L., et al. (2001). Neuropsychological disorders related to interictal epileptic discharges during sleep in benign epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal or Rolandic spikes. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 43(6), 407–412.CrossRef
go back to reference Baird, G., Robinson, R. O., Boyd, S., & Charman, T. (2006). Sleep electroencephalograms in young children with autism with and without regression. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 48(7), 604–608.CrossRef Baird, G., Robinson, R. O., Boyd, S., & Charman, T. (2006). Sleep electroencephalograms in young children with autism with and without regression. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 48(7), 604–608.CrossRef
go back to reference Bernard, P. B., Castano, A. M., O’Leary, H., Simpson, K., Browning, M. D., & Benke, T. A. (2013). Phosphorylation of FMRP and alterations of FMRP complex underlie enhanced mLTD in adult rats triggered by early life seizures. Neurobiology of Disease, 59, 1–17.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bernard, P. B., Castano, A. M., O’Leary, H., Simpson, K., Browning, M. D., & Benke, T. A. (2013). Phosphorylation of FMRP and alterations of FMRP complex underlie enhanced mLTD in adult rats triggered by early life seizures. Neurobiology of Disease, 59, 1–17.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Canitano, R., Luchetti, A., & Zappella, M. (2005). Epilepsy, electroencephalographic abnormalities, and regression in children with autism. Journal of Child Neurology, 20(1), 27–31.CrossRefPubMed Canitano, R., Luchetti, A., & Zappella, M. (2005). Epilepsy, electroencephalographic abnormalities, and regression in children with autism. Journal of Child Neurology, 20(1), 27–31.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Capal, J. K., Carosella, C., Corbin, E., Horn, P. S., Caine, R., & Manning-Courtney, P. (2018). EEG endophenotypes in autism spectrum disorder. Epilepsy & Behavior, 88, 341–348.CrossRef Capal, J. K., Carosella, C., Corbin, E., Horn, P. S., Caine, R., & Manning-Courtney, P. (2018). EEG endophenotypes in autism spectrum disorder. Epilepsy & Behavior, 88, 341–348.CrossRef
go back to reference Caselli, M. C., & Casadio, P. (1995). Il primo vocabolario del bambino. Guida all’uso del questionario MacArthur per la valutazione della comunicazione e del linguaggio nei primi anni di vita. Milano: Franco Angeli. Caselli, M. C., & Casadio, P. (1995). Il primo vocabolario del bambino. Guida all’uso del questionario MacArthur per la valutazione della comunicazione e del linguaggio nei primi anni di vita. Milano: Franco Angeli.
go back to reference Chez, M. G., Chang, M., Krasne, V., Coughlan, C., Kominsky, M., & Schwartz, A. (2006). Frequency of epileptiform EEG abnormalities in a sequential screening of autistic patients with no known clinical epilepsy from 1996 to 2005. Epilepsy & Behavior, 8(1), 267–271.CrossRef Chez, M. G., Chang, M., Krasne, V., Coughlan, C., Kominsky, M., & Schwartz, A. (2006). Frequency of epileptiform EEG abnormalities in a sequential screening of autistic patients with no known clinical epilepsy from 1996 to 2005. Epilepsy & Behavior, 8(1), 267–271.CrossRef
go back to reference Cianchetti, C., & Fancello, G. S. (1997) TVL-Test di Valutazione del Linguaggio. Trento: Erickson. Cianchetti, C., & Fancello, G. S. (1997) TVL-Test di Valutazione del Linguaggio. Trento: Erickson.
go back to reference Deonna, T., & Roulet-Perez, E. (2010). Early-onset acquired epileptic aphasia (Landau-Kleffner syndrome, LKS) and regressive autistic disorders with epileptic EEG abnormalities: the continuing debate. Brain & Development, 32(9), 746–752.CrossRef Deonna, T., & Roulet-Perez, E. (2010). Early-onset acquired epileptic aphasia (Landau-Kleffner syndrome, LKS) and regressive autistic disorders with epileptic EEG abnormalities: the continuing debate. Brain & Development, 32(9), 746–752.CrossRef
go back to reference Deonna, T., Zesiger, P., Davidoff, V., Maeder, M., Mayor, C., & Roulet, E. (2000). Benign partial epilepsy of childhood: A longitudinal neuropsychological and EEG study of cognitive function. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 42(9), 595–603.CrossRef Deonna, T., Zesiger, P., Davidoff, V., Maeder, M., Mayor, C., & Roulet, E. (2000). Benign partial epilepsy of childhood: A longitudinal neuropsychological and EEG study of cognitive function. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 42(9), 595–603.CrossRef
go back to reference Dorothy, V., & Bishop, M. (2009). TROG-2 Test for Reception of Grammar-Version 2. Edizione italiana: Silvana Suraniti, Raffaele Ferri, Vincenzo Ferri. OS Giunti Firenze. Dorothy, V., & Bishop, M. (2009). TROG-2 Test for Reception of Grammar-Version 2. Edizione italiana: Silvana Suraniti, Raffaele Ferri, Vincenzo Ferri. OS Giunti Firenze.
go back to reference Fonseca, L. C., Tedrus, G. M., & Pacheco, E. M. (2007). Epileptiform EEG discharges in benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes: Reactivity and transitory cognitive impairment. Epilepsy & Behavior, 11(1), 65–70.CrossRef Fonseca, L. C., Tedrus, G. M., & Pacheco, E. M. (2007). Epileptiform EEG discharges in benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes: Reactivity and transitory cognitive impairment. Epilepsy & Behavior, 11(1), 65–70.CrossRef
go back to reference Frye, R. E., Rossignol, D., Casanova, M. F., et al. (2013). A review of traditional and novel treatments for seizures in autism spectrum disorder: Findings from a systematic review and expert panel. Frontiers in Public Health, 1, 31.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Frye, R. E., Rossignol, D., Casanova, M. F., et al. (2013). A review of traditional and novel treatments for seizures in autism spectrum disorder: Findings from a systematic review and expert panel. Frontiers in Public Health, 1, 31.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Frye, R. E., Sreenivasula, S., & Adams, J. B. (2011). Traditional and non-traditional treatments for autism spectrum disorder with seizures: An on-line survey. BMC Pediatrics, 11, 37.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Frye, R. E., Sreenivasula, S., & Adams, J. B. (2011). Traditional and non-traditional treatments for autism spectrum disorder with seizures: An on-line survey. BMC Pediatrics, 11, 37.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Gabis, L., Pomeroy, J., & Andriola, M. R. (2005). Autism and epilepsy: Cause, consequence, comorbidity, or coincidence? Epilepsy & Behavior, 7(4), 652–656.CrossRef Gabis, L., Pomeroy, J., & Andriola, M. R. (2005). Autism and epilepsy: Cause, consequence, comorbidity, or coincidence? Epilepsy & Behavior, 7(4), 652–656.CrossRef
go back to reference Giovanardi Rossi, P., Posar, A., & Parmeggiani, A. (2000). Epilepsy in adolescents and young adults with autistic disorder. Brain & Development, 22(2), 102–106.CrossRef Giovanardi Rossi, P., Posar, A., & Parmeggiani, A. (2000). Epilepsy in adolescents and young adults with autistic disorder. Brain & Development, 22(2), 102–106.CrossRef
go back to reference Griffiths, R. (1996). GMDS-ER, Griffiths Mental Development Scales-Extended Revised. Giunti OS-Firenze. Griffiths, R. (1996). GMDS-ER, Griffiths Mental Development Scales-Extended Revised. Giunti OS-Firenze.
go back to reference Hagerman, R. J. (2013). Epilepsy drives autism in neurodevelopmental disorders. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 55(2), 101–102.CrossRef Hagerman, R. J. (2013). Epilepsy drives autism in neurodevelopmental disorders. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 55(2), 101–102.CrossRef
go back to reference Hagerman, R. J., Berry-Kravis, E., Hazlett, H. C., et al. (2017). Fragile X syndrome. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3, 17065.CrossRefPubMed Hagerman, R. J., Berry-Kravis, E., Hazlett, H. C., et al. (2017). Fragile X syndrome. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3, 17065.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hancock, E. C., & Cross, J. H. (2013). Treatment of Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD003277. Hancock, E. C., & Cross, J. H. (2013). Treatment of Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD003277.
go back to reference Hartley-McAndrew, M., & Weinstock, A. (2010). Autism spectrum disorder: Correlation between aberrant behaviors, EEG abnormalities and seizures. Surgical Neurology International, 2(1), e10.CrossRef Hartley-McAndrew, M., & Weinstock, A. (2010). Autism spectrum disorder: Correlation between aberrant behaviors, EEG abnormalities and seizures. Surgical Neurology International, 2(1), e10.CrossRef
go back to reference Hernan, A. E., Alexander, A., Jenks, K. R., et al. (2014). Focal epileptiform activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with long-term attention and sociability deficits. Neurobiology of Disease, 63, 25–34.CrossRefPubMed Hernan, A. E., Alexander, A., Jenks, K. R., et al. (2014). Focal epileptiform activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with long-term attention and sociability deficits. Neurobiology of Disease, 63, 25–34.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hrdlicka, M., Komarek, V., Propper, L., et al. (2004). Not EEG abnormalities but epilepsy is associated with autistic regression and mental functioning in childhood autism. Eur Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(4), 209–213.CrossRef Hrdlicka, M., Komarek, V., Propper, L., et al. (2004). Not EEG abnormalities but epilepsy is associated with autistic regression and mental functioning in childhood autism. Eur Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(4), 209–213.CrossRef
go back to reference Hughes, J. R., & Melyn, M. (2005). EEG and seizures in autistic children and adolescents: Further findings with therapeutic implications. Clinical EEG Neuroscience, 36(1), 15–20.CrossRefPubMed Hughes, J. R., & Melyn, M. (2005). EEG and seizures in autistic children and adolescents: Further findings with therapeutic implications. Clinical EEG Neuroscience, 36(1), 15–20.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kawasaki, Y., Yokota, K., Shinomiya, M., Shimizu, Y., & Niwa, S. (1997). Brief report: Electroencephalographic paroxysmal activities in the frontal area emerged in middle childhood and during adolescence in a follow-up study of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27(5), 605–620.CrossRefPubMed Kawasaki, Y., Yokota, K., Shinomiya, M., Shimizu, Y., & Niwa, S. (1997). Brief report: Electroencephalographic paroxysmal activities in the frontal area emerged in middle childhood and during adolescence in a follow-up study of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27(5), 605–620.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kim, H. L., Donnelly, J. H., Tournay, A. E., Book, T. M., & Filipek, P. (2006). Absence of seizures despite high prevalence of epileptiform EEG abnormalities in children with autism monitored in a tertiary care center. Epilepsia, 47(2), 394–398.CrossRefPubMed Kim, H. L., Donnelly, J. H., Tournay, A. E., Book, T. M., & Filipek, P. (2006). Absence of seizures despite high prevalence of epileptiform EEG abnormalities in children with autism monitored in a tertiary care center. Epilepsia, 47(2), 394–398.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lee, C. H., Lim, S. N., Lien, F., & Wu, T. (2013). Duration of electroencephalographic recordings in patients with epilepsy. Seizure, 22(6), 438–442.CrossRefPubMed Lee, C. H., Lim, S. N., Lien, F., & Wu, T. (2013). Duration of electroencephalographic recordings in patients with epilepsy. Seizure, 22(6), 438–442.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lesch, K. P. (2016). Maturing insights into the genetic architecture of neurodevelopmental disorders—from common and rare variant interplay to precision psychiatry. J Child Psychology Psychiatry, 57(6), 659–661.CrossRef Lesch, K. P. (2016). Maturing insights into the genetic architecture of neurodevelopmental disorders—from common and rare variant interplay to precision psychiatry. J Child Psychology Psychiatry, 57(6), 659–661.CrossRef
go back to reference Lloyd, M. D. (2000). Peabody-Test di vocabolario recettivo. Edizione italiana: G. Stella, C. Pizzioli, Patrizio E. Tressoldi. Lloyd, M. D. (2000). Peabody-Test di vocabolario recettivo. Edizione italiana: G. Stella, C. Pizzioli, Patrizio E. Tressoldi.
go back to reference Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., Risi, S., Gotham, K., & Bishop, S. L. (2013). Autism diagnostic observation schedule (Second edn.). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services. Edizione Italiana Colombi, Tancredi, Persico e Faggioli, Hogrefe Editore Firenze. Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., Risi, S., Gotham, K., & Bishop, S. L. (2013). Autism diagnostic observation schedule (Second edn.). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services. Edizione Italiana Colombi, Tancredi, Persico e Faggioli, Hogrefe Editore Firenze.
go back to reference LoRusso, M. P. (2009). Abilità Pragmatiche nel Linguaggio. Giunti OS: APL Medea. LoRusso, M. P. (2009). Abilità Pragmatiche nel Linguaggio. Giunti OS: APL Medea.
go back to reference Losey, T. E., & Uber-Zak, L. (2008). Time to first interictal epileptiform discharge in extended recording EEGs. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 25(6), 357–360.CrossRefPubMed Losey, T. E., & Uber-Zak, L. (2008). Time to first interictal epileptiform discharge in extended recording EEGs. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 25(6), 357–360.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference McVicar, K. A., Ballaban-Gil, K., Rapin, I., Moshé, S. L., & Shinnar, S. (2005). Epileptiform EEG abnormalities in children with language regression. Neurology, 65(1), 129–131.CrossRefPubMed McVicar, K. A., Ballaban-Gil, K., Rapin, I., Moshé, S. L., & Shinnar, S. (2005). Epileptiform EEG abnormalities in children with language regression. Neurology, 65(1), 129–131.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Mulligan, C. K., & Trauner, D. A. (2014). Incidence and behavioral correlates of epileptiform abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(2), 452–458.CrossRefPubMed Mulligan, C. K., & Trauner, D. A. (2014). Incidence and behavioral correlates of epileptiform abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(2), 452–458.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Narayanan, J. T., Labar, D. R., & Schaul, N. (2008). Latency to first spike in the EEG of epilepsy patients. Seizure, 17(1), 34–41.CrossRefPubMed Narayanan, J. T., Labar, D. R., & Schaul, N. (2008). Latency to first spike in the EEG of epilepsy patients. Seizure, 17(1), 34–41.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Parmeggiani, A., Posar, A., Antolini, C., Scaduto, M. C., Santucci, M., & Giovanardi-Rossi, P. (2007). Epilepsy in patients with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. J Child Neurol, 22(10), 1198–1203.CrossRefPubMed Parmeggiani, A., Posar, A., Antolini, C., Scaduto, M. C., Santucci, M., & Giovanardi-Rossi, P. (2007). Epilepsy in patients with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. J Child Neurol, 22(10), 1198–1203.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Roid, H. G., & Miller, J. (1997) Leiter international performance scale-revised. Giunti OS: Firenze. Roid, H. G., & Miller, J. (1997) Leiter international performance scale-revised. Giunti OS: Firenze.
go back to reference Rossi, P. G., Parmeggiani, A., Bach, V., Santucci, M., & Visconti, P. (1995). EEG features and epilepsy in patients with autism. Brain & Development, 17(3), 169–174.CrossRef Rossi, P. G., Parmeggiani, A., Bach, V., Santucci, M., & Visconti, P. (1995). EEG features and epilepsy in patients with autism. Brain & Development, 17(3), 169–174.CrossRef
go back to reference Rutter, M., Bailey, A., & Lord, C. (2003). ADI-R: The autism diagnostic interview-revied. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services. Edizione italiana a cura di Faggioli, Saccani, Persico, Tancredi, Parrini e Igliozzi. Organizzazioni Speciali-Firenze. Rutter, M., Bailey, A., & Lord, C. (2003). ADI-R: The autism diagnostic interview-revied. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services. Edizione italiana a cura di Faggioli, Saccani, Persico, Tancredi, Parrini e Igliozzi. Organizzazioni Speciali-Firenze.
go back to reference Saemundsen, E., Ludvigsson, P., & Rafnsson, V. (2007). Autism spectrum disorders in children with a history of infantile spasms: A population-based study. Journal of Child Neurology, 22(9), 1102–1107.CrossRefPubMed Saemundsen, E., Ludvigsson, P., & Rafnsson, V. (2007). Autism spectrum disorders in children with a history of infantile spasms: A population-based study. Journal of Child Neurology, 22(9), 1102–1107.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Schopler, E., VanBourgondien, M. E., Wellman, G., & Love, S. R. (2014). CARS2. Childhood autism rating scale. Giunti, OS: Firenze. Schopler, E., VanBourgondien, M. E., Wellman, G., & Love, S. R. (2014). CARS2. Childhood autism rating scale. Giunti, OS: Firenze.
go back to reference Sidenvall, R., & Eeg-Olofsson, O. (1995). Epidemiology of infantile spasms in Sweden. Epilepsia, 36(6), 572–574.CrossRefPubMed Sidenvall, R., & Eeg-Olofsson, O. (1995). Epidemiology of infantile spasms in Sweden. Epilepsia, 36(6), 572–574.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Sparrow, S. S., Balla, D. A., & Cicchetti, D. V. (2003). Vineland adaptive behavior scales. Giunti, OS: Firenze. Sparrow, S. S., Balla, D. A., & Cicchetti, D. V. (2003). Vineland adaptive behavior scales. Giunti, OS: Firenze.
go back to reference Spence, S. J., & Schneider, M. T. (2009). The role of epilepsy and epileptiform EEGs in autism spectrum disorders. Pediatric Research, 65(6), 599–606.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Spence, S. J., & Schneider, M. T. (2009). The role of epilepsy and epileptiform EEGs in autism spectrum disorders. Pediatric Research, 65(6), 599–606.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Stefanatos, G. (2011). Changing perspectives on Landau-Kleffner syndrome. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25(6), 963–988.CrossRefPubMed Stefanatos, G. (2011). Changing perspectives on Landau-Kleffner syndrome. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25(6), 963–988.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Trauner, D. A. (2015). Behavioral correlates of epileptiform abnormalities in autism. Epilepsy & Behavior, 47, 163–166.CrossRef Trauner, D. A. (2015). Behavioral correlates of epileptiform abnormalities in autism. Epilepsy & Behavior, 47, 163–166.CrossRef
go back to reference van Eeghen, A. M., Pulsifer, M. B., Merker, V. L., et al. (2013). Understanding relationships between autism, intelligence, and epilepsy: a cross-disorder approach. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 55(2), 146–153.CrossRef van Eeghen, A. M., Pulsifer, M. B., Merker, V. L., et al. (2013). Understanding relationships between autism, intelligence, and epilepsy: a cross-disorder approach. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 55(2), 146–153.CrossRef
go back to reference Veerappan, V. D., Sweetha, B., Kavitha, H. R., Sivalingam, B., Nambi, S., & Pauline, L. (2018). Two-Year follow-up of isolated epileptiform discharges in autism: An endophenotypic biomarker? Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 40, 219–224.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Veerappan, V. D., Sweetha, B., Kavitha, H. R., Sivalingam, B., Nambi, S., & Pauline, L. (2018). Two-Year follow-up of isolated epileptiform discharges in autism: An endophenotypic biomarker? Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 40, 219–224.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Volkmar, F. R., & Nelson, D. S. (1990). Seizure disorders in autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(1), 127–129.CrossRefPubMed Volkmar, F. R., & Nelson, D. S. (1990). Seizure disorders in autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(1), 127–129.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wechsler, D. (2008). WAIS-IV: Administration and scoring manual. New York: The Psychological Corporation. Wechsler, D. (2008). WAIS-IV: Administration and scoring manual. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Wechsler, D. (2008). WPPSI-III, Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence-III. Giunti OS: Firenze. Wechsler, D. (2008). WPPSI-III, Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence-III. Giunti OS: Firenze.
go back to reference Wechsler, D. (2012). WISC-IV, Wechsler intelligence scale for children. Giunti OS: Firenze . Wechsler, D. (2012). WISC-IV, Wechsler intelligence scale for children. Giunti OS: Firenze .
go back to reference Yasuhara, A. (2010). Correlation between EEG abnormalities and symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Brain & Development, 32(10), 791–798.CrossRef Yasuhara, A. (2010). Correlation between EEG abnormalities and symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Brain & Development, 32(10), 791–798.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
EEG Abnormalities as a Neurophysiological Biomarker of Severity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Cohort Study
Auteurs
Antonio Gennaro Nicotera
Randi Jenssen Hagerman
Maria Vincenza Catania
Serafino Buono
Santo Di Nuovo
Elisa Maria Liprino
Emanuela Stracuzzi
Stefania Giusto
Giuseppina Di Vita
Sebastiano Antonino Musumeci
Publicatiedatum
05-02-2019
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 6/2019
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03908-2