Introduction
Methods
Patient population
Clinical assessment
Echocardiographic image acquisition
Echocardiographic measurements
Three-dimensional measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Total population | Male | Female | |
---|---|---|---|
n = 147 |
n = 73 |
n = 74 | |
Age (years) | 44.6 ± 13.8 | 44.0 ± 13.7 | 45.3 ± 13.8 |
Height (cm) | 175 ± 9 | 181 ± 7 | 169 ± 6 |
Weight (kg) | 75 ± 13 | 82 ± 11 | 67 ± 9 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.4 ± 3.3 | 25.2 ± 3.3 | 23.6 ± 3.0 |
Body surface area (m2) | 1.89 ± 0.19 | 2.03 ± 0.15 | 1.76 ± 0.12 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 127 ± 15 | 131 ± 16 | 123 ± 12 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 80 ± 9 | 82 ± 9 | 77 ± 9 |
Heart rate (beats per minute) | 71 ± 12 | 69 ± 12 | 72 ± 12 |
Echocardiographic chamber measurements in relation with age
Total population | 20–29 years | 30–39 years | 40–49 years | 50–59 years | 60–72 years | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 147 |
n = 32 |
n = 28 |
n = 28 |
n = 31 |
n = 28 | R |
p-value | |
2D measurements
| ||||||||
Left ventricle
| ||||||||
EDV (ml/m2) | 62.4 ± 10.1 | 63.9 ± 9.5 | 63.1 ± 9.9 | 64.1 ± 11.0 | 60.5 ± 8.0 | 60.6 ± 12.2 | ns | 0.061 |
ESV (ml/m2) | 24.9 ± 5.8 | 25.4 ± 5.1 | 24.7 ± 6.2 | 26.3 ± 5.5 | 23.2 ± 5.1 | 25.0 ± 6.9 | ns | 0.349 |
EF (%) | 60.4 ± 4.7 | 60.4 ± 3.6 | 61.4 ± 5.0 | 59.2 ± 4.5 | 61.9 ± 5.3 | 59.2 ± 4.5 | ns | 0.596 |
EDD (mm) | 46 ± 4 | 46 ± 3 | 47 ± 3 | 45 ± 4 | 45 ± 5 | 44 ± 5 | 0.248
| 0.003
|
ESD (mm) | 28 ± 4 | 29 ± 3 | 28 ± 3 | 28 ± 5 | 28 ± 4 | 28 ± 6 | ns | 0.566 |
Right ventricle
| ||||||||
EDA (cm2/m2) | 13.2 ± 2.3 | 14.2 ± 2.3 | 13.5 ± 2.5 | 12.9 ± 1.8 | 12.3 ± 2.0 | 12.6 ± 2.4 | 0.275
| 0.001
|
ESA (cm2/m2) | 7.7 ± 1.7 | 8.3 ± 1.6 | 7.7 ± 1.7 | 7.4 ± 1.6 | 7.3 ± 1.7 | 7.2 ± 2.0 | 0.219
| 0.014
|
FAC (%) | 42.8 ± 7.3 | 41.2 ± 6.6 | 43.6 ± 6.2 | 42.6 ± 8.5 | 42.6 ± 8.7 | 44.5 ± 7.2 | ns | 0.198 |
D1 (mm) | 39 ± 5 | 39 ± 5 | 38 ± 5 | 39 ± 6 | 38 ± 4 | 40 ± 6 | ns | 0.804 |
D2 (mm) | 29 ± 5 | 30 ± 6 | 28 ± 4 | 31 ± 5 | 28 ± 5 | 30 ± 6 | ns | 0.795 |
RVOT proximal PLAX (mm) | 32 ± 4 | 30 ± 4 | 30 ± 4 | 31 ± 4 | 33 ± 5 | 34 ± 4 | 0.355
|
<0.001
|
RVOT proximal SAX (mm) | 31 ± 4 | 31 ± 4 | 30 ± 4 | 32 ± 4 | 32 ± 5 | 31 ± 3 | 0.174
| 0.047
|
RVOT distal SAX (mm) | 22 ± 3 | 22 ± 2 | 23 ± 2 | 21 ± 3 | 23 ± 2 | 23 ± 3 | ns | 0.326 |
Longitudinal diameter (mm) | 82 ± 8 | 84 ± 7 | 86 ± 8 | 81 ± 8 | 81 ± 7 | 79 ± 7 | 0.181
| 0.029
|
TAPSE (mm) | 26 ± 4 | 26 ± 4 | 27 ± 3 | 25 ± 4 | 26 ± 3 | 26 ± 4 | ns | 0.267 |
Left atrium
| ||||||||
Length A4C (mm) | 5.0 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 5.1 ± 0.5 | 5.2 ± 0.7 | ns | 0.064 |
Area A4C (cm2) | 17.3 ± 3.2 | 16.6 ± 2.4 | 17.2 ± 3.0 | 17.1 ± 3.8 | 17.8 ± 2.4 | 17.8 ± 4.0 | ns | 0.134 |
Max volume (ml/m2) | 28.8 ± 7.2 | 27.8 ± 5.7 | 28.1 ± 6.6 | 29.0 ± 9.2 | 29.4 ± 5.5 | 30.0 ± 9.1 | ns | 0.170 |
Right atrium
| ||||||||
Length (cm/m2) | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 2.8 ± 0.3 | ns | 0.089 |
Area (cm/m2) | 8.9 ± 1.5 | 8.8 ± 1.3 | 9.3 ± 1.5 | 8.5 ± 1.4 | 8.6 ± 1.7 | 9.2 ± 1.2 | ns | 0.866 |
Max volume (ml/m2) | 24.5 ± 7.0 | 24.4 ± 6.0 | 26.7 ± 8.4 | 23.3 ± 6.5 | 23.2 ± 7.9 | 24.8 ± 5.7 | ns | 0.343 |
3D measurements
| ||||||||
Left ventricle
| ||||||||
EDV (ml/m2) | 77.5 ± 12.3 | 81.2 ± 12.1 | 77.1 ± 8.9 | 77.2 ± 10.7 | 75.6 ± 8.9 | 75.1 ± 18.9 | ns | 0.054 |
ESV (ml/m2) | 33.9 ± 6.2 | 34.9 ± 6.2 | 32.9 ± 4.9 | 34.0 ± 5.2 | 33.4 ± 5.8 | 33.9 ± 8.8 | ns | 0.603 |
EF (%) | 56.3 ± 3.7 | 57.0 ± 3.6 | 57.4 ± 3.1 | 55.9 ± 4.1 | 56.0 ± 4.3 | 54.8 ± 2.9 |
−0.229
| 0.012
|
Right ventricle
| ||||||||
EDV (ml/m2) | 57.7 ± 11.9 | 58.2 ± 14.3 | 54.9 ± 7.0 | 56.4 ± 12.1 | 58.5 ± 10.2 | 61.5 ± 15.0 | ns | 0.403 |
ESV (ml/m2) | 24.3 ± 5.8 | 23.7 ± 6.8 | 22.7 ± 4.4 | 24.2 ± 6.0 | 24.3 ± 4.8 | 27.5 ± 6.5 | ns | 0.054 |
EF (%) | 58.0 ± 4.2 | 59.1 ± 3.7 | 59.0 ± 4.3 | 57.3 ± 4.7 | 58.7 ± 4.1 | 54.9 ± 3.1 |
−0.298
| 0.003
|
Echocardiographic chamber measurements in relation with gender
Total population | Male | Female | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 147 |
n = 73 |
n = 74 |
p-value | |
2D measurements
| ||||
Left ventricle
| ||||
2D EDV (ml/m2) | 62.4 ± 10.1 | 66.5 ± 9.3 | 58.6 ± 9.4 |
<0.001
|
2D ESV (ml/m2) | 24.9 ± 5.8 | 27.2 ± 5.3 | 22.7 ± 5.3 |
<0.001
|
2D EF (%) | 60.4 ± 4.7 | 59.2 ± 4.3 | 61.6 ± 4.8 | 0.002
|
EDD (mm) | 46 ± 4 | 47 ± 4 | 45 ± 4 | 0.002
|
ESD (mm) | 28 ± 4 | 29 ± 5 | 28 ± 4 | 0.026
|
Right ventricle
| ||||
EDA (cm2/m2) | 13.2 ± 2.3 | 13.9 ± 2.2 | 12.5 ± 2.2 |
<0.001
|
ESA (cm2/m2) | 7.7 ± 1.7 | 8.2 ± 1.8 | 7.1 ± 1.6 |
<0.001
|
FAC (%) | 42.8 ± 7.3 | 41.4 ± 7.7 | 44.0 ± 6.8 | 0.048
|
D1 (mm) | 39 ± 5 | 41 ± 5 | 37 ± 4 |
<0.001
|
D2 (mm) | 29 ± 5 | 32 ± 5 | 27 ± 5 |
<0.001
|
RVOT proximal PLAX (mm) | 32 ± 4 | 33 ± 5 | 31 ± 4 | 0.037
|
RVOT proximal SAX (mm) | 31 ± 4 | 32 ± 4 | 31 ± 4 | 0.013
|
RVOT distal SAX (mm) | 22 ± 3 | 23 ± 3 | 22 ± 3 | 0.15 |
Longitudinal diameter (mm) | 82 ± 8 | 85 ± 7 | 80 ± 7 | 0.014
|
TAPSE (mm) | 26 ± 4 | 26 ± 4 | 26 ± 4 | 0.344 |
Left atrium
| ||||
Length A4C (mm) | 5.0 ± 0.6 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 0.019
|
Area A4C (cm2) | 17.3 ± 3.2 | 17.8 ± 3.4 | 16.9 ± 2.8 | 0.086 |
Biplane max volume (ml/m2) | 28.8 ± 7.2 | 27.9 ± 7.5 | 29.8 ± 6.9 | 0.135 |
Right atrium
| ||||
Length (cm/m2) | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 0.3 |
<0.001
|
Area (cm/m2) | 8.9 ± 1.5 | 8.9 ± 1.6 | 8.8 ± 1.3 | 0.626 |
Single plane MOD max volume (ml/m2) | 24.5 ± 7.0 | 25.8 ± 8.1 | 23.3 ± 5.7 | 0.038
|
3D measurements
| ||||
Left ventricle
| ||||
3D EDV (ml/m2) | 77.5 ± 12.3 | 80.7 ± 13.6 | 74.2 ± 9.9 | 0.003
|
3D ESV (ml/m2) | 33.9 ± 6.2 | 35.9 ± 6.7 | 31.8 ± 5.0 |
<0.001
|
3D EF (%) | 56.3 ± 3.7 | 55.5 ± 3.3 | 57.1 ± 3.9 | 0.017
|
Right ventricle
| ||||
3D EDV (ml/m2) | 57.7 ± 11.9 | 61.3 ± 12.3 | 54.0 ± 10.4 | 0.002
|
3D ESV (ml/m2) | 24.3 ± 5.8 | 26.0 ± 6.2 | 22.5 ± 4.9 | 0.003
|
3D EF (%) | 58.0 ± 4.2 | 57.5 ± 4.1 | 58.4 ± 4.3 | 0.315 |