Top

Optie A:

Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
Optie B:

Deel de link per e-mail
Link delen

vorige artikel Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Depressive Symptom...

volgende artikel Anxiety and Depressive Symptom Trajectories in ...

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

11-09-2020 | Uitgave 12/2020

Early Parenting Characteristics Associated with Internalizing Symptoms Across Seven Waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children

Tijdschrift:: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology > Uitgave 12/2020

Auteurs:: Jacqueline Kemmis-Riggs, Rachel Grove, John McAloon, David Berle

Extras

» Toegang tot de volledige tekst krijgen

Belangrijke opmerkingen

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00700-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to identify whether parenting style during a child’s toddler years predicts the course of the child’s internalising symptoms throughout early to middle childhood. The current study uses data from waves 1 to 7 (acquired biennially) of the infant cohort (N = 4494) of Growing up in Australia: the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC), a population-based longitudinal study. Latent class growth analysis identified four distinct longitudinal trajectories of internalizing symptoms: Low stable (66% of the children), High increasing (7%), Low increasing (17%) and High decreasing (10%). Multinomial logistic regression indicated that low self-efficacy and socioeconomic disadvantage during the toddler years were significant predictors of unfavourable (i.e., increasing) trajectories of internalizing symptoms across later childhood. Parenting hostility was a significant predictor of the low increasing trajectory. Additionally, male children were more likely than females to follow unfavourable trajectories. However, low parenting warmth was not predictive of increasing symptoms across time. Our findings highlight the importance of parenting factors in a child’s early years, particularly the potentially detrimental outcomes associated with parental hostility and low self-efficacy.

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Hier inloggen

Met onderstaand(e) abonnement(en) heeft u direct toegang:

BSL Psychologie Totaal

Met BSL Psychologie Totaal blijft u als professional steeds op de hoogte van de nieuwste ontwikkelingen binnen uw vak. Met het online abonnement heeft u toegang tot een groot aantal boeken, protocollen, vaktijdschriften en e-learnings op het gebied van psychologie en psychiatrie. Zo kunt u op uw gemak en wanneer het u het beste uitkomt verdiepen in uw vakgebied.

Meer informatie

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Ahun, M. N., Consoli, A., Pingault, J.-B., Falissard, B., Battaglia, M., Boivin, M., Tremblay, R. E., & Côté, S. M. (2018). Maternal depression symptoms and internalising problems in the offspring: The role of maternal and family factors. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(7), 921–932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-1096-6. CrossRef

Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52(3), 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294359. CrossRef

Albanese, A. M., Russo, G. R., & Geller, P. A. (2019). The role of parental self-efficacy in parent and child well-being: A systematic review of associated outcomes. Child: Care, Health and Development, 45(3), 333–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12661. CrossRef

Ardelt, M., & Eccles, J. S. (2001). Effects of mothers’ parental efficacy beliefs and promotive parenting strategies on inner-city youth. Journal of Family Issues, 22(8), 944–972. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251301022008001. CrossRef

Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2014). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Three-step approaches using Mplus. Structural Equation Modeling, 21, 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.915181. CrossRef

Australian Institute of Family Studies. (2015). Longitudinal Study of Australian Children data user guide. https://growingupinaustralia.gov.au/sites/default/files/userguide.pdf

Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Oxford: Prentice-Hall.

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Bayer, J. K., Sanson, A. V., & Hemphill, S. A. (2006). Parent influences on early childhood internalizing difficulties. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27(6), 542–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2006.08.002. CrossRef

Beardslee, W. R., Gladstone, T. R., Wright, E. J., & Cooper, A. B. (2003). A family-based approach to the prevention of depressive symptoms in children at risk: Evidence of parental and child change. Pediatrics, 112(2), e119–e131. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.2.e119. CrossRefPubMed

Blakemore, T., Strazdins, L., & Gibbings, J. (2009). Measuring family socioeconomic position. Australian Social Policy Journal, 8, 121–168.

Bögels, S. M., & Brechman-Toussaint, M. L. (2006). Family issues in child anxiety: Attachment, family functioning, parental rearing and beliefs. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(7), 834–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.08.001. CrossRefPubMed

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss (Vol. 2 Separation: Anxiety and Anger). Basic books.

Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss (Vol. 3). Basic Books.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Caron, A., Weiss, B., Harris, V., & Catron, T. (2006). Parenting behavior dimensions and child psychopathology: Specificity, task dependency, and interactive relations. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(1), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3501_4. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cartwright-Hatton, S., McNicol, K., & Doubleday, E. (2006). Anxiety in a neglected population: Prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(7), 817–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.12.002. CrossRefPubMed

Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (1998). Self-efficacy and parenting quality: Findings and future applications. Developmental Review, 18(1), 47–85. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.1997.0448. CrossRef

Croudace, T. J., Jarvelin, M.-R., Wadsworth, M. E., & Jones, P. B. (2003). Developmental typology of trajectories to nighttime bladder control: Epidemiologic application of longitudinal latent class analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157, 834–842. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwg049. CrossRefPubMed

Cyr, C., Euser, E. M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2010). Attachment security and disorganization in maltreating and high-risk families: A series of meta-analyses. Development and Psychopathology, 22(1), 87–108. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409990289. CrossRefPubMed

Davidov, M., & Grusec, J. E. (2006). Untangling the links of parental responsiveness to distress and warmth to child outcomes. Child Development, 77(1), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00855.x. CrossRefPubMed

Davis, S., Votruba-Drzal, E., & Silk, J. S. (2015). Trajectories of internalizing symptoms from early childhood to adolescence: Associations with temperament and parenting. Social Development, 24(3), 501–520. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12105. CrossRef

Eccles, J. S., & Harold, R. D. (Eds.). (1996). Family involvement in children’s and adolescents’ schooling

Feldman, R. (2007). Parent-infant synchrony and the construction of shared timing; physiological precursors, developmental outcomes, and risk conditions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(3–4), 329–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01701.x. CrossRefPubMed

Feldman, R. (2012a). Bio-behavioral synchrony: A model for integrating biological and microsocial behavioral processes in the study of parenting. Parenting, 12(2–3), 154–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.683342. CrossRef

Feldman, R. (2012b). Parenting behavior as the environment where children grow. In L. C. L. C. Mayes & M. Lewis (Eds.), Cambridge handbooks in psychology. The Cambridge handbook of environment in human development (pp. 535–567). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139016827.031.

Garber, J., Robinson, N. S., & Valentiner, D. (1997). The relation between parenting and adolescent depression:Self-worth as a mediator. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12(1), 12–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743554897121003. CrossRef

Geiser, C. (2012). Data analysis with Mplus. New York: Guilford Press.

Goldfeld, S., O’connor, M., Chong, S., Gray, S., O’Connor, E., Woolfenden, S., Redmond, G., Williams, K., Mensah, F., & Kvalsvig, A. (2018). The impact of multidimensional disadvantage over childhood on developmental outcomes in Australia. International Journal of Epidemiology, 47(5), 1485–1496. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy087. CrossRefPubMed

Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 581–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x. CrossRefPubMed

Goodman, R. (2001). Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(11), 1337–1345. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200111000-00015. CrossRef

Grimm, K. J., Mazza, G. L., & Davoudzadeh, P. (2016). Model selection in finite mixture models: A k-fold cross-validation approach. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 24(2), 246–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2016.1250638. CrossRef

Harrist, A. W., & Waugh, R. M. (2002). Dyadic synchrony: Its structure and function in children’s development. Developmental Review, 22(4), 555–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-2297(02)00500-2. CrossRef

Hawes, D. J., & Dadds, M. R. (2004). Australian data and psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38(8), 644–651. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1614.2004.01427.x. CrossRefPubMed

Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R. J. (2005). Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(3), 341–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.12.004. CrossRefPubMed

Jung, T., & Wickrama, K. A. S. (2008). An introduction to latent class growth analysis and growth mixture modeling. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 302–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00054.x. CrossRef

Keiley, M. K., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S. (2000). A cross-domain growth analysis: Externalizing and internalizing behaviors during 8 years of childhood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(2), 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005122814723. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kochanska, G. (1997). Mutually responsive orientation between mothers and their young children: Implications for early socialization. Child Development, 68(1), 94–112. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131928. CrossRefPubMed

Kochanska, G. (2002). Mutually responsive orientation between mothers and their young children: A context for the early development of conscience. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(6), 191–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00198. CrossRef

Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., & Swank, P. R. (2006). Responsive parenting: Establishing early foundations for social, communication, and independent problem-solving skills. Developmental Psychology, 42(4), 627–642. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.627. CrossRefPubMed

Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Stevens, K. I., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (2006). Developmental trajectories of externalizing and internalizing behaviors: Factors underlying resilience in physically abused children. Development and Psychopathology, 18(1), 35–55. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579406060032. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Letcher, P., Smart, D., Sanson, A., & Toumbourou, J. W. (2009). Psychosocial precursors and correlates of differing internalizing trajectories from 3 to 15 Years1. Social Development, 18(3), 618–646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00500.x. CrossRef

Lo, Y., Mendell, N. R., & Rubin, D. B. (2001). Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika, 88(3), 767–778. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/88.3.767. CrossRef

Lomanowska, A. M., Boivin, M., Hertzman, C., & Fleming, A. S. (2017). Parenting begets parenting: A neurobiological perspective on early adversity and the transmission of parenting styles across generations. Neuroscience, 342, 120–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.029. CrossRefPubMed

McKee, L., Roland, E., Coffelt, N., Olson, A. L., Forehand, R., Massari, C., Jones, D., Gaffney, C. A., & Zens, M. S. (2007). Harsh discipline and child problem behaviors: The roles of positive parenting and gender. Journal of Family Violence, 22(4), 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-007-9070-6. CrossRef

McKee, L., Colletti, C., Rakow, A., Jones, D. J., & Forehand, R. (2008). Parenting and child externalizing behaviors: Are the associations specific or diffuse? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13(3), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2008.03.005. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

McLachlan, G., & Peel, D. (2004). Finite mixture models. John Wiley & Sons.

McLeod, B. D., Weisz, J. R., & Wood, J. J. (2007a). Examining the association between parenting and childhood depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(8), 986–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.03.001. CrossRefPubMed

McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2007b). Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.002. CrossRefPubMed

Mesman, J., Bongers, I. L., & Koot, H. M. (2001). Preschool developmental pathways to preadolescent internalizing and externalizing problems. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42(5), 679–689. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021963001007351. CrossRef

Muthén, B. O., & Muthén, L. K. (2000). Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: Growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(6), 882–891. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02070.x. CrossRef

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2017). Mplus (Version 8.3). Muthén and Muthén.

Nagin, D. S. (2005). Group-based modeling of development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. CrossRef

National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2014). Excessive Stress Disrupts the Architecture of the Developing Brain: Working Paper #3. http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu.

Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(4), 535–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575396. CrossRef

Paterson, G., & Sanson, A. (1999). The association of behavioural adjustment to temperament, parenting and family characteristics among 5-year-old children. Social Development, 8(3), 293–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00097. CrossRef

Pella, J. E., Drake, K. L., Tein, J.-Y., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2017). Child anxiety prevention study: Impact on functional outcomes. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 48(3), 400–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-016-0667-y. CrossRef

Pinquart, M. (2017a). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 53(5), 873–932. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000295. CrossRefPubMed

Pinquart, M. (2017b). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with internalizing symptoms in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Marriage & Family Review, 53(7), 613–640. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2016.1247761. CrossRef

Rapee, R. M., Schniering, C. A., & Hudson, J. L. (2009). Anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence: Origins and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 311–341. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153628. CrossRefPubMed

Restifo, K., & Bögels, S. (2009). Family processes in the development of youth depression: Translating the evidence to treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(4), 294–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.005. CrossRefPubMed

Rutter, M., & Sroufe, L. A. (2000). Developmental psychopathology: Concepts and challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 265–296. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400003023. CrossRefPubMed

Saint-Georges, C., Chetouani, M., Cassel, R., Apicella, F., Mahdhaoui, A., Muratori, F., Laznik, M. C., & Cohen, D. (2013). Motherese in interaction: At the cross-road of emotion and cognition? (A systematic review). PLoS One, 8(10), e78103. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078103. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sanson, A., Smart, D., & Misson, S. (2011). Children’s socio-emotional, physical, and cognitive outcomes: Do they share the same drivers? Australian Journal of Psychology, 63(1), 56–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00007.x. CrossRef

Schaefer, E. S. (1965). Children’ reports of parental behavior: An inventory. Child Development, 36, 417−424.

Schore, A. N. (1994). Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Schore, A. N. (2003). Affect dysregulation and disorders of the self. W W Norton & Co. https://www.lib.uts.edu.au/goto?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2003-00021-000&site=ehost-live.

Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6(2), 461–464. CrossRef

Sclove, S. L. (1987). Application of model-selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis. Psychometrika, 52(3), 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294360. CrossRef

Shonkoff, J. P., Richmond, J., Levitt, P., Bunge, S., Cameron, J., Duncan, G., & Nelson III, C. (2016). From best practices to breakthrough impacts a science-based approach to building a more promising future for young children and families. Cambirdge: Harvard University, Center on the Developing Child.

Soloff, C., Lawrence, D., & Johnstone, R. (2005). LSAC Sample Design. LSAC Technical Paper No. 1.

Soloff, C., Lawrence, D., Misson, S., & Johnstone, R. (2006). Wave 1 weighting and non-response. LSAC Technical Paper No. 3.

Stack, D. M., Serbin, L. A., Enns, L. N., Ruttle, P. L., & Barrieau, L. (2010). Parental effects on children’s emotional development over time and across generations. Infants & Young Children, 23(1), 52–69. https://doi.org/10.1097/IYC.0b013e3181c97606. CrossRef

Suchman, N. E., Rounsaville, B., DeCoste, C., & Luthar, S. (2007). Parental control, parental warmth, and psychosocial adjustment in a sample of substance-abusing mothers and their school-aged and adolescent children. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 32(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(95)00144-1. CrossRefPubMed

Toumbourou, J. W., Williams, I., Letcher, P., Sanson, A., & Smart, D. (2011). Developmental trajectories of internalising behaviour in the prediction of adolescent depressive symptoms. Australian Journal of Psychology, 63(4), 214–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00023.x. CrossRef

Tronick, E. (2007). The neurobehavioral and social-emotional development of infants and children (Norton series on interpersonal neurobiology). New York: WW Norton & Company.

Tronick, E., & Gianino, A. F. (1986). The transmission of maternal disturbance to the infant. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 1986(34), 5–11. CrossRef

US Department of Education. (2001). Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, birth cohort.

Usback, S., Australian Bureau of Statistics LSAC processing team, & Australian Bureau of Statistics Household Survey Methodology team. (2018). LSAC Technical Paper No. 20, Wave 7 Weighting and Non-Response.

Van Voorhees, B. W., Paunesku, D., Kuwabara, S. A., Basu, A., Gollan, J., Hankin, B. L., Melkonian, S., & Reinecke, M. (2008). Protective and vulnerability factors predicting new-onset depressive episode in a representative of U.S. adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(6), 605–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.11.135. CrossRefPubMed

Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, S. (2014). The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. International Journal of Surgery, 12(12), 1495–1499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008. CrossRef

Yap, M. B. H., & Jorm, A. F. (2015). Parental factors associated with childhood anxiety, depression, and internalizing problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 424–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.050. CrossRefPubMed

Yap, M. B. H., Pilkington, P. D., Ryan, S. M., & Jorm, A. F. (2014). Parental factors associated with depression and anxiety in young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 156, 8–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.007. CrossRefPubMed

Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Thomas, R. (2010). Parents, parenting and toddler adaptation: Evidence from a national longitudinal study of Australian children. Infant Behavior and Development, 33(4), 518–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.07.004. CrossRefPubMed

Zubrick, S. R., Lucas, N., Westrupp, E. M., & Nicholson, J. M. (2014). Parenting measures in the longitudinal study of Australian children: Construct validity and measurement quality, waves 1 to 4. LSAC Technical Paper, 12, 1–110.

Titel: Early Parenting Characteristics Associated with Internalizing Symptoms Across Seven Waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children
Auteurs:: Jacqueline Kemmis-Riggs
Rachel Grove
John McAloon
David Berle
Publicatiedatum: 11-09-2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00700-0
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Tijdschrift: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology An official publication of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology
Uitgave 12/2020
Print ISSN: 0091-0627
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2835

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Electronic supplementary material

Publisher’s Note

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Met onderstaand(e) abonnement(en) heeft u direct toegang:

BSL Psychologie Totaal

Andere artikelen Uitgave 12/2020

Unpacking Associations between Mood Symptoms and Screen Time in Preadolescents: a Network Analysis

Developmental Trajectories of Adolescent Girls’ Borderline Personality Symptoms and Sexual Risk Behaviors

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Depressive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents Predict Adulthood Psychopathology

Anxiety and Depressive Symptom Trajectories in Adolescence and the Co-Occurring Development of Cognitive Biases: Evidence from the CogBIAS Longitudinal Study

Longitudinal Trajectories of Sustained Attention Development in Children and Adolescents with ADHD

A Prospective Study of Rumination and Irritability in Youth