Top

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Gepubliceerd in:

01-02-2014 | Original Paper

DSM-5 ASD Moves Forward into the Past

Auteurs: Luke Y. Tsai, Mohammad Ghaziuddin

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 2/2014

Abstract

The fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) (APA in diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Author, Washington, 2013) has decided to merge the subtypes of pervasive developmental disorders into a single category of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on the assumption that they cannot be reliably differentiated from one another. The purpose of this review is to analyze the basis of this assumption by examining the comparative studies between Asperger’s disorder (AsD) and autistic disorder (AD), and between pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDDNOS) and AD. In all, 125 studies compared AsD with AD. Of these, 30 studies concluded that AsD and AD were similar conditions while 95 studies found quantitative and qualitative differences between them. Likewise, 37 studies compared PDDNOS with AD. Nine of these concluded that PDDNOS did not differ significantly from AD while 28 reported quantitative and qualitative differences between them. Taken together, these findings do not support the conceptualization of AD, AsD and PDDNOS as a single category of ASD. Irrespective of the changes proposed by the DSM-5, future research and clinical practice will continue to find ways to meaningfully subtype the ASD.

vorige artikel The Social Behavioral Phenotype in Boys and Girls with an Extra X Chromosome (Klinefelter Syndrome and Trisomy X): A Comparison with Autism Spectrum Disorder

volgende artikel Comparison Among Children with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Nonverbal Learning Disorder and Typically Developing Children on Measures of Executive Functioning

Allen, D. A., Steinberg, M., Dunn, M., Fein, D., Feinstein, C., Waterhouse, L., et al. (2001). Autistic disorder versus other pervasive developmental disorders in young children: Same or different? European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 10, 67–78.PubMed

American Psychiatric Association. (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3, Revised ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4, Text revision ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Anderson, D. K., Oti, R. S., Catherine Lord, C., & Welch, K. (2009). Patterns of growth in adaptive social abilities among children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 1019–1034.PubMedCentralPubMed

Asperger, H. (1944/1991). Die autistischen psychopathen im kindesalter. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 117:76–136, 1944, ‘‘Autistic psychopathy’’ in childhood. Translated and annotated by U. Frith. In U. Frith (Ed.), Autism and Asperger syndrome (pp. 37–92). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Asperger, H. (1979). Problems of infantile autism. Communication, 13, 45–52. (Lecture given at Fribourg, Switzerland on March 13, 1977).

Balconi, M., Simona Amenta, S., & Ferrari, C. (2012). Emotional decoding in facial expression, scripts and videos: A comparison between normal, autistic and Asperger children. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 193–203.

Bleuler E. (1911) Dementia Praecox Oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (J. Zinkin, Trans.).New York: International Universities Press, 1950.

Boccuto, L., Lauri, M., Sarasua, S. M., Skinner, C. D., Buccella, D., Dwivedi, A., et al. (2013). Prevalence of SHANK3 variants in patients with different subtypes of autism spectrum disorders. European Journal of Human Genetics: EJHG, 21, 310–316.PubMed

Cederlund, M., Hagberg, B., Billstedt, E., Gillberg, C., & Gillberg, C. (2008). Asperger syndrome and autism: A comparative longitudinal follow-up study more than 5 years after original diagnosis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 72–85.PubMed

Charman, T., & Gotham, K. (2013). Measurement issues: Screening and diagnostic instruments from autism spectrum disorders-lessons from research and practise. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 18(1), 52–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2012.0064.x.PubMed

Charman, T., Pickles, A., Simonoff, E., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2011). IQ in children with autism spectrum disorders: Data from the special needs and autism project (SNAP). Psychological Medicine, 41, 619–627.PubMed

Clarke, D. E., Narrow, W. E., Regier, D. A., Kuramoto, S. J., Kupfer, D. J., Kuhl, E. A., et al. (2013). DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, part I: study design, sampling strategy, implementation, and analytic approaches. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 43–58.PubMed

Cohen, R. L. (1997). Jean Itard: Pioneer in the treatment of “pervasive developmental disabilities.” American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry News, July–August, 12 & 19.

Creak, M., Cameron, K., Cowie, V., et al. (1961). Schizophrenic syndrome in childhood. BMJ, 2, 889–890.

Dager, S. R., Wang, L., Friedman, S. D., Shaw, D. W., Constantino, J. N., Artru, A. A., et al. (2007). Shape mapping of the hippocampus in young children with autism spectrum disorder. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 28, 672–677.PubMed

Dawson, S., Glasson, E. J., Dixon, G., & Bower, C. (2009). Birth defects in children with autism spectrum disorders: A population-based, nested case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 169, 1296–1303.PubMed

de Bruin, E. I., Verheij, F., & Ferdinand, R. F. (2006). WISC-R Subtest But No Overall VIQ–PIQ Difference in Dutch children with PDD-NOS. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 263–271.PubMed

Despert, J. L. (1951). Some considerations relating to the genesis of autistic behavior in children. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 21, 335–350.PubMed

Eisenberg, L., & Kanner, L. (1956). Early infantile autism 1943–1955. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 26, 556–566.PubMed

Endo, T., Shioiri, T., Kitamura, H., Kimura, T., Endo, S., Masuzawa, N., et al. (2007). Altered chemical metabolites in the amygdala–hippocampus region contribute to autistic symptoms of autism spectrum disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 1030–1037.PubMed

Fodstad, J. C., Matson, J. L., Hess, J., & Neal, D. (2009). Social and communication behaviours in infants and toddlers with autism and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 12, 152–157.PubMed

Ghanizadeh, A. (2011). Can tactile sensory processing differentiate between children with autistic disorder and asperger’s disorder? Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 8, 25–30.PubMedCentralPubMed

Ghaziuddin, M. (2010). Brief report: Should the DSM V drop asperger syndrome? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 1146–1148.PubMed

Ghaziuddin, M., & Butler, E. (1998). Clumsiness in autism and Asperger syndrome: A further report. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 43–48.PubMed

Gillberg, C. (1987). Autistic syndrome in Rett syndrome: The first two years according to mother reports. Brain & Development, 9, 499–501.

Hallahan, B., Daly, E. M., McAlonan, G., Loth, E., Toal, F., O’Brien, F., et al. (2009). Brain morphometry volume in autistic spectrum disorder: A magnetic resonance imaging study of adults. Psychological Medicine, 39, 337–346.PubMed

Happé, F. (2011). Editorial-criteria, categories, and continua: Autism and related disorders in DSM-5. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 6, 540–542.

Horovitz, M., Matson, J. L., Rieske, R. D., Kozlowski, A. M., & Sipes, M. (2011). The relationship between race and challenging behaviours in infants and toddlers with autistic disorder and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 14, 208–214.PubMed

Howlin, P. (2003). Outcome in high-functioning adults with Autism and without early language delays: Implications for differentiation between Autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 3–13.PubMed

Itard, J. M. S. (1962). The Wild Boy of Aveyron. New York: Appleton–Century–Crafts. (G. Humphrey & M. Humphrey Trans.).

Juul-Dam, N., Townsend, J., & Courchesne, E. (2001). Prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal factors in autism, pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified, and the general population. Pediatrics, 107, E63.PubMed

Kaland, N. (2011). Brief report: Should Asperger syndrome be excluded from the forthcoming DSM-V? Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 984–989.

Kanai, C., Tani, M., Hashimoto, R., Yamada, T., Ota, H., Watanabe, H., et al. (2012). Cognitive profiles of adults with Asperger’s disorder, high-functioning autism, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified based on the WAIS-III. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 58–64.

Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217–250.

Kenneth, D., Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., Pomeroy, J., & Azizian, A. (2004). Psychiatric symptoms in preschool children with PDD and clinic and comparison samples. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 379–393.

Kjellmer, L., Hedvall, Å., Holm, A., Fernell, E., Gillberg, C., & Norrelgen, F. (2012). Language comprehension in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders without intellectual disability: Use of the Reynell Developmental Language Scales. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 1119–1125.

Kugler, K. (1998). The differentiation between Autism and Asperger syndrome. Autism, 2, 11–32.

Larsen, F. W., & Mouridsen, S. E. (1997). The outcome in children with childhood autism and Asperger syndrome originally diagnosed as psychotic. A 30-year follow-up study of subjects hospitalized as children. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 6, 181–190.PubMed

Leventhal, B. (2012). Lumpers and splitters: Who Knows? Who Cares? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 6–7.PubMed

Lord, C., Petkova, E., Hus, V., et al. (2012). A multisite study of the clinical diagnosis of different autism spectrum disorders. Archive of General Psychiatry, 69, 306–313.

Lotspeich, L. J., Kwon, H., Schumann, C. M., Fryer, S. L., Goodlin-Jones, B. L., Buonocore, M. H., et al. (2004). Investigation of neuroanatomical differences between Autism and Asperger Syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 291–298.PubMed

Macintosh, K. E., & Dissanayake, C. (2004). Annotation: The similarities and differences between autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder: a review of the empirical evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 421–434.PubMed

Malson, L. (1972). Wolf children and the problem of human nature. New York, NY: Monthly Review Press.

Mandy, W., Charman, T., Gilmour, J., & Skuse, D. (2011). Toward specifying pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. Autism Research, 4, 121–131.PubMed

Matson, J. L., Dempsey, T., & Fodstad, J. C. (2009a). The effect of Autism spectrum disorders on adaptive independent living skills in adults with severe intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 1203–1211.PubMed

Matson, J. L., Dempsey, T., & Fodstad, J. C. (2009b). Stereotypies and repetitive/restrictive behaviours in infants with autism and pervasive developmental disorder. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 12, 122–127.PubMed

Matson, J. L., Dempsey, T., Lovullo, S. V., & Wilkins, J. (2008). The effects of intellectual functioning on the range of core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29, 341–350.PubMed

Matson, J. L., Mahan, S., Kozlowski, A. M., & Shoemaker, M. (2010). Developmental milestones in toddlers with autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified and atypical development. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 13, 239–247.PubMed

Matson, J. L., & Rivet, T. T. (2008). Characteristics of challenging behaviours in adults with autistic disorder, PDD-NOS, and intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 33, 323–329.

Matson, J. L., & Wilkins, J. (2008). Nosology and diagnosis of Asperger’s syndrome. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2, 288–300.

Mordre, M., Groholt, B., Knudsen, A. K., Sponheim, E., Mykletun, A., & Myhre, A. M. (2012). Is long-term prognosis for pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified different from prognosis for autistic disorder? Findings from a 30-year follow-up study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 920–928.PubMedCentralPubMed

Mori, K., Ujiie, T., Smith, A., & Howlin, P. (2009). Parental stress associated with caring for children with Asperger’s syndrome or autism. Pediatrics International, 51, 364–370.PubMed

Muñnoz-Yunta, J. A., Ortiz, T., Palau-Baduell, M., Martín-Muñoz, L., Salvadó-Salvadó, B., Valls-Santasusana, A., et al. (2008). Magnetoencephalographic pattern of epileptiform activity in children with early-onset autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Neurophysiology, 119, 626–634.

Myer, J. A., & Minshew, N. J. (2002). An update on neurocognitive profile in Asperger syndrome and high-function autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 17, 152–160.

Njardvik, U., Matson, J. L., & Cherry, K. E. (1999). A comparison of social skills in adults with autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, and mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 287–295.PubMed

Nordahl, C. W., Dierker, D., Mostafavi, I., Schumann, C. M., Rivera, S. M., Amaral, D. G., et al. (2007). Cortical folding abnormalities in autism revealed by surface-based morphometry. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 11725–11735.PubMed

Ornitz, E. M., & Ritvo, E. R. (1968). Perceptual inconstancy in early infantile autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 18, 76–98.PubMed

Paşca, S. P., Dronca, E., Kaucsár, T., Craciun, E. C., Endreffy, E., Ferencz, B. K., et al. (2009). One carbon metabolism disturbances and the C677T MTHFR gene polymorphism in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 13, 4229–4238.PubMed

Pearson, D. A., Loveland, K. A., Lachar, D., Lane, D. M., Reddoch, S. L., Mansour, R., et al. (2006). A comparison of behavioral and emotional functioning in children and adolescents with autistic disorder and PDD-NOS. Child Neuropsychology, 12, 321–333.PubMed

Ramberg, C., Ehlers, S., Nydén, A., Johansson, M., & Gillberg, C. (1996). Language and pragmatic functions in school-age children on the autism spectrum. European Journal of Disorders of Communication, 31, 387–414.PubMed

Rimland, B. (1964). Infantile autism. The syndrome and its implications for a neural theory of behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.

Rinehart, N. J., Bradshaw, J. L., Brereton, A. V., & Tonge, B. J. (2002). A clinical and neurobehavioral review of high-functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36, 762–770.PubMed

Ritvo, E. R. (2012). Postponing the proposed changes in DSM 5 for autistic spectrum disorder until new scientific evidence adequately supports them. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 2021–2022.PubMed

Robins, E., & Guze, S. B. (1970). Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: Its application to schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 983–987.PubMed

Rondeau, E., Klein, L. S., Masse, A., Bodeau, N., Cohen, D., & Guilé, J. M. (2011). Is pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified less stable than autistic disorder? A meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 1267–1276.PubMed

Russo, A. J., & Robert DeVito, R. (2011). Analysis of copper and zinc plasma concentration and the efficacy of zinc therapy in individuals with Asperger’s syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and autism. Biomarker Insights, 6, 127–133.PubMedCentralPubMed

Rutter, M. (1968). Concepts of autism: A review of research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9, 1–25.PubMed

Rutter, M. (1978). Diagnosis and definition of childhood autism. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 139–161.PubMed

Rutter, M. (1985). Infantile autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. In M. Rutter & L. Hersov (Eds.), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (pp. 545–566). London: Blackwell.

Rutter, M. (2011). Child psychiatric diagnosis and classification: concepts, findings, challenges and potential. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(6), 647–660. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.PubMed

Sanders, J. L. (2009). Qualitative or quantitative difference between Asperger’s disorder and autism? Historical considerations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1560–1567.PubMed

Schain, R. J., & Yannet, H. (1960). Infantile autism: An analysis of 50 cases and a consideration of certain relevant neurophysiologic concepts. Journal of Pediatric, 57, 560–567.

Schumann, C. S., Hamstra, J., Goodlin-Jones, B. L., Lotspeich, L. J., Kwon, H., Buonocore, M. H., et al. (2004). The Amygdala is enlarged in children but not adolescents with autism; the hippocampus is enlarged at all ages. The Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 6392–6401.PubMed

Scott, J. A., Schumann, C. M., Goodlin-Jones, B. L., & Amaral, D. G. (2009). A comprehensive volumetric analysis of the cerebellum in children and adolescents with Autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 2, 246–257.PubMedCentralPubMed

Snow, A. V., & Lecavalier, L. (2011). Comparing autism, PDD-NOS, and other developmental disabilities on parent-reported behavior problems: Little evidence for ASD subtype validity. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 302–310.PubMed

Ssucharewa, G. E., & Woll, S. (1996). The first account of the syndrome Asperger described? Translation of a paper entitled “Die Schizoiden Psychopathien im Kindesalter” by Dr. G.E. Ssucharewa; scientific assistant, which appeared in 1926 in the Monatsschrift fur Psychiatrie und Neurologie 60:235–261. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 5, 119–132.PubMed

Swedo, S. E., Baird, G., Cook, E. H., et al. (2012). Commentary from the DSM-5 Workgroup on neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 347–349.PubMed

Takeda, T., Koyama, T., & Kurita, H. (2007). Comparison of developmental/intellectual changes between autistic disorder and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified in preschool years. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 61, 684–686.PubMed

Toal, F., Daly, E. M., Page, L., Deeley, Q., Hallahan, B., Bloemen, O., et al. (2010). Clinical and anatomical heterogeneity in autistic spectrum disorder: A structural MRI study. Psychological Medicine, 40, 1171–1181.PubMed

Tsai, L. Y. (1992). High-functioning autistic disorder: Diagnostic issue. In E. Schopler & G. B. Mesibov (Eds.), High functioning individuals with autism (pp. 11–40). New York: Plenum.

Tsai, L. Y. (2012). Editorial: Sensitivity and specificity: DSM-IV versus DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 1009–1011.PubMed

Tsai, L. Y. (2013). Asperger’s disorder will be back. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1839-2.

Tsatsanis, K. D. (2005). Neuropsychological characteristics in autism and related conditions. In F. R. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (3rd ed., pp. 365–381). Wiley: New Jersey.

Uher, R., & Rutter, M. (2012). Basing psychiatric classification on scientific foundation: Problems and Prospects. International Review of Psychiatry, 24, 591–605.PubMed

US Department of Health and Human Services. (1980). International classification of diseases, 9th revision, clinical modification. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.

Van Krevelen, D. A. (1952). Early infantile autism. Acta Paedopsychiatria, 91, 81–97.

Van Krevelen, D. A. (1971). Early infantile autism and autistic psychopathy. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1, 82–86.PubMed

Verté, S., Geurts, H. M., Roeyers, H., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2006a). Executive functioning in children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can we differentiate within the spectrum? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 351–372.PubMed

Verté, S., Geurts, H. M., Roeyers, H., Rosseel, Y., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2006b). Can the children’s communication checklist differentiate autism spectrum subtypes? Autism, 10, 266–287.PubMed

Visser, J. C., Rommelse, N., Vink, L., Schrieken, M., Oosterling, I. J., van der Gaag, R. J., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2012). Narrowly versus broadly defined Autism Spectrum Disorders: Differences in pre- and perinatal risk factors. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, published online October 18. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1678-6.

Volkmar, F. R., Kline, A., Siegel, B., et al. (1994). Field trial for autistic disorder in DSM-IV. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1361–1367.PubMed

Volkmar, F. R., Lord, C., Bailey, A., Schultz, R. T., & Klin, A. (2004). Autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 135–170.PubMed

Volkmar, F. R., State, M., & Klin, A. (2009). Autism and autism spectrum disorders: Diagnostic issues for the coming decade. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 108–115.PubMed

Walker, D. R., Thompson, A., Zwaigenbaum, L., Goldberg, J., Bryson, S. E., Mahoney, W. J., et al. (2004). Specifying PDDNOS: A comparison of PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome, and autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 172–180.PubMed

Weisbrot, D. M., Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., & Pomeroy, J. (2005). The presentation of anxiety in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15, 477–496.PubMed

Wilkins, J., & Matson, J. L. (2009). A comparison of social skills profiles in intellectually disabled adults with and without ASD. Behavior Modification, 33, 143–155.PubMed

Wing, J. K. (1976a). Kanner’s syndrome: A historical introduction. In L. Wing (Ed.), Early childhood autism (2nd ed., pp. 3–14). Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.

Wing, L. (1976b). Diagnosis, clinical description and prognosis. In L. Wing (Ed.), Early Childhood Autism (pp. 15–64). Oxford, UK: Pergamon.

Wing, L. (1981). Asperger’s syndrome: A clinical account. Psychological Medicine, 11, 115–129.PubMed

Wing, L., & Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 11–29.PubMed

Wing, L., Gould, J., & Gillberg, C. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders in the DSM-V: Better or worse than the DSM-IV? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 768–773.PubMed

Witwer, A. N., & Lecavalier, L. (2008). Examining the validity of autism spectrum disorder subtypes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1611–1624.PubMed

World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.

World Health Organization. (2012). ICD 11 Beta Draft: Autism spectrum disorders and related disorders. http://id.who.int/icd/entity/523143960.

Titel: DSM-5 ASD Moves Forward into the Past
Auteurs: Luke Y. Tsai
Mohammad Ghaziuddin
Publicatiedatum: 01-02-2014
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 2/2014
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1870-3

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2014

On Scales of Measurement in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Beyond: Where Smitty Went Wrong

Examining the Specific Effects of Context on Adaptive Behavior and Achievement in a Rural African Community: Six Case Studies from Rural Areas of Southern Province, Zambia

Gary Greenberg: The Book of Woe

Leisure Activities in Prader-Wlli Syndrome: Implications for Health, Cognition and Adaptive Functioning

Is There a Limit to the Superiority of Individuals with ASD in Visual Search?

Reading, Laterality, and the Brain: Early Contributions on Reading Disabilities by Sara S. Sparrow