Short Forms Do Not Fall Short
A Comparison of Three (Extra-)Short Forms of the Big Five
Abstract
Abstract. Researchers wishing to assess personality in research settings with severe time limitations typically use short-scale measures of the Big Five. Over the last decade, several such measures have been developed. To guide researchers in choosing the one best suited to their needs, we conducted the present study. Based on a large-scale sample representative of the adult population in Germany, we compared the psychometric properties of three short-scale versions assessing the Big Five: the 10-item BFI-10, the 15-item BFI-2-XS, and the 30-item BFI-2-S. To assess the psychometric quality of these measures, we investigated and compared the descriptive statistics and reliabilities of the scale scores as well as the patterns of factor loadings and the model fit of the instruments as indicators of their factorial validity. As the typical research settings in which these short measures are administered are heterogeneous population samples, we investigated to what degree the resulting Big Five estimates were comparable across major sociodemographic groups (age, gender, and educational strata). Finally, we compared the validity of the three measures for a set of external criteria. Results indicate that the latent Big Five domains can be assessed adequately with all three measures, which were found to have high psychometric quality, with coefficients of mostly comparable size.
References
2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 16, 397–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903008204
(2018). Establishing an open probability-based mixed-mode panel of the general population in Germany: The GESIS Panel. Social Science Computer Review, 36, 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439317697949
(2005). Personality development: Stability and change. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 453–484. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141913
(2012). An evaluation of the consequences of using short measures of the Big Five personality traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 874–888. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027403
(2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
(2019). Das Big Five Inventar 2: Validierung eines Persönlichkeitsinventars zur Erfassung von 5 Persönlichkeitsdomänen und 15 Facetten
([The Big Five Inventory 2: Validation of an inventory of personality for the measurement of 5 personality domains and 15 facets] . Diagnostica, 65, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924/a0002181998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 197–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197
(1998). Demographic variables and personality: The effects of gender, age, education, and ethnic/racial status on self-descriptions of personality attributes. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00110-4
(2004). The role of person versus situation in life satisfaction: A critical examination. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 574–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.574
(1999). The Big Five personality traits and reporting of health problems and health behaviour in old age. British Journal of Health Psychology, 4, 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910799168560
(1991). The Big Five Inventory – Versions 4a and 54. Berkeley, CA: Institute of Personality and Social Research, University of California.
(2008).
(Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: History, Measurement, and conceptual issues . In O. P. JohnR. W. RobinsL. A. PervinEds., Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 114–158). New York, NY: Guilford Press.2012). Do nice guys – and gals – really finish last? The joint effects of sex and agreeableness on income. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 390–407. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026021
(2002). Das NEO-Fünf-Faktoren Inventar (NEO-FFI). Validierung anhand einer deutschen Bevölkerungsstichprobe
([The NEO Five-Factor-Inventory. Validation on a German population-representative sample] . Diagnostica, 48, 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924.48.1.192019). Individual, situational, and cultural correlates of acquiescent responding: Towards a unified conceptual framework. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 72, 426–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/bmsp.12164
(2015). Personality traits and personal values: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19, 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314538548
(2009). A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 322–338. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014996
(1997). Die deutsche Version des Big Five Inventory (BFI): Übersetzung und Validierung eines Fragebogens zur Erfassung des Fünf-Faktoren-Modells der Persönlichkeit
([The German version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI): Translation and Validation of a Questionnaire for the Measurement of the five-factor model of personality] (Unpublished diploma thesis). University of Bielefeld, Germany.2007). The 10-Item Big Five Inventory. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23, 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.193
(2014). Can’t we make it any shorter? The limits of personality assessment and ways to overcome them. Journal of Individual Differences, 35, 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000141
(2018). Validation of the short and extra-short forms of the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) and their German adaptations. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000481
(2007). Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001
(2013). A short scale for assessing the Big Five dimensions of personality: 10-Item Big Five Inventory (BFI-10). Methods, Data, Analyses, 7, 233–249. https://doi.org/10.12758/mda.2013.013
(1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50, 19–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x
(2017a). The next Big Five Inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113, 117–143. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096
(2017b). Short and extra-short forms of the Big Five Inventory – 2: The BFI-2-S and BFI-2-XS. Journal of Research in Personality, 68, 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2017.02.004
(2019). Optimizing the length, width, and balance of a personality scale: How do internal characteristics affect external validity? Psychological Assessment, 31, 444–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000586
(2011). Age differences in personality traits from 10 to 65: Big Five domains and facets in a large cross-sectional sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 330–348. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021717
(2000). On the sins of short-form development. Psychological Assessment, 12, 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.12.1.102
(2011). Comparative validity of brief to medium-length Big Five and Big Six personality questionnaires. Psychological Assessment, 23, 995–1009. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024165
(