Skip to main content
Multistudy Report

Development of a Shortened Version of the Latent and Manifest Benefits of Work (LAMB) Scale

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000434

Abstract. Paid work offers latent benefits (e.g., social contact, time structure) that go beyond mere access to financial resources in predicting individuals’ psychological well-being. Despite the importance of the concept for organizational research and practice, available instruments measuring these latent benefits suffer either from psychometric deficiencies or from a scale length that makes integrating them into large-scale work/life surveys cumbersome. Thus, the current two studies (N = 1,054 and N = 677) report on the development of the Short Latent and Manifest Benefits of Work scale (LAMB-S; cf. Muller, Creed, Waters, & Machin, 2005). The new 18-item instrument showed a clear factor structure, appropriate external validities, and even slight improvements in content and criterion validity for some subscales. Overall, the LAMB-S represents an economical instrument with satisfactory psychometric properties, making it an attractive alternative in situations where participant time is limited.

References

  • Batinic, B., Selenko, E., Stiglbauer, B. & Paul, K. I. (2010). Are workers in high-status jobs healthier than others? Assessing Jahoda’s latent benefits of employment in two working populations. Work and Stress, 24, 73–87. doi: 10.1080/02678371003703859 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Boyd, D. & Crawford, K. (2012). Critical questions for big data. Information, Communication and Society, 15, 662–679. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.678878 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464–504. doi: 10.1080/10705510701301834 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Cheung, G. W. & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255. doi: 10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Coie, J. D., Dodge, K. A. & Coppotelli, H. (1982). Dimensions and types of social status: A cross-age perspective. Developmental Psychology, 18, 557–570. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.18.4.557 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Creed, P. A. & Macintyre, S. R. (2001). The relative effects of deprivation of the latent and manifest benefits of employment on the well-being of unemployed people. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 324–331. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.6.4.324 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Creed, P. A. & Reynolds, J. (2001). Economic deprivation, experiential deprivation and social loneliness in unemployed and employed youth. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 11, 167–178. doi: 10.1002/casp.612 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Evans, S. T. & Haworth, J. T. (1991). Variations in personal activity, access to “categories of experience”, and psychological well-being in young adults. Leisure Studies, 10, 249–264. doi: 10.1080/02614369100390231 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Galesic, M. & Bosnjak, M. (2009). Effects of questionnaire length on participation and indicators of response quality in a web survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 73, 349–360. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfp031 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ganzeboom, H. B. G., De Graaf, P. M. & Treiman, D. J. (1992). A standard international socio-economic index of occupational status. Social Science Research, 21, 1–56. doi: 10.1016/0049-089X(92)90017-B First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Glaesmer, H., Grande, G., Braehler, E. & Roth, M. (2011). The German version of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27, 127–132. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000058 First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Gnambs, T. (2014). A meta-analysis of dependability coefficients (test-retest reliabilities) for measures of the Big Five. Journal of Research in Personality, 52, 20–28. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2014.06.003 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Goldberg, D. P. & Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 9, 139–145. doi: 10.1017/S0033291700021644 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hinkin, T. R. (1995). A review of scale development practices in the study of organizations. Journal of Management, 21, 967–988. doi: 10.1016/0149-2063(95)90050-0 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hoare, P. N. & Machin, M. A. (2006). Maintaining well-being during unemployment. Australian Journal of Career Development, 15, 19–27. doi: 10.1177/103841620601500105 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hoare, P. N. & Machin, M. A. (2010). The impact of reemployment on access to the latent and manifest benefits of employment and mental health. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 759–770. doi: 10.1348/096317909X472094 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C. & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26, 655–672. doi: 10.1177/0164027504268574 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Jahoda, M. (1981). Work, employment, and unemployment: Values, theories, and approaches in social research. The American Psychologist, 36, 184–191. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.36.2.184 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Manovich, L. (2012). Trending: The promises and challenges of big social data. In M. K. GoldEd., Debates in the digital humanities (pp. 460–475). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • McKee-Ryan, F., Song, Z., Wanberg, C. R. & Kinicki, A. J. (2005). Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: A meta-analytic study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 53–76. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.53 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Muller, J. J., Creed, P. A. & Francis, L. (2004). Does spirituality mediate the relationship between environmental stressors and psychological wellbeing in distressed unemployed people? Australian Journal of Career Development, 13, 44–54. doi: 10.1177/103841620401300207 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Muller, J. J., Creed, P. A., Waters, L. E. & Machin, M. A. (2005). The development and preliminary testing of a scale to measure the latent and manifest benefits of employment. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21, 191–198. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759.21.3.191 First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Muller, J. J. & Waters, L. E. (2012). A review of the Latent and Manifest Benefits (LAMB) scale. Australian Journal of Career Development, 21, 31–37. doi: 10.1177/103841621202100105 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Paul, K. I. & Batinic, B. (2010). The need for work: Jahoda’s latent functions of employment in a representative sample of the German population. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 45–64. doi: 10.1002/job.622 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Paul, K. I., Geithner, E. & Moser, K. (2009). Latent deprivation among people who are employed, unemployed, or out of the labor force. The Journal of Psychology, 143, 477–491. doi: 10.3200/JRL.143.5.477-491 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Paul, K. I. & Moser, K. (2009). Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 264–282. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2009.01.001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8, 23–74. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Selenko, E. & Batinic, B. (2013). Job insecurity and the benefits of work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22, 725–736. doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2012.703376 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Selenko, E., Batinic, B. & Paul, K. (2011). Does latent deprivation lead to psychological distress? Investigating Jahoda’s model in a four‐wave study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84, 723–740. doi: 10.1348/096317910X519360 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Smith, G. T., McCarthy, D. M. & Anderson, K. G. (2000). On the sins of short-form development. Psychological Assessment, 12, 102–111. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.12.1.102 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Stanton, J. M., Sinar, E. F., Balzer, W. K. & Smith, P. C. (2002). Issues and strategies for reducing the length of self-report scales. Personnel Psychology, 55, 167–194. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2002.tb00108.x First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Stiglbauer, B. & Batinic, B. (2012). The role of Jahoda’s latent and financial benefits for work involvement: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81, 259–268. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2012.07.008 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Stiglbauer, B., Selenko, E., Batinic, B. & Jodlbauer, S. (2012). On the link between job insecurity and turnover intentions: Moderated mediation by work involvement and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17, 354–364. doi: 10.1037/a0028565 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Šverko, B., Galić, Z., Seršic, D. M. & Galešic, M. (2008). Working in the hidden economy: Associations with the latent benefits and psychological health. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17, 301–314. doi: 10.1080/13594320701693167 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Swan, M. (2013). The quantified self: Fundamental disruption in big data science and biological discovery. Big Data, 1, 85–99. doi: 10.1089/big.2012.0002 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • WHO Collaborating Centre in Mental Health. (1998). WHO-5 Fragebogen zum Wohlbefinden [WHO-5 Well-Being Index]. Retrieved from http://www.who-5.org First citation in articleGoogle Scholar