Development of the Factors Related to Forgiveness Inventory (FRFI)
Assessing Social-Cognitive Facilitators and Inhibitors of Interpersonal Forgiveness
Abstract
This research aimed to develop a brief, multifactorial Factors Related to Forgiveness Inventory (FRFI), assessing social-cognitive factors that facilitate or inhibit forgiveness. In total, 512 participants completed a questionnaire, reporting trait forgivingness, and describing a specific transgression, characteristics of the offence or offender, beliefs about forgiving the offender, overall forgiveness and revenge, avoidance, and benevolence motivations toward the offender. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested seven factors including positive post-transgression offender responses, perceived likelihood of the offender repeating offences, valuing the relationship with the offender, social influences to not forgive, believing forgiveness would be condoning or excusing the offence, intent of the offender, and spiritual beliefs about forgiveness. Construct, criterion, and incremental validity were assessed and supported validity of scores of the seven FRFI subscales for 415 adults. All subscales explained unique variance in overall forgiveness. Furthermore, FRFI subscales accounted for between 21% and 59% of variance in forgiveness-related constructs, after trait forgivingness was accounted for. One-week test-retest reliability suggested scores were temporally stable. The FRFI has potential for use in future research into factors facilitating and inhibiting forgiveness and in therapeutic contexts.
References
2001). Dispositional forgiveness: Development and construct validity of the Transgression Narrative Test of Forgivingness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1277–1290.
(2012). Forgiveness results from integrating information about relationship value and exploitation risk. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 345–356.
(2002). “Languaging” factors affecting clients’ acceptance of forgiveness intervention in marital therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 28, 285–298.
(2012). Can religion promote virtue? International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 22, 252.
(2002). A positive relationship between religious faith and forgiveness: Faith in the absence of data? Pastoral Psychology, 50, 147–152.
(1991). The moral development of forgiveness. In , Handbook of moral behaviour and development (pp. 123–152). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
. (2003). Forgiveness and justice: A research agenda for social and personality psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 337–348.
(2010). The road to forgiveness: A meta-analytic synthesis of its situational and dispositional correlates. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 894–914.
(1992). Assessing attributions in marriage: The Relationship Attribution Measure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 457–468.
(1993). Measuring social desirability: Short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53, 417–424.
(1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
(1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrica, 30, 179–185.
(2000). Forgiveness: Toward an integration of theoretical models. Psychiatry, 63, 344–357.
(2008). Paths to interpersonal forgiveness: The roles of personality, disposition to forgive and contextual factors in predicting forgiveness following a specific offence. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 337–348.
(1980). The Dyadic Trust Scale: Toward understanding interpersonal trust in close relationships. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42, 595–604.
(2002). What we know (and need to know) about assessing forgiveness constructs. In , Forgiveness: Theory, research and practice (pp. 65–88). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
(1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: Two. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1586–1603.
(1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 321–336.
(2004). Conceptualizations of forgiveness. European Psychologist, 9, 78–86.
(1999). Does spirituality represent the sixth factor of personality? Spiritual transcendence and the five-factor model. Journal of Personality, 67, 985–1013.
(2012). The antecedents and consequences of interpersonal forgiveness: A meta-analytic review. Personal Relationships, 19, 304–325.
(2005). Investigation of compensation source, trait empathy, satisfaction with outcome and forgiveness in the criminal context. Australian Psychologist, 40, 63–69.
(1998). The Investment Model Scale: Measuring commitment level, satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size. Personal Relationships, 5, 357–391.
(2001). Evaluation of the psychometric properties of two forgiveness scales. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personal, Social, 20, 260–277.
(2010). Some guidelines concerning the modeling of traits and abilities in test construction. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26, 1–2. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000001
(2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73, 313–359.
(2006). The longitudinal association between forgiveness and relationship closeness and commitment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 448–473.
(2009). Relationship among dispositional forgiveness of others, interpersonal adjustment and psychological well-being: Implication for interpersonal theory of depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 365–368.
(2005). But do they work? A meta-analysis of group interventions to promote forgiveness. In , Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 423–439). New York, NY: Routledge.
(2012). Empathy in the process of forgiveness. In , Encyclopedia of peace psychology (pp. 408–413). Maldon, MA: Blackwell.
(2006). Skills for resolving conflict: Creating effective solutions through co-operative problem solving (2nd ed.). Melbourne, Victoria: Eruditions.
(2009). Interpersonal forgiveness, trust, and the investment model of commitment. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 531–548.
(2004). Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: Theory, review, and hypotheses. Psychology & Health, 19, 385–405.
(1999). The psychology of unforgiveness and forgiveness and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18, 385–418.
(2004). Dimensions of forgiveness: The views of laypersons. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21, 837–855.
(