Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Next article
Originalarbeit

Interkulturelle Unterschiede im Erleben und Verhalten nach sozialer Exkludierung

Published Online:April 11, 2018https://doi.org/10.1026/0033-3042/a000343

Abstract

Zusammenfassung. Soziale Exkludierung, von anderen entfernt gehalten zu werden, zieht schwerwiegende psychische und physische Reaktionen nach sich. Wie stark allerdings Menschen von sozialer Exkludierung bedroht sind, hängt von verschiedenen Faktoren ab. Im vorliegenden Forschungsartikel wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern kulturelle Unterschiede das Erleben sozialer Exkludierung beeinflussen. Die aktuelle Forschung zeigt, dass Personen mit kollektivistischem Hintergrund von Exkludierung weniger psychologisch beeinträchtigt sind als Personen mit individualistischem Hintergrund, weil sie als weniger bedrohlich und destabilisierend wahrgenommen wird. Neben der Darstellung empirischer Befunde werden die Grenzen des Effekts diskutiert, sowie theoretische und praktische Implikationen vorgestellt.


Intercultural Differences in the Experience of and Behavior After Social Exclusion

Abstract. Social exclusion – being kept apart from others – has severe psychological and physiological consequences. The degree to which people are threatened by social exclusion, however, depends on multiple factors. In the current research article, we consider the question of how cultural differences shape the experience of social exclusion. According to the current state of research, people with a collectivistic background are less affected by exclusion than are people with an individualistic background, since it is perceived as less threatening and destabilizing. In addition to the empirical evidence for this effect, we address boundary conditions; moreover, theoretical and practical implications are suggested.

Literatur

  • Aydin, N., Fischer, P. & Frey, D. (2010). Turning to God in the face of ostracism: Effects of social exclusion on religiousness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 742 – 753. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Baumeister, R. F. & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497 – 529. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bernstein, M. J. & Claypool, H. M. (2012). Social exclusion and pain sensitivity: Why exclusion sometimes hurts and sometimes numbs. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 185 – 196. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Blackhart, G. C., Nelson, B. C., Knowles, M. L. & Baumeister, R. F. (2009). Rejection elicits emotional reactions but neither causes immediate distress nor lowers self-esteem: A meta-analytic review of 192 studies on social exclusion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 269 – 309. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Braumann, C. (1999). Writing for culture: Why a successful concept should not be discarded. Current Anthropology, 40, S1-S27. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Crocker, J. & Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 392 – 414. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Derrick, J. L., Gabriel, S. & Hugenberg, K. (2009). Social surrogacy: How favored television programs provide the experience of belonging. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 352 – 265. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • DeWall, C. N. & Bushman, B. J. (2011). Social acceptance and rejection: The sweet and the bitter. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 256 – 260. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D. & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does exclusion hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302, 290 – 292. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fiske, S. T. & Yamamoto, M. (2005). Coping with exclusion: Core social motives across cultures. In K. D. WilliamsJ. P. ForgasW. von HippelEds., The social outcast: Exclusion, social exclusion, exclusion, and bullying (pp. 185 – 198). New York, NY: Psychology Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gardner, W. L., Knowles, M. L. & Jefferis, V. (2018). Never alone: The interdependent self as a buffer of social exclusion. Manuskript in Vorbereitung. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gardner, W. L., Pickett, C. L. & Knowles, M. (2005). Social snacking and shielding: Using social symbols, selves, and surrogates in the service of belonging needs. In: K. D. WilliamsJ. P. ForgasW. von HippelEds., The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying (pp. 227 – 241). New York: Psychology Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gerber, J. & Wheeler, L. (2009). On being rejected a meta-analysis of experimental research on rejection. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 468 – 488. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Graupmann, V., Jonas, E., Meier, E., Hawelka, S. & Aichhorn, M. (2012). Reactance, the self and its group: When threats to freedom come from the in-group vs. the out-group. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 164 – 173. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Graupmann, V., Pfundmair, M. & Dulaney, E. (2018). The instability of the independent self during ostracism. Manuskript in Vorbereitung. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Graupmann, V., Pfundmair, M., Matsoukas, P. & Erber, R. (2016). Rejection via video: The impact of observed group and individual rejection. Social Psychology, 47, 345 – 350. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Gruter, M. & Masters, R. D. (1986). Ostracism: A social and biological phenomenon. Ethnology and Sociobiology, 7, 149 – 395. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Heine, S. J. (2008). Cultural psychology. New York: W. W. Norton. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J. & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hoshino-Browne, E., Zanna, A. S., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Kitayama, S. & Lackenbauer, S. (2005). On the cultural guises of cognitive dissonance: The case of easterners and westerners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 294 – 310. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • House, J. S., Landis, K. R. & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241, 540 – 545. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kluckhohn, C. (1954). Culture and behavior. In G. LindzeyEd., Handbook of Social Psychology (pp. 921 – 976). Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Knowles, M. L., Liu, C. & Sassaman, M. (2015). Meet my friend, chlorophyllis: Evidence that houseplants can serve as social surrogates. Poster presented at the 16th Annual Convention of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Long Beach, CA. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Leary, M. R.Kowalski, R. M.Smith, L.Philips, S. (2003). Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of school shootings. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 202 – 214. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Maner, J. K., DeWall, N., Baumeister, R. F. & Schaller, M. (2007). Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the „porcupine problem“. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 42 – 55. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Markus, H. R. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224 – 253. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007). Culture and psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Over, H. & Uskul, A. K. (2016). Culture moderates children’s responses to ostracism situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110, 710 – 724. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pfundmair, M., Aydin, N., Du, H., Yeung, S., Frey, D. & Graupmann, V. (2015a). Exclude me if you can – Cultural effects on the outcomes of exclusion. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 579 – 596. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pfundmair, M., Eyssel, F., Graupmann, V., Frey, D. & Aydin, N. (2015) Wanna play? The role of self-construal when using gadgets to cope with ostracism. Social Influence, 10, 221 – 235. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pfundmair, M., Graupmann, V., Du, H., Frey, D. & Aydin, N. (2014). Suddenly included: Cultural differences in experiencing re-inclusion. International Journal of Psychology, 50, 85 – 92. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pfundmair, M., Graupmann, V., Frey, D. & Aydin, N. (2015). The differential behavioral intentions of collectivists and individualists in response to social exclusion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 363 – 378. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pickett, C. L., Gardner, W. L. & Knowles, M. (2004). Getting a cue: The need to belong and enhanced sensitivity to social cues. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1095 – 1107. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ren, D., Wesselmann, E. D. & Williams, K. D. (2013). Interdependent self-construal moderates coping with (but not the initial pain of) ostracism. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 16, 320 – 326. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rodriguez Mosquera, P. M., Tan, L. X. & Saleem, F. (2013). Shared burdens, personal costs on the emotional and social consequences of family honor. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45, 400 – 416. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In J. A. WilliamsS. WorchelEds., The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33 – 47). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Trafimow, D., Triandis, H. C. & Goto, S. G. (1991). Some tests of the distinction between the private self and the collective self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 649 – 655. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Triandis, H. C. & Gelfand, M. J. (2012). A theory of individualism and collectivism. In P. A. M. Van LangeA. W. KruglanskiE. T. HigginsEds., Handbook of Social Psychology (pp. 498 – 520). London: Sage. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M. & Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can’t join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1058 – 1069. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Van Beest, I., Carter-Sowell, A. R., Van Dijk, E. & Williams, K. D. (2012). Groups being ostracized by groups: Is the pain shared, is recovery quicker, and are groups more likely to be aggressive? Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 16, 241 – 254. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Warbuton, W. A., Williams, K. D. & Cairns, D. R. (2006). When exclusion leads to aggression: The moderating effects of control deprivation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 213 – 220. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Webb, T. L. & Sheeran, P. (2007). How do implementation intentions promote goal attainment? A test of component processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 295 – 302. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wesselmann, E. D., Ren, D., Swim, E. & Williams, K. D. (2013). Rumination hinders recovery from ostracism. International Journal of Developmental Science, 7, 33 – 39. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 58, 425 – 453. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Williams, K. D. (2009). Ostracism: A temporal need-threat model. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 275 – 314. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T. & Choi, W. (2000). Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 748 – 762. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Williams, K. D. & Jarvis, B. (2006). Cyberball: A program for use in research on interpersonal ostracism and acceptance. Behavior research methods, 38, 174 – 180. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Woo, C. W., Koban, L., Kross, E., Lindquist, M. A., Banich, M. T. & Ruzic, L., et al. (2014). Separate neural representations for physical pain and social rejection. Nature Communications, 5, 5380. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Yaakobi, E. & Williams, K. D. (2015). Ostracism and attachment orientation: Avoidants are less affected in both individualistic and collectivistic cultures. British Journal of Social Psychology, 55, 162 – 181. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Zadro, L. (2004). Ostracism: Empirical studies inspired by real-world experiences of silence and exclusion. Unveröffentlichte Dissertation, University of New South Wales. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Zadro, L., Boland, C. & Richardson, R. (2006). How long does it last? The persistence of the effects of ostracism in the socially anxious. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 692 – 697. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Zadro, L., Dale, E., Van Vugt, M., Griffiths, B., Richardson, R. & Williams, K. D.et al. (2010). To integrate or retaliate? An empirical investigation of the conditions that promote prosocial versus antisocial behaviors in ostracized targets. Unpublished manuscript, University of Sydney. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Zhu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, J. & Han, S. (2007). Neural basis of cultural influence on self-representation. NeuroImage, 34, 1310 – 1316. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar