Diagnostik von Ressourcen im Alter
Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Als Ergänzung zur psychopathologisch orientierten Diagnostik zieht seit einiger Zeit die Beschäftigung mit Stärken, Kompetenzen und Ressourcen einer Person Aufmerksamkeit auf sich, zuletzt unter den Bemühungen der Positiven Psychologie. Gerade die Alterspsychotherapie kann von einer Ressourcenorientierung profitieren. Dieser Artikel verfolgt zum einen das Ziel, Instrumente zur Diagnostik verschiedener Ressourcen darzustellen, zum anderen Befunde zu positiven Konsequenzen dieser Ressourcen im Alter zusammenzufassen. Berücksichtigt werden emotionale Ressourcen (positiver Affekt, Lebenszufriedenheit, Selbstwerterleben), motivationale Ressourcen (Kontrollüberzeugung, Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung, dispositionaler Optimismus, optimistischer Attributionsstil, Hoffnung, intrinsische Lebensziele), volitionale Ressourcen (Handlungsorientierung, Selbstregulation und Selbstkontrolle, Aufmerksamkeitsregulation, Emotionsregulation), interpersonale Ressourcen (Bindung, Altruismus, soziale Verantwortung, Vergebung, Humor) und soziale Ressourcen (soziales Netzwerk, soziale Unterstützung, Partnerbeziehung). Diskutiert wird die Notwendigkeit einer Diagnostik der Ressourcen in der Psychotherapie, vorgeschlagene Änderungen am DSM-IV und Schlussfolgerungen für geplante Forschungsprojekte.
Abstract: The assessment and utilization of strengths, competences and resources of a person draws more and more attention to itself, supplementing the psychopathological oriented assessment in psychotherapy. This development has recently been pushed through the endeavour of the Positive Psychology. Geropsychotherapy, in particular, can profit from a resource orientation. This article pursues two aims: First, diagnostic instruments measuring various resources are described. Second, empirical findings of positive consequences of these resources in older age are summarized. Considered are emotional resources (positive affect, life satisfaction, self-esteem), motivational resources (locus of control, self-efficacy, dispositional optimism, optimistic attributional style, hope, intrinsic life goals), volitional resources (action orientation, self-regulation and self-control, attention regulation, emotion regulation), interpersonal resources (attachment, altruism, social responsibility, forgiveness, humour) and social resources (social network, social support, partner relationship). The need of assessment of resources in psychotherapy is discussed, several changes on the DSM-IV are proposed, and conclusions for planned research are drawn.
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