Abstract
Abstract. There has been a surge in social cognition and social neurosciences research comparing laboratory and real eye movements. Eye movements during the retrieval of autobiographical memories (i.e., personal memories) in laboratory situations are also receiving more attention. We compared eye movements during the retrieval of autobiographical memories using a strict laboratory design versus a design mimicking social interactions. In the first design, eye movements were recorded during autobiographical memory retrieval while participants were looking at a blank screen; in the second design, participants wore eye-tracking glasses and communicated autobiographical memories to the experimenter. Compared with the “screen” design, the “glasses” design yielded more fixations (p < .05), shorter duration of fixations (p < .001), more saccades (p < .01), and longer duration of saccades (p < .001). These findings demonstrate how eye movements during autobiographical memory retrieval differ between strict laboratory design and face-to-face interactions.
References
2018). Facing the language-memory problem in the study of autobiographical memory. Integrative Psychological Behavioral Sciences, 53(3), 374–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-018-9434-x
(2017). Neural correlates of autobiographical memory retrieval in children and adults. Memory, 25(4), 450–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2016.1186699
(2005). A tale of three functions: The self-reported uses of autobiographical memory. Social Cognition, 23(1), 91–117. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.23.1.91.59198
(1992). Statistical power analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(3), 98–101. https://doi.org/10.2307/20182143
(2005). Memory and the self. Journal of Memory and Language, 53(4), 594–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2005.08.005
(2016). More emotional facial expressions during episodic than during semantic autobiographical retrieval. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 16(2), 374–381. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-015-0397-9
(2017). Facial expressions triggered by imagining the future. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 16(4), 483–492. https://doi.org/10.3233/JIN-170030
(2020). Eye movements of recent and remote autobiographical memories: Fewer and longer lasting fixations during the retrieval of childhood memories. Psychological Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-020-01403-3
(2018). When your face describes your memories: Facial expressions during retrieval of autobiographical memories. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 29(8), 861–872. https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2018-0001
(2014). Autobiographical recall triggers visual exploration. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 7(5), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.7.5.1
(2017). Eying the future: Eye movement in past and future thinking. Cortex, 105, 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.05.024
(2017). Eye movement during retrieval of emotional autobiographical memories. Acta Psychologica, 174, 54–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.02.002
(2010). The essential guide to effect sizes: Statistical power, meta-analysis, and the interpretation of research results, Cambridge University Press.
(2008). Taking a new look at looking at nothing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(11), 405–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.07.007
(2011). The making of autobiographical memory: Intersections of culture, narratives and identity. International Journal of Psychology, 46(5), 321–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2011.596541
(2018). Positive facial expressions during retrieval of self-defining memories. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 17(3–4), 367–376. https://doi.org/10.3233/JIN-170073
(1987). Genuine memory deficits in dementia. Developmental Neuropsychology, 3(1), 13–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565648709540361
(2009). Gaze allocation in natural stimuli: Comparing free exploration to head-fixed viewing conditions. Visual Cognition, 17(6–7), 1132–1158. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280902812304
(2015). Speaking and listening with the eyes: Gaze signaling during dyadic interactions. PLoS One, 10(8), Article e0136905. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136905
(1967). Some functions of gaze-direction in social interaction. Acta Psychologica, 26, 22–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(67)90005-4
(2003). Age and gender differences in cardiac reactivity and subjective emotion responses to emotional autobiographical memories. Emotion, 3(2), 115–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.3.2.115
(2011). Potential social interactions are important to social attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(14), 5548–5553. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1017022108
(2019). Don’t stare, unless you don’t want to remember: Maintaining fixation compromises autobiographical memory retrieval. Memory, 27(2), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2018.1501068
(2017). Why do we remember? The communicative function of episodic memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 41, 1–93. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X17000012
(2004). The emergence of autobiographical memory: A social cultural developmental theory. Psychological Review, 111(2), 486–511. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.2.486
(2015). Physiological reactivity during autobiographical narratives in older adults: The roles of depression and anxiety. Aging and Mental Health, 19(8), 689–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2014.962010
(2001). Meta-analysis: Recent developments in quantitative methods for literature reviews. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.59
(2005). A basic-systems approach to autobiographical memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(2), 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00339.x
(2005). Selective effects of emotion on the phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories. Memory, 13(2), 148–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210344000648
(2018). Remembering and imagining alternative versions of the personal past. Neuropsychologia, 110, 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.06.015
(2006). The functional neuroanatomy of autobiographical memory: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia, 44(12), 2189–2208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.023
(2010). Reminiscence and mental health: A review of recent progress in theory, research and interventions. Ageing & Society, 30(04), 697–721. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X09990328
(2014). Natural gaze signaling in a social context. Evolution and Human Behavior, 35(3), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.01.005
(