Top

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Gepubliceerd in:

01-08-2010 | Original Article

Do Early Maladaptive Schemas Mediate the Relationship Between Childhood Experiences and Avoidant Personality Disorder Features? A Preliminary Investigation in a Non-Clinical Sample

Auteurs: Steven N. Carr, Andrew J. P. Francis

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 4/2010

Abstract

The current study tested the hypothesis that early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) mediate the relationship between retrospectively reported childhood experiences and avoidant personality disorder (AVPD) symptoms. One hundred and seventy-eight non-clinical participants completed questionnaires measuring retrospectively reported childhood experiences, a measure of EMSs, and AVPD symptoms. Path analyses showed that the EMSs of subjugation, abandonment, and emotional inhibition fully mediated the relationship between retrospectively reported childhood experiences (specifically mother overprotection & family sociability) and AVPD symptoms. The abandonment and subjugation EMSs were found to fully mediate the relationship between family sociability and AVPD symptoms while the subjugation and emotional inhibition EMSs fully mediated the relationship between mother (but not father) overprotection and AVPD symptoms. Finally, retrospective reports of childhood maltreatment were found to be associated with all EMSs within the disconnection/rejection domain apart from the abandonment EMS although these EMSs did not significantly account for AVPD symptoms. These results are consistent with cognitive-behavioural formulations of personality disorders and this study is the first to show that EMSs mediate the relationship between childhood factors and AVPD features.

vorige artikel Dimensions of Negative Thinking and the Relations with Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in Children and Adolescents

volgende artikel Subjective Sleep Quality and Anxious and Fearful Responding to Bodily Arousal among Children and Adolescents

Alden, L. E., Laposa, J. M., Taylor, C. T., & Ryder, A. G. (2002). Avoidant personality disorder: Current status and future directions. Journal of Personality Disorders, 16, 1–29. doi: 10.1521/pedi.16.1.1.22558. CrossRefPubMed

APA. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

APA. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th text revision ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.

Armstrong, M. I., Birnie-Lefcovitch, S., & Ungar, M. T. (2005). Pathways between social support, family well being, quality of parenting, and child resilience: What we know. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14(2), 269–281. doi: 10.1007/s10826-005-5054-4. CrossRef

Arntz, A. (1999). Do personality disorders exist? On the validity of the concept and its cognitive-behavioral formulation and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, s97–s134. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00052-2. CrossRefPubMed

Arntz, A., Dietzel, R., & Dreessen, L. (1999). Assumptions in borderline personality disorder: Specificity, stability, and relationship with etiological factors. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 545–557. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00152-1. CrossRefPubMed

Bagby, M., & Farvolden, P. (2003). The personality diagnostic questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4). In M. J. Hilsenroth, D. L. Segal, & M. Hersen (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment: volume 2, Personality assessment (pp. 122–133). USA: Wiley.

Ball, S. A., & Cecero, J. J. (2001). Addicted patients with personality disorders: Traits, schemas and presenting problems. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15(1), 72–83. doi: 10.1521/pedi.15.1.72.18642. CrossRefPubMed

Barber, B. K., & Buehler, C. (1996). Family cohesion and enmeshment: Different constructs, different effects. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58(2), 433–441. doi: 10.2307/353507. CrossRef

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173. CrossRefPubMed

Battle, C. L., Shea, T., Johnson, D. M., Yen, S., Zlotnick, C., Zanarini, M., et al. (2004). Childhood maltreatment associated with adult personality disorders: Findings from the collaborative longitudinal personality disorder study. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(2), 193–211. doi: 10.1521/pedi.18.2.193.32777. CrossRefPubMed

Beck, A. T., Freeman, A., Davis, D. D., Pretzer, J., Fleming, B., Arntz, A., et al. (2004). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. New York: The Guilford Press.

Bernstein, D. P. (2002). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders in patients with histories of emotional abuse or neglect. Psychiatric Annals, 32(10), 618–628.

Bernstein, D. P., & Fink, L. (1998). Childhood trauma questionnaire: A retrospective self-report. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.

Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., & Handelsman, L. (1998). Predicting personality pathology among adult patients with substance use disorders: Effects of childhood maltreatment. Addictive Behaviors, 23(6), 855–868. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00072-0. CrossRefPubMed

Bloom, B. L. (1985). A factor analysis of self-report measures of family functioning. Family Process, 24(2), 225–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.1985.00225.x. CrossRefPubMed

Bögels, S. M., van Oosten, A., Muris, P., & Smulders, D. (2001). Familial correlates of social anxiety in children and adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 273–287. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00005-X. CrossRefPubMed

Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Gotlib, I. H. (1993). Psychopathology and early experience: A reappraisal of retrospective reports. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 82–98. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.82. CrossRefPubMed

Brook, C. A., & Schmidt, L. A. (2008). Social anxiety disorder: A review of environmental risk factors. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 4(1), 123–143. PubMed

Bruch, M. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (1994). Differences in perceptions of parental and personal characteristics between generalized and nongeneralised social phobics. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8(2), 155–168. doi: 10.1016/0887-6185(94)90013-2. CrossRef

Carr, S., & Francis, A. (2009). Childhood familial environment, maltreatment and borderline personality disorder symptoms in a non-clinical sample: A cognitive behavioural perspective. Clinical Psychologist, 13(1), 28–37. doi: 10.1080/13284200802680476. CrossRef

Chambless, D. L., Fydrich, T., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2006). Generalized social phobia and avoidant personality disorder: Meaningful distinction or useless duplication? Depression and Anxiety, 0, 1–12.

Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 3–21.

Cramer, V., Torgersen, S., & Kringlen, E. (2006). Personality disorders and quality of life: A population study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 178–184. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.06.002. CrossRefPubMed

Davison, S., Leese, M., & Taylor, P. J. (2001). Examination of the screening properties of the personality diagnostic questionnaire 4+ (PDQ4+) in a prison population. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15(2), 180–194. doi: 10.1521/pedi.15.2.180.19212. CrossRefPubMed

Davison, S., & Taylor, P. J. (2001). Psychological distress and severity of personality disorder symptomatology in prisoners convicted of violent and sexual offences. Psychology, Crime & Law, 7, 263–273. doi: 10.1080/10683160108401797. CrossRef

Dolan, B., Evans, C., & Norton, K. (1995). Multiple axis-II diagnoses of personality disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 166(1), 107–112. doi: 10.1192/bjp.166.1.107. CrossRefPubMed

Dunsmore, J. C., & Halberstadt, A. G. (1997). How does family emotional expressiveness affect children’s schemas? New Directions for Child Development, 77, 45–68. PubMed

Ekselius, L., Tillfors, M., Furmark, T., & Fredrickson, M. (2001). Personality disorders in the general population: DSM-IV and ICD-10 defined prevalence as related to sociodemographic profile. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 311–320. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00048-9. CrossRef

Fossati, A., Maffei, C., Bagnato, M., Donati, D., Fiorilli, M., Novella, L., et al. (1998). Brief communication: Criterion validity of the personality diagnostic questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4+) in a mixed psychiatric sample. Journal of Personality Disorders, 12, 172–178. PubMed

Gibb, B. E., Wheeler, R., Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (2001). Emotional, physical, and sexual maltreatment in childhood versus adolescence and personality dysfunction in young adulthood. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15, 505–515. doi: 10.1521/pedi.15.6.505.19194. CrossRefPubMed

Glaser, B. A., Campbell, L. F., Calhoun, G. B., Bates, J. M., & Petrocelli, J. V. (2002). The early maladaptive schema questionnaire-short form: A construct validity study. Measurement & Evaluation in Counseling & Development, 35, 2–13.

Grilo, C. M., & Masheb, R. M. (2002). Childhood maltreatment and personality disorders in adult patients with binge eating disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106(3), 183–188. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.02303.x. CrossRefPubMed

Hair, J. F. J., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Harter, S., & Vanecek, R. J. (2000). Cognitive assumptions and long-term distress in survivors of childhood abuse, parental alcoholism, and dysfunctional family environments. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(4), 445–472. doi: 10.1023/A:1005531803919. CrossRef

Henry, B., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Langley, J., & Silva, P. A. (1994). On the “remembrance of things past”: A longitudinal evaluation of the retrospective method. Psychological Assessment, 6, 92–101. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.6.2.92. CrossRef

Hoffart, A., Sexton, H., Hedley, L. M., Wang, C. E., Holthe, H., Haugman, J. A., et al. (2006). The structure of maladaptive schemas: A confirmatory factor analysis and a psychometric valuation of factor-derived scales. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(6), 627–644. doi: 10.1007/s10608-005-9630-0. CrossRef

Hyler, S. E. (1994). Personality diagnostic questionnaire 4+ (PDQ-4+). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute.

Jackson, H. J., & Burgess, P. M. (2000). Personality disorders in the community: A report from the Australian national survey of mental health and well-being. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35, 531–538. doi: 10.1007/s001270050276. CrossRefPubMed

Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E. M., & Bernstein, D. P. (1999). Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 600–606. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.600. CrossRefPubMed

Johnson, J. G., Smailes, E. M., Cohen, P., Brown, J., & Bernstein, D. P. (2000). Associations between four types of childhood neglect and personality disorder symptoms during adolescence and early adulthood: Findings of a community-based longitudinal study. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14(2), 171–187. PubMed

Jovev, M., & Jackson, H. J. (2004). Early maladaptive schemas in personality disordered individuals. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(5), 467–478. doi: 10.1521/pedi.18.5.467.51325. CrossRefPubMed

Joyce, P. R., McKenzie, J. M., Luty, S. E., Mulder, R. T., Carter, J. D., Sullivan, P. F., et al. (2003). Temperament, childhood environment and psychopathology as risk factors for avoidant and borderline personality disorders. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 756–764. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1614.2003.01263.x. PubMed

Lee, C. W., Taylor, G., & Dunn, J. (1999). Factor structure of the schema questionnaire in a large clinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23, 441–451. doi: 10.1023/A:1018712202933. CrossRef

Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1987). Statistical analysis with missing data. New York: Wiley.

Lizardo, H., & Klein, D. N. (2005). Long-term stability of parental representations in depressed outpatients utilizing the parental bonding instrument. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(3), 183–188. doi: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000154838.16100.36. CrossRef

MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593–614. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542. CrossRefPubMed

MacKinnon, A. J., Henderson, A. S., Scott, R., & Duncan-Jones, P. (1989). The parental bonding instrument (PBI): An epidemiological study in a general population sample. Psychological Medicine, 19, 1023–1034. CrossRefPubMed

MacMillan, H. L., Fleming, J. E., Streiner, D. L., Lin, E., Boyle, M. H., Jamieson, E., et al. (2001). Childhood abuse and lifetime psychopathology in a community sample. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(11), 1878–1883. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1878. CrossRefPubMed

Manassis, K., Owens, M., Adam, K. S., West, M., & Sheldon-Keller, A. E. (1999). Assessing attachment: Convergent validity of the adult attachment interview and the parental bonding instrument. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33, 559–567. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00560.x. PubMed

Mendlowicz, M. V., Braga, R. J., Cabizuca, M., Land, M. G., & Figueira, I. L. (2006). A comparison of publication trends on avoidant personality disorder and social phobia. Psychiatry Research, 144, 205–209. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2004.06.024. CrossRefPubMed

Meyer, B. (2002). Personality and mood correlates of avoidant personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 16, 174–188. doi: 10.1521/pedi.16.2.174.22546. CrossRefPubMed

Meyer, B., & Carver, C. S. (2000). Negative childhood accounts, sensitivity, and pessimism: A study of avoidant personality disorder features in college students. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14, 233–248. PubMed

Nakao, K., Gunderson, J. G., Phillips, K. A., Tanaka, N., Yorifuji, K., Takaishi, J., et al. (1992). Functional impairment in personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6, 24–33.

Nash, M. R., Hulsey, T. L., Sexton, M. C., Harralson, T. L., & Lambert, W. (1993). Long-term sequelae of childhood sexual abuse: Perceived family environment, psychopathology, and dissociation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 276–283. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.61.2.276. CrossRefPubMed

Noyes, R., Woodman, C. L., Holt, C. S., Reich, J. H., & Zimmerman, M. B. (1995). Avoidant personality traits distinguish social phobia and panic disorder subjects. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183, 145–153. doi: 10.1097/00005053-199503000-00004. CrossRefPubMed

Paivo, S. C., & Cramer, K. M. (2004). Factor structure and reliability of the childhood trauma questionnaire in a Canadian undergraduate student sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 889–904. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.01.011. CrossRef

Paris, J. (1998). Does childhood trauma cause personality disorders in adults? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43(2), 148–153.

Parker, G. (1989). The parental bonding instrument: Psychometric properties reviewed. Psychiatric Developments, 4, 317–335.

Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 1–10.

Rapee, R. M., & Spence, S. H. (2004). The etiology of social phobia: Empirical evidence and an initial model. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 737–767. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.004. CrossRefPubMed

Reeves, M., & Taylor, J. (2007). Specific relationships between core beliefs and personality disorder symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 14, 96–104. doi: 10.1002/cpp.519. CrossRef

Rettew, D. C. (2000). Avoidant personality disorder, generalized social phobia, and shyness: Putting the personality back in to personality disorders. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 8, 283–297. doi: 10.1093/hrp/8.6.283. PubMed

Rettew, D. C., Zanarini, M. C., Yen, S., Grilo, C. M., Skodol, A. E., Shea, M. T., et al. (2003). Childhood antecedents of avoidant personality disorder: A retrospective study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1122–1130. doi: 10.1097/01.CHI.0000070250.24125.5F. CrossRefPubMed

Samuels, J., Eaton, W. W., Bienvenu, O. J., Brown, C. H., Costa, P. T., Jr, & Nestadt, G. (2002). Prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in a community sample. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 536–542. doi: 10.1192/bjp.180.6.536. CrossRefPubMed

Sansone, R. A., & Levitt, J. L. (2005). Borderline personality and eating disorders. Eating Disorders, 13, 71–83. doi: 10.1080/10640260590893665. CrossRefPubMed

Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147–177. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.7.2.147. CrossRefPubMed

Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., Young, J. E., & Telch, M. J. (1995). The schema questionnaire: Investigation of psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19(3), 295–321. doi: 10.1007/BF02230402. CrossRef

Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422. CrossRefPubMed

Skodol, A. E., Oldham, J. M., Bender, D. S., Dyck, I. R., Stout, R. L., Morey, L. C., et al. (2005). Dimensional representations of DSM-IV personality disorders: Relationships to functional impairment. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(10), 1919–1925. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1919. CrossRefPubMed

Stravynski, A., Elie, R., & Franche, R. L. (1989). Perceptions of early parenting by patients diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder: A test of the overprotection hypothesis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 80, 415–420. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb02999.x. CrossRefPubMed

Sturrock, B.A., Francis, A.J.P., & Carr, S.N. (2009). Avoidance of affect mediates the effect of invalidating childhood environments on borderline personality symptomatology in a non-clinical sample. Clinical Psychologist (in press).

Sullivan, P. F., Bulik, C. M., Carter, F. A., & Joyce, P. R. (1995). The significance of a history of childhood sexual abuse in bulimia nervosa. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 679–682. doi: 10.1192/bjp.167.5.679. CrossRefPubMed

Suveg, C., Sood, E., Barmish, A., Tiwari, S., Hudson, J. L., & Kendall, P. C. (2008). “I’d rather not talk about it”: Emotion parenting in families of children with an anxiety disorder. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(6), 875–884. doi: 10.1037/a0012861. CrossRefPubMed

Taylor, C. T., Laposa, J. M., & Alden, L. E. (2004). Is avoidant personality disorder more than just social avoidance. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(6), 571–594. doi: 10.1521/pedi.18.6.571.54792. CrossRefPubMed

Torgersen, S., Kringlen, E., & Cramer, V. (2001). The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(6), 590–596. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.58.6.590. CrossRefPubMed

Trull, T. J. (1993). Temporal stability and validity of two personality disorder inventories. Psychological Assessment, 5(1), 11–18. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.5.1.11. CrossRef

Uehara, T., Sakado, K., & Sato, T. (1997). Test-retest reliability of the personality diagnostic questionnaire-revised. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 51, 369–372. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.1997.tb02601.x. CrossRefPubMed

van Velzen, C. J. M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Scholing, A. (2000). Generalized social phobia versus avoidant personality disorder: Differences in psychopathology, personality traits, and social and occupational functioning. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14, 395–411. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(00)00030-X. CrossRefPubMed

Waller, G., Meyer, C., & Ohanian, V. (2001). Psychometric properties of the long and short versions of the Young Schema Questionnaire: Core beliefs among bulimic and comparison women. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(2), 137–147. doi: 10.1023/A:1026487018110. CrossRef

Welburn, K., Coristine, M., Dagg, P., Pontefract, A., & Jordan, S. (2002). The schema questionnaire-short form: Factor analysis and relationship between schemas and symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 519–530. doi: 10.1023/A:1016231902020. CrossRef

Westen, D., & Shedler, J. (1999). Revising and assessing axis II, part II: Toward an empirically based and clinically useful classification of personality disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(2), 273–285. PubMed

Weston, R., & Gore, P. A., Jr. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 719–751. doi: 10.1177/0011000006286345. CrossRef

Widom, C. S., & Morris, S. (1997). Accuracy of adult recollections of childhood victimization: Part 2. Childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Assessment, 9(1), 34–46. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.9.1.34. CrossRef

Widom, C. S., & Shepard, R. L. (1996). Accuracy of adult recollections of childhood victimization: Part 1. Childhood physical abuse. Psychological Assessment, 8, 412–421. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.8.4.412. CrossRef

Wiggins, J. S., & Pincus, A. L. (1989). Conceptions of personality disorders and dimensions of personality. Psychological Assessment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1(4), 305–316. CrossRef

Wilberg, T., Dammen, T., & Friis, S. (2000). Comparing personality diagnostic questionnaire-4+ with a longitudinal, expert, all data (LEAD) standard diagnoses in a sample with a high prevalence of axis I and axis II disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41(4), 295–302. doi: 10.1053/comp.2000.0410295. CrossRefPubMed

Willinger, U., Diendorfer-Radner, G., Willnauer, R., Jörgl, G., & Hager, V. (2005). Parenting stress and parental bonding. Behavioral Medicine (Washington, D.C.), 31(2), 63. doi: 10.3200/BMED.31.2.63-72.

Yang, J., Bagby, M., Costa, P. T., Jr, Ryder, A. G., & Herbst, J. H. (2002). Assessing the DSM-IV structure of personality disorder with a sample of Chinese psychiatric patients. Journal of Personality Disorders, 16(4), 317–331. doi: 10.1521/pedi.16.4.317.24127. CrossRefPubMed

Young, J.E., & Brown, G.K. (2003). Young schema questionnaire-short form, from www.schematherapy.com.

Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: The Guilford Press.

Zimmerman, M. (1994). Diagnosing personality disorders: A review of issues and research methods. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 225–245. PubMed

Zimmerman, M., Rothschild, L., & Chelminski, I. (2005). The prevalence of DSM-IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1911–1918. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1911. CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Do Early Maladaptive Schemas Mediate the Relationship Between Childhood Experiences and Avoidant Personality Disorder Features? A Preliminary Investigation in a Non-Clinical Sample
Auteurs: Steven N. Carr
Andrew J. P. Francis
Publicatiedatum: 01-08-2010
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 4/2010
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9250-1

Mijn bibliotheek

Shop

Tips voor Mijn BSL

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Do Early Maladaptive Schemas Mediate the Relationship Between Childhood Experiences and Avoidant Personality Disorder Features? A Preliminary Investigation in a Non-Clinical Sample

Abstract

Mijn bibliotheek

Shop

Tips voor Mijn BSL

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2010

Maladaptive Schemas and Psychopathology in Adolescence: On the Utility of Young’s Schema Theory in Youth

Anxiety Sensitivity in Childhood and Adolescence: Parent Reports and Factors that Influence Associations with Child Reports

Subjective Sleep Quality and Anxious and Fearful Responding to Bodily Arousal among Children and Adolescents

Reports of Childhood Physical Abuse, 5-HTTLPR Genotype, and Women’s Attentional Biases for Angry Faces

Dysfunctional Attitudes and Early Maladaptive Schemas as Predictors of Depression: A 9-Year Follow-Up Study

Attentional Biases to Social and Health Threat Words in Individuals With and Without High Social Anxiety or Depression