Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence 3/2007

01-04-2007 | Original Paper

Digital Game Playing and Direct and Indirect Aggression in Early Adolescence: The Roles of Age, Social Intelligence, and Parent-Child Communication

Auteurs: Marjut Wallenius, Raija-Leena Punamäki, Arja Rimpelä

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 3/2007

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

The roles of age, social intelligence and parent-child communication in moderating the association between digital game playing and direct and indirect aggression were examined in 478 Finnish 10- and 13-year-old schoolchildren based on self-reports. The results confirmed that digital game violence was directly associated with direct aggression, especially at age 10, but only among boys. The moderating role of social intelligence was substantiated among older boys: game violence was associated with indirect aggression among those with high level of social intelligence. Further, as hypothesized, digital game playing was associated with direct aggression especially when parent-child communication was poor, but only among boys. Our findings emphasize the importance of individual and situational factors as moderators of the link between game violence and aggression.
Literatuur
go back to reference Aiken LS, West SG (1991) Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Sage, Newsbury Park Aiken LS, West SG (1991) Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Sage, Newsbury Park
go back to reference Anderson CA (2004) An update on the effects of playing violent video games. J Adolescence 27:113–122CrossRef Anderson CA (2004) An update on the effects of playing violent video games. J Adolescence 27:113–122CrossRef
go back to reference Anderson CA, Bushman BJ (2001) Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: a meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychol Sci 12:353–359PubMedCrossRef Anderson CA, Bushman BJ (2001) Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: a meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychol Sci 12:353–359PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Anderson CA, Dill KE (2000) Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and life. J Pers Soc Psychol 78:772–790PubMedCrossRef Anderson CA, Dill KE (2000) Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and life. J Pers Soc Psychol 78:772–790PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Anderson DR, Field DE, Collins PA, Lord EP, Nathan JG (1985) Estimates of young children’s time with television: a methodological comparison of parent reports with time-lapse home observation. Child Develop 56:1345–1357PubMedCrossRef Anderson DR, Field DE, Collins PA, Lord EP, Nathan JG (1985) Estimates of young children’s time with television: a methodological comparison of parent reports with time-lapse home observation. Child Develop 56:1345–1357PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Archer J, Coyne SM (2005) An integrated review of indirect, relational, and social aggression. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 9(3):212–230PubMedCrossRef Archer J, Coyne SM (2005) An integrated review of indirect, relational, and social aggression. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 9(3):212–230PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Barnes HL, Olson DH (1995) Parent-adolescent communication. In: Olson DH, McCubbin HI, Barnes HL, Larsen A, Muxen M, Wilson M (eds) Family inventories 3rd ed. University of Minnesota, St. Paul Barnes HL, Olson DH (1995) Parent-adolescent communication. In: Olson DH, McCubbin HI, Barnes HL, Larsen A, Muxen M, Wilson M (eds) Family inventories 3rd ed. University of Minnesota, St. Paul
go back to reference Baron RM, Kenny DA (1986) The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol 51(6):1173–1182PubMedCrossRef Baron RM, Kenny DA (1986) The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol 51(6):1173–1182PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bartholow BD, Bushman BJ, Sestir MA (2006) Chronic violent video game exposure and desensitization to violence: behavioral and event-related brain potential data. J Exp Soc Psychol 42:532–539CrossRef Bartholow BD, Bushman BJ, Sestir MA (2006) Chronic violent video game exposure and desensitization to violence: behavioral and event-related brain potential data. J Exp Soc Psychol 42:532–539CrossRef
go back to reference Björkqvist K, Lagerspetz K, Kaukiainen A (1992a) Do girls manipulate and and boys fight? Developmental trends in regard to direct and indirect aggression. Aggress Behav 18:117–127 Björkqvist K, Lagerspetz K, Kaukiainen A (1992a) Do girls manipulate and and boys fight? Developmental trends in regard to direct and indirect aggression. Aggress Behav 18:117–127
go back to reference Björkqvist K, Lagerspetz K, Österman K (1998) Direct-indirect aggression scales (DIAS). In: Björkqvist K, Österman K (eds) Scales for research on interpersonal relations. Pro Faculte No 4. Social and Caring Sciences: Publishing House of Åbo Akademi University Björkqvist K, Lagerspetz K, Österman K (1998) Direct-indirect aggression scales (DIAS). In: Björkqvist K, Österman K (eds) Scales for research on interpersonal relations. Pro Faculte No 4. Social and Caring Sciences: Publishing House of Åbo Akademi University
go back to reference Björkqvist K, Osterman K, Kaukiainen A (1992b) The development of direct and indirect aggressive strategies in males and females. In: Björkqvist K, Niemela P (eds) Of mice and women: aspects of female aggression. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 51–64 Björkqvist K, Osterman K, Kaukiainen A (1992b) The development of direct and indirect aggressive strategies in males and females. In: Björkqvist K, Niemela P (eds) Of mice and women: aspects of female aggression. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 51–64
go back to reference Bradbury TN, Fincham FD (1990) Inventory of parent-adolescent communication. In: Touliatos J, Perlmutter BF, Straus MA (eds) Handbook of family measurement techniques. Sage Publications, Newsbury Park, pp 63–64 Bradbury TN, Fincham FD (1990) Inventory of parent-adolescent communication. In: Touliatos J, Perlmutter BF, Straus MA (eds) Handbook of family measurement techniques. Sage Publications, Newsbury Park, pp 63–64
go back to reference Browne KD, Hamilton-Giachritsis C (2005) The influence of violen media on children and adolescents: a public-health approach. Lancet 365:702–710PubMed Browne KD, Hamilton-Giachritsis C (2005) The influence of violen media on children and adolescents: a public-health approach. Lancet 365:702–710PubMed
go back to reference Brownlee S (1999) Inside the teen brain. http://www.usnews.com/ usnews/culture/articles/990809/archive_001644_6.htm Retrieved 20.9.2005 Brownlee S (1999) Inside the teen brain. http://​www.​usnews.​com/​ usnews/culture/articles/990809/archive_001644_6.htm Retrieved 20.9.2005
go back to reference Burks VS, Laird RD, Dodge KA, Pettit GS, Bates JE (1999) Knowledge structures, social information processing, and children’s aggressive behavior. Soc Develop 8(2):220–236CrossRef Burks VS, Laird RD, Dodge KA, Pettit GS, Bates JE (1999) Knowledge structures, social information processing, and children’s aggressive behavior. Soc Develop 8(2):220–236CrossRef
go back to reference Bushman BJ, Anderson CA (2002) Violent video games and hostile expectations: a test of the general aggression model. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 12:367–376 Bushman BJ, Anderson CA (2002) Violent video games and hostile expectations: a test of the general aggression model. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 12:367–376
go back to reference Bushman BJ, Huesman R (2006) Short-term and long-term effects of violent media on aggression in children and adults. Arcives Pediatr Adolescent Med 160:348–352CrossRef Bushman BJ, Huesman R (2006) Short-term and long-term effects of violent media on aggression in children and adults. Arcives Pediatr Adolescent Med 160:348–352CrossRef
go back to reference Chen E (2004) Why socioeconomic status affects the health of children. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 13(3):112–115CrossRef Chen E (2004) Why socioeconomic status affects the health of children. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 13(3):112–115CrossRef
go back to reference Chen E, Langer DA, Raphaelson YE, Matthews KA (2004) Socioeconomic status and health in adolescents: the role of stress interpretations. Child Dev 75(4):1039–1052PubMedCrossRef Chen E, Langer DA, Raphaelson YE, Matthews KA (2004) Socioeconomic status and health in adolescents: the role of stress interpretations. Child Dev 75(4):1039–1052PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Christakis DA, Ebel BE, Rivara FP, Zimmerman FJ (2004) Television, video, and computer game usage in children under 11 years of age. J Pediatr 145(1):652–656PubMed Christakis DA, Ebel BE, Rivara FP, Zimmerman FJ (2004) Television, video, and computer game usage in children under 11 years of age. J Pediatr 145(1):652–656PubMed
go back to reference Colwell J, Payne J (2000) Negative correlates of computer game play in adolescents. Bri J Psychol 91:295–310CrossRef Colwell J, Payne J (2000) Negative correlates of computer game play in adolescents. Bri J Psychol 91:295–310CrossRef
go back to reference Coyne SM, Archer J (2005) The relationship between indirect and physical aggression on television and in real life. Soc Dev 14(2):324–338CrossRef Coyne SM, Archer J (2005) The relationship between indirect and physical aggression on television and in real life. Soc Dev 14(2):324–338CrossRef
go back to reference Coyne SM, Archer J, Eslea M (2004) Cruel intentions on television and in real life: can viewing indirect aggression increase viewers’ subsequent indirect aggression? J Exp Child Psychol 88:234–253PubMedCrossRef Coyne SM, Archer J, Eslea M (2004) Cruel intentions on television and in real life: can viewing indirect aggression increase viewers’ subsequent indirect aggression? J Exp Child Psychol 88:234–253PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Garandeau CF, Cillessen AHN (in press) From indirect aggression to invisible aggression: a conceptual view on bullying and peer group manipulation. Aggression and Violent Behavior Garandeau CF, Cillessen AHN (in press) From indirect aggression to invisible aggression: a conceptual view on bullying and peer group manipulation. Aggression and Violent Behavior
go back to reference Gentile DA, Lynch PJ, Linder JR, Walsh DA (2004) The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance. J Adolescence 27:5–22CrossRef Gentile DA, Lynch PJ, Linder JR, Walsh DA (2004) The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance. J Adolescence 27:5–22CrossRef
go back to reference Gentile DA, Walsh DA (2002) A normative study of family media habits. J Appl Dev Psychol 23:157–178CrossRef Gentile DA, Walsh DA (2002) A normative study of family media habits. J Appl Dev Psychol 23:157–178CrossRef
go back to reference Giedd J (2002) Frontline interview: inside the teenage brain. Retrieved 20.9., 2005 Giedd J (2002) Frontline interview: inside the teenage brain. Retrieved 20.9., 2005
go back to reference Greenberg BS, Eastin MS, Skalski P, Cooper L, Levy M, Lachlan K (2005) Comparing survey and diary measures of internet and traditional media use. Communication Reports 18(1):1–8CrossRef Greenberg BS, Eastin MS, Skalski P, Cooper L, Levy M, Lachlan K (2005) Comparing survey and diary measures of internet and traditional media use. Communication Reports 18(1):1–8CrossRef
go back to reference Grodal T (2000) Video games and the pleasures of control. In: Zillman D, Vorderer P (eds) Media entertainment: the psychology of its appeal. Erlbaum, London Grodal T (2000) Video games and the pleasures of control. In: Zillman D, Vorderer P (eds) Media entertainment: the psychology of its appeal. Erlbaum, London
go back to reference Hoffman KD (1995) Effects of playing versus witnessing video game violence on attitudes toward aggression and acceptance of violence as a means of conflict resolution. Dissert Abs Int Sect A: Hum Soc Sci 56(3–A):0747 Hoffman KD (1995) Effects of playing versus witnessing video game violence on attitudes toward aggression and acceptance of violence as a means of conflict resolution. Dissert Abs Int Sect A: Hum Soc Sci 56(3–A):0747
go back to reference Huesmann RL, Moise-Titus J, Podolski C-L, Eron LD (2003) Longitudinal relations between children’s exposure to tv violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977–1992. Dev Psychol 39(2):201–221PubMedCrossRef Huesmann RL, Moise-Titus J, Podolski C-L, Eron LD (2003) Longitudinal relations between children’s exposure to tv violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977–1992. Dev Psychol 39(2):201–221PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kaukiainen A, Björkqvist K, Lagerspetz K, Österman K, Salmivalli C, Rothberg S, Ahlbom A (1999) The relationship between social intelligence, empathy, and three types of aggression. Aggress Behav 25:81–89CrossRef Kaukiainen A, Björkqvist K, Lagerspetz K, Österman K, Salmivalli C, Rothberg S, Ahlbom A (1999) The relationship between social intelligence, empathy, and three types of aggression. Aggress Behav 25:81–89CrossRef
go back to reference Kaukiainen A, Björkqvist K, Österman K, Lagerspetz K, Forsblom S (1998) Peer-estimated social intelligence (PESI). In: Björkqvist K, Österman K (eds) Scales for research on interpersonal relations. Pro Faculte No 4. Social and Caring Sciences: Publishing House of Åbo Akademy Uiversity Kaukiainen A, Björkqvist K, Österman K, Lagerspetz K, Forsblom S (1998) Peer-estimated social intelligence (PESI). In: Björkqvist K, Österman K (eds) Scales for research on interpersonal relations. Pro Faculte No 4. Social and Caring Sciences: Publishing House of Åbo Akademy Uiversity
go back to reference Kirsh SJ (2003) The effects of violent video games on adolescents. The overlooked influence of development. Aggession Violent Behav 8:377–389CrossRef Kirsh SJ (2003) The effects of violent video games on adolescents. The overlooked influence of development. Aggession Violent Behav 8:377–389CrossRef
go back to reference Krahe B, Möller I (2004) Playing violent electronic games, hostile attributional style, and aggression-related norms in german adolescents. J Adolescence 27:53–69CrossRef Krahe B, Möller I (2004) Playing violent electronic games, hostile attributional style, and aggression-related norms in german adolescents. J Adolescence 27:53–69CrossRef
go back to reference Krcmar M (1998) The contribution of family communication patterns to children’s interpretations of television violence. J Broadcasting Electron Media 42(2):250–264 Krcmar M (1998) The contribution of family communication patterns to children’s interpretations of television violence. J Broadcasting Electron Media 42(2):250–264
go back to reference Kuntsche EN (2004) Hostility among adolescents in switzerland? Multivariate relations between excessive media use and forms of violence. J Adolescent Health 34:230–236 Kuntsche EN (2004) Hostility among adolescents in switzerland? Multivariate relations between excessive media use and forms of violence. J Adolescent Health 34:230–236
go back to reference Lagerspetz K, Björkqvist K, Peltonen T (1988) Is indirect aggression typical for girls? Gender differences in aggressiveness in 11- to 12-year-old children. Aggress Behav 14:403–414 Lagerspetz K, Björkqvist K, Peltonen T (1988) Is indirect aggression typical for girls? Gender differences in aggressiveness in 11- to 12-year-old children. Aggress Behav 14:403–414
go back to reference Lambert SF, Cashwell CS (2004) Preteens talking to parents: perceived communicaton and school-based aggression. Fam J 12(2):122–128CrossRef Lambert SF, Cashwell CS (2004) Preteens talking to parents: perceived communicaton and school-based aggression. Fam J 12(2):122–128CrossRef
go back to reference Lindeman M, Harakka T, Keltikangas-Järvinen L (1997) Age and gender differences in adolescents’ reactions to conflict situations: aggression, prosociality, and withdrawal. J Youth Adolescence 26(3):339–351CrossRef Lindeman M, Harakka T, Keltikangas-Järvinen L (1997) Age and gender differences in adolescents’ reactions to conflict situations: aggression, prosociality, and withdrawal. J Youth Adolescence 26(3):339–351CrossRef
go back to reference Lindsay JJ, Anderson CA (2000) From antecedent conditions to violent actions: a general affective aggression model. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 26:533–547 Lindsay JJ, Anderson CA (2000) From antecedent conditions to violent actions: a general affective aggression model. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 26:533–547
go back to reference Loeber R, Stouthamer-Loeber M (1998) Development of juvenile aggression and violence: some common misconceptions and controversies. Am Psychol 53:242–259PubMedCrossRef Loeber R, Stouthamer-Loeber M (1998) Development of juvenile aggression and violence: some common misconceptions and controversies. Am Psychol 53:242–259PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference MacBrayer EK, Milich R, Hundley M (2003) Attributional biases in aggressive children and their mother. J Abnorm Psychol 112(4):698–708PubMedCrossRef MacBrayer EK, Milich R, Hundley M (2003) Attributional biases in aggressive children and their mother. J Abnorm Psychol 112(4):698–708PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Moretti MM, Holland R, McKay S (2001) Self-other representations and relational and overt aggression in adolescent girls and boys. Behav Sci Law 19:109–126PubMedCrossRef Moretti MM, Holland R, McKay S (2001) Self-other representations and relational and overt aggression in adolescent girls and boys. Behav Sci Law 19:109–126PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Murray JP, Liotti M, Ingmundson PT, Mayberg HS, Yonglin P, Zamarripa F, Yijun L, Woldorff MG, Jia-Hong G, Fox PT (2006) Children’s brain activation while viewing televised violence revealed by fmri. Media Psychol 8(1):25–37CrossRef Murray JP, Liotti M, Ingmundson PT, Mayberg HS, Yonglin P, Zamarripa F, Yijun L, Woldorff MG, Jia-Hong G, Fox PT (2006) Children’s brain activation while viewing televised violence revealed by fmri. Media Psychol 8(1):25–37CrossRef
go back to reference Nunnaly JC (1978) Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill, New York Nunnaly JC (1978) Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill, New York
go back to reference Peets K, Kikas E (2006) Aggressive strategies and victimization during adolescence: grade and gender differences, and cross-infomant agreement. Aggress Behav 32:68–79CrossRef Peets K, Kikas E (2006) Aggressive strategies and victimization during adolescence: grade and gender differences, and cross-infomant agreement. Aggress Behav 32:68–79CrossRef
go back to reference Punamäki R-L, Wallenius M, Nygård C-H, Saarni L, Rimpelä A (in press) Information and communication technology (ICT) and adolescents’ perceived health: the role of sleeping habits and daytime tiredness. J Adolescence Punamäki R-L, Wallenius M, Nygård C-H, Saarni L, Rimpelä A (in press) Information and communication technology (ICT) and adolescents’ perceived health: the role of sleeping habits and daytime tiredness. J Adolescence
go back to reference Roberts DF (2000) Media and youth: access, exposure and privatization. J Adolescent Health 27(1):8–14CrossRef Roberts DF (2000) Media and youth: access, exposure and privatization. J Adolescent Health 27(1):8–14CrossRef
go back to reference Salmivalli C, Kaukiainen A (2004) ‘female aggression’ revised: variable- and person-centered approaches to studying gender differences in different types of aggression. Aggress Behav 30:158–163CrossRef Salmivalli C, Kaukiainen A (2004) ‘female aggression’ revised: variable- and person-centered approaches to studying gender differences in different types of aggression. Aggress Behav 30:158–163CrossRef
go back to reference Salmivalli C, Kaukiainen A, Lagerspetz K (2000) Aggression and sociometric status among peers: do gender and type of aggression matter? Scand J Psychol 41:17–24PubMedCrossRef Salmivalli C, Kaukiainen A, Lagerspetz K (2000) Aggression and sociometric status among peers: do gender and type of aggression matter? Scand J Psychol 41:17–24PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Salonius-Pasternak DE (2005) The next level of research on electronic play. Potential benefits and contextual influences for children and adolescents, Human Technology, vol 1, pp 5–22: www.humantechnology.jyu.fi Salonius-Pasternak DE (2005) The next level of research on electronic play. Potential benefits and contextual influences for children and adolescents, Human Technology, vol 1, pp 5–22: www.humantechnology.jyu.fi
go back to reference Sherry J (2001) The effect of violent video games on aggression: a meta-analysis. Hum Commun Res 27:409–431 Sherry J (2001) The effect of violent video games on aggression: a meta-analysis. Hum Commun Res 27:409–431
go back to reference Singer J, Singer DG (1985) Television-viewing and family communication style as predictors of children’s emotional behavior. J Child Contem Soc 17(4):75–91 Singer J, Singer DG (1985) Television-viewing and family communication style as predictors of children’s emotional behavior. J Child Contem Soc 17(4):75–91
go back to reference Singer J, Singer DG, Desmonen R, Hirsch B, Nicol A (1988) Family mediation and children’s cognition, aggression, and comprehension of television: a longitudinal study. J Appl Dev Psychol 9(3):329–347CrossRef Singer J, Singer DG, Desmonen R, Hirsch B, Nicol A (1988) Family mediation and children’s cognition, aggression, and comprehension of television: a longitudinal study. J Appl Dev Psychol 9(3):329–347CrossRef
go back to reference Slater MD, Henry KL, Swain RC, Andersson LL (2003) Violent media content and aggressiveness in adolescents. A downward spiral model. Commuication Res 30(6):713–736CrossRef Slater MD, Henry KL, Swain RC, Andersson LL (2003) Violent media content and aggressiveness in adolescents. A downward spiral model. Commuication Res 30(6):713–736CrossRef
go back to reference Smith SL, Lachlan K, Tamborini R (2003) Popular video games: quantifying the amount and context of violence. J Broadcasting & Elecron Media 47:58–76CrossRef Smith SL, Lachlan K, Tamborini R (2003) Popular video games: quantifying the amount and context of violence. J Broadcasting & Elecron Media 47:58–76CrossRef
go back to reference Spear LP (2000) The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neurosci Biobehavior Rev 24:417–463CrossRef Spear LP (2000) The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neurosci Biobehavior Rev 24:417–463CrossRef
go back to reference Steuer J (1992) Defining virtual reality: dimensions determining telepresence. J Commun 42:73–93CrossRef Steuer J (1992) Defining virtual reality: dimensions determining telepresence. J Commun 42:73–93CrossRef
go back to reference Sutton J, Smith PK, Swettenham J (1999) Social cognition and bullying: social inadequacy or skilled manipulation? Br J Dev Psychol 17:435–450CrossRef Sutton J, Smith PK, Swettenham J (1999) Social cognition and bullying: social inadequacy or skilled manipulation? Br J Dev Psychol 17:435–450CrossRef
go back to reference Tamborini R, Eastin MS, Skalski P, Lachlan K, Fediuk TA, Brady R (2004) Violent virtual video games and hostile thoughts. J Broadcasting Elecron Media 48(3):335–357 Tamborini R, Eastin MS, Skalski P, Lachlan K, Fediuk TA, Brady R (2004) Violent virtual video games and hostile thoughts. J Broadcasting Elecron Media 48(3):335–357
go back to reference Tapper K, Boulton M (2000) Social representations of physical, verbal, and indirect aggression in children: sex and age differences. Aggress Behav 26:442–454CrossRef Tapper K, Boulton M (2000) Social representations of physical, verbal, and indirect aggression in children: sex and age differences. Aggress Behav 26:442–454CrossRef
go back to reference Thomson KM, Haninger K (2001) Violence in e-rated video games. J Am Med Association 286(5):591–598CrossRef Thomson KM, Haninger K (2001) Violence in e-rated video games. J Am Med Association 286(5):591–598CrossRef
go back to reference Uhlmann E, Swanson J (2004) Exposure to violent video games increases automatic aggressiveness. J Adolescence 27:41–52CrossRef Uhlmann E, Swanson J (2004) Exposure to violent video games increases automatic aggressiveness. J Adolescence 27:41–52CrossRef
go back to reference Vaillancourt T, Brendgen M, Boivin M, Tremblay RE (2003) A longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis of indirect and physical aggression: evidence of two factors over time? Child Dev 74(1):1628–1638PubMedCrossRef Vaillancourt T, Brendgen M, Boivin M, Tremblay RE (2003) A longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis of indirect and physical aggression: evidence of two factors over time? Child Dev 74(1):1628–1638PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Van Der Voort THA, Vooijs MW (1990) Validity of children’s direct estimates of time spent television viewing. J Broadcasting Electron Media 34(1):93–99 Van Der Voort THA, Vooijs MW (1990) Validity of children’s direct estimates of time spent television viewing. J Broadcasting Electron Media 34(1):93–99
go back to reference Vandewater EA, Lee HJ, Shim M-S (2005) Family conflict and violent electronic media use in school-aged children. Media Psychol 7:73–86CrossRef Vandewater EA, Lee HJ, Shim M-S (2005) Family conflict and violent electronic media use in school-aged children. Media Psychol 7:73–86CrossRef
go back to reference Weber R, Ritterfeld U, Mathiak K (2006) Does playing violent video games induce aggression? Empirical evidence of a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Media Psychol 8(1):39–60CrossRef Weber R, Ritterfeld U, Mathiak K (2006) Does playing violent video games induce aggression? Empirical evidence of a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Media Psychol 8(1):39–60CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Digital Game Playing and Direct and Indirect Aggression in Early Adolescence: The Roles of Age, Social Intelligence, and Parent-Child Communication
Auteurs
Marjut Wallenius
Raija-Leena Punamäki
Arja Rimpelä
Publicatiedatum
01-04-2007
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 3/2007
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9151-5

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2007

Journal of Youth and Adolescence 3/2007 Naar de uitgave