Top

Gepubliceerd in:

06-07-2022 | Original Article

Differential Effect of Emotional Stimuli on Performance on Verbal and Facial Priming Tasks and Their Relation to PTSD Symptoms in Girls with Intrafamiliar Sexual Abuse

Auteurs: Araceli Sanz-Martin, Ibza América García-León

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 6/2022

Abstract

Background

Child sexual abuse (CSA) can generate PTSD and cognitive deficiencies. Studies using priming tasks have reported that adults with PTSD tend to remember threatening events better than pleasant or neutral ones.

Objective

To determine whether girls with CSA present enhanced priming for negative emotional stimuli, and to identify the relationship between PTSD symptomatology and performance on priming tasks with different emotional content.

Method

48 girls (9–16 years old) were evaluated in three groups, each with 14 participants: (a) institutionalized with intrafamily child sexual abuse (CSA); (b) institutionalized without CSA (INS); and (c) non-institutionalized without CSA (NINS). All subjects performed verbal and facial priming tasks with emotional and neutral content.

Results

The CSA group presented enhanced priming for both happy and scared faces compared to the NINS and INS groups. Performance on these faces correlated positively with the intensity of PTSD symptoms. Conversely, on the verbal priming task, that group presented lower performance regardless of the emotional valence of the words. In that case, performance correlated inversely with PTSD symptomatology.

Conclusions

Results suggest that verbal and facial stimuli with emotional valence may have differential effects on girls with a history of CSA. The enhanced priming effect for emotional faces, together with the deficiencies in priming for words could, therefore, be associated with symptoms of re-experiencing in girls with CSA.

vorige artikel Self-discrepancy, Depression, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being: The Role of Affective Style and Self-efficacy

volgende artikel The Lasting Effects of Early Adversity and Updating Ability on the Tendency to Develop PTSD Symptoms Following Exposure to Trauma in Adulthood

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Andersen, S. L., Tomada, A., Vincow, E. S., Valente, E., Polcari, A., & Teicher, M. H. (2008). Preliminary evidence for sensitive periods in the effect of childhood sexual abuse on regional brain development. Journal Of Neuropsychiatry And Clinical Neurosciences, 20(3), 292–301. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20.3.292, 20/3/292 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

Anderson, J., Martin, J., Mullen, P., Romans, S., & Herbison, P. (1993). Prevalence of childhood sexual abuse experiences in a community sample of women. Journal Of The American Academy Of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(5), 911–919. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199309000-00004CrossRefPubMed

Bagley, C. (1992). Characteristics of 60 children and adolescents with a history of sexual assault against others: evidence from a comparative study. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 3(2), 299–309CrossRef

Beers, S. R., & De Bellis, M. D. (2002). Neuropsychological function in children with maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal Of Psychiatry, 159(3), 483–486CrossRefPubMed

Bremner, J. D., Randall, P., Scott, T. M., Capelli, S., Delaney, R., McCarthy, G., & Charney, D. S. (1995). Deficits in short-term memory in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Psychiatry Research, 59(1–2), 97–107CrossRefPubMed

Bremner, J. D., Vermetten, E., Afzal, N., & Vythilingam, M. (2004). Deficits in verbal declarative memory function in women with childhood sexual abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal Of Nervous And Mental Disease, 192(10), 643–649. doi:00005053-200410000-00001 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

Bustos, P., Rincón, P., & Aedo, J. (2009). Validación preliminar de la Escala infantil de síntomas del trastorno de estrés postraumático (Child PTSD Symptom Scale, CPSS) en niños/as y adolescentes víctimas de violencia sexual. PSYKHE, 18(2), 113–126CrossRef

Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., & Reiss, A. L. (2007). Stress predicts brain changes in children: a pilot longitudinal study on youth stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, and the hippocampus. Pediatrics, 119(3), 509–516. doi:119/3/509, https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2028[pii]CrossRefPubMed

Casey, B. J., Getz, S., & Galvan, A. (2008). The adolescent brain. Developmental Review, 28(1), 62–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.003CrossRefPubMed

Casey, B. J., Tottenham, N., Liston, C., & Durston, S. (2005). Imaging the developing brain: what have we learned about cognitive development? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(3), 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.01.011. doi:S1364-6613(05)00030-6 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

Cyr, M., Wright, J., McDuff, P., & Perron, A. (2002). Intrafamilial sexual abuse: brother-sister incest does not differ from father-daughter and stepfather-stepdaughter incest. Child Abuse And Neglect, 26(9), 957–973. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00365-4CrossRefPubMed

Chen, L. P., Murad, M. H., Paras, M. L., Colbenson, K. M., Sattler, A. L., Goranson, E. N., & Zirakzadeh, A. (2010). Sexual abuse and lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 85(7), 618–629. doi:https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2009.0583S0025-6196(11)60166-3 [pii]CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Christiansen, D. M., & Berke, E. T. (2020). Gender- and Sex-Based Contributors to Sex Differences in PTSD. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 22(4), 19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-020-1140-yCrossRefPubMed

Christiansen, D. M., & Hansen, M. (2015). Accounting for sex differences in PTSD: A multi-variable mediation model. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 6, 26068. doi:https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.26068CrossRefPubMed

da Silva Ferreira, G. C., Crippa, J. A., & de Lima Osório, F. (2014). Facial emotion processing and recognition among maltreated children: a systematic literature review. Frontiers in psychology, 5(1460), doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01460

Dannlowski, U., Stuhrmann, A., Beutelmann, V., Zwanzger, P., Lenzen, T., Grotegerd, D., & Kugel, H. (2012). Limbic scars: long-term consequences of childhood maltreatment revealed by functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 71(4), 286–293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.021S0006-3223(11)01021-3 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

De Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Clark, D. B., Casey, B. J., Giedd, J. N., Boring, A. M., & Ryan, N. D. (1999). Developmental traumatology. Part II: Brain development. Biological Psychiatry, 45(10), 1271–1284. doi:S0006322399000451 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

De Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Shifflett, H., Iyengar, S., Beers, S. R., Hall, J., & Moritz, G. (2002a). Brain structures in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a sociodemographically matched study. Biological Psychiatry, 52(11), 1066–1078. 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01459-2. doi:S0006322302014592 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

De Bellis, M. D., Keshavana, M. S., Frustaci, K., Shifflett, H., Iyengar, S., & Beers, J. (2002b). Superior temporal gyrus volumes in maltreated children and adolescents with OPTSD. Biological Psychiatry, 51(7), 544–552CrossRefPubMed

De Brito, S., Viding, E., Sebastian, C., Kelly, P., Mechelli, A., Maris, H., & McCrory, E. (2013). Reduced orbitofrontal an temporal gray matter in a community sample of maltreatment children. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 54(1), 105–112CrossRefPubMed

Dolcos, F., LaBar, K. S., & Cabeza, R. (2004). Interaction between the amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system predicts better memory for emotional events. Neuron, 42(5), 855–863CrossRefPubMed

Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research And Therapy, 38(4), 319–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0. doi:S0005-7967(99)00123-0 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., & Michael, T. (2004). Intrusive re-experiencing in post-traumatic stress disorder: phenomenology, theory, and therapy. Memory (Hove, England), 12(4), 403–415. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210444000025CrossRef

Grossman, E. S., Hoffman, Y. S., & Shrira, A. (2017). Trauma-Related Context Increases Sleep Disturbances in People with Acute Stress Disorder Symptoms. Stress Health, 33(2), 153–157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2679CrossRefPubMed

Halligan, S. L., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2002). Cognitive processing, memory, and the development of PTSD symptoms: two experimental analogue studies. Journal Of Behavior Therapy And Experimental Psychiatry, 33(2), 73–89. doi:S0005-7916(02)00014-9 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

Hare, T. A., Tottenham, N., Davidson, M. C., Glover, G. H., & Casey, B. J. (2005). Contributions of amygdala and striatal activity in emotion regulation. Biological Psychiatry, 57(6), 624–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.038. doi:S0006-3223(04)01381-2 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

Hare, T. A., Tottenham, N., Galvan, A., Voss, H. U., Glover, G. H., & Casey, B. J. (2008). Biological substrates of emotional reactivity and regulation in adolescence during an emotional go-nogo task. Biological Psychiatry, 63(10), 927–934. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.015S0006-3223(08)00359-4 [pii]CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Heim, C., Mayberg, H. S., Mletzko, T., Nemeroff, C. B., & Pruessner, J. C. (2013). Decreased cortical representation of genital somatosensory field after childhood sexual abuse. American Journal Of Psychiatry, 170(6), 616–623. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070950, 1694221 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

Henderson, D., Hargreaves, I., Gregory, S., & Williams, J. M. (2002). Autobiographical memory and emotion in a non-clinical sample of women with and without a reported history of childhood sexual abuse. British Journal Of Clinical Psychology, 41(Pt 2), 129–141. doi:https://doi.org/10.1348/014466502163921CrossRefPubMed

Henson, R. N. (2003). Neuroimaging studies of priming. Progress In Neurobiology, 70(1), 53–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0082(03)00086-8CrossRefPubMed

Hernández-Guzmán, L., Bermúdez-Ornelas, G., Spence, S. H., González-ontesinos, M. J., Martínez-Guerrero, J. I., Aguilar-Villalobos, J., & Gallegos-Guajardo, J. (2009). Spanish version of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS). Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 42(1), 13–24

Hoffman, Y., Shrira, A., Bodner, E., & Ben-Ezra, M. (2017). Prime and prejudice: The effect of priming context and prejudicial attitudes on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following immigrant violence. Psychiatry Research, 254, 224–231. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.061CrossRefPubMed

Kellogg, N., American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child, A., &, & Neglect (2005). The evaluation of sexual abuse in children. Pediatrics, 116(2), 506–512. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1336CrossRefPubMed

Kovacs, M. (2004). Inventario de depresión infantil (CDI). España: TEA ediciones

Levang, C. A. (1989). Father-daughter incest families: A theoretical perspective from balance theory and GST. Contemporary Family Therapy, 11(1), 28–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00892344CrossRef

Luethi, M., Meier, B., & Sandi, C. (2008). Stress effects on working memory, explicit memory, and implicit memory for neutral and emotional stimuli in healthy men. Frontiers In Behavioral Neuroscience, 2, 5. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.08.005.2008CrossRefPubMed

Lyttle, N., Dorahy, M. J., Hanna, D., & Huntjens, R. J. (2010). Conceptual and perceptual priming and dissociation in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 119(4), 777–790. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a00208942010-23724-006 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

Madonna, P. G., Van Scoyk, S., & Jones, D. P. (1991). Family interactions within incest and nonincest families. American Journal Of Psychiatry, 148(1), 46–49CrossRefPubMed

Masten, C. L., Guyer, A. E., Hodgdon, H. B., McClure, E. B., Charney, D. S., Ernst, M., & Monk, C. S. (2008). Recognition of facial emotions among maltreated children with high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder. Child Abuse And Neglect, 32(1), 139–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.09.006. doi:S0145-2134(07)00263-3 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

Mathews, A. (2006). Anxiety and the enconding of emotional information. In B. Uttl, N. Ohta, & A. L. Siegenthaler (Eds.), Memory and Emotion: interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 191–210). Malden, MA, usa: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Matute, E., Rosselli, M., & Ardila, A. (2013). Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil, 2a ed. México: Manual Moderno

Mazza, M., Catalucci, A., Mariano, M., Pino, M. C., Tripaldi, S., Roncone, R., & Gallucci, M. (2012). Neural correlates of automatic perceptual sensitivity to facial affect in posttraumatic stress disorder subjects who survived L’Aquila eartquake of April 6, 2009. Brain Imaging Behav, 6(3), 374–386. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-012-9151-xCrossRefPubMed

McGaugh, J. L. (2000). Memory–a century of consolidation. Science, 287(5451), 248–251. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5451.248. doi:8182 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

McNally, R. J. (1997). Memory and anxiety disorders. Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society Of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 352(1362), 1755–1759. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0158CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

McNally, R. J., Metzger, L. J., Lasko, N. B., Clancy, S. A., & Pitman, R. K. (1998). Directed forgetting of trauma cues in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 107(4), 596–601. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.107.4.596CrossRefPubMed

Michael, T., Ehlers, A., & Halligan, S. L. (2005). Enhanced priming for trauma-related material in posttraumatic stress disorder. Emotion, 5(1), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.103. doi:2005-02259-009 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

Miskovic, V., Schmidt, L. A., Georgiades, K., Boyle, M., & Macmillan, H. L. (2010). Adolescent females exposed to child maltreatment exhibit atypical EEG coherence and psychiatric impairment: linking early adversity, the brain, and psychopathology. Development And Psychopathology, 22(2), 419–432. S0954579410000155 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

Molnar, B. E., Buka, S. L., & Kessler, R. C. (2001). Child sexual abuse and subsequent psychopathology: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal Of Public Health, 91(5), 753–760. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.91.5.753CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ostrosky-Solís, F., Gómez, M. E., Matute, E., Roselli, M., Ardila, A., & Pineda, D. (2003). Neuropsi Atención y Memoria. México: American Book Store

Paolucci, E. O., Genuis, M. L., & Violato, C. (2001). A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse. Journal Of Psychology, 135(1), 17–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980109603677CrossRefPubMed

Pollak, S. D., Cicchetti, D., Hornung, K., & Reed, A. (2000). Recognizing emotion in faces: developmental effects of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Psychology, 36(5), 679–688CrossRefPubMed

Pollak, S. D., & Kistler, D. J. (2002). Early experience is associated with the development of categorical representations for facial expressions of emotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99(13), 9072–9076. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.142165999

Pollak, S. D., Klorman, R., Thatcher, J. E., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). P3b reflects maltreated children’s reactions to facial displays of emotion. Psychophysiology, 38(2), 267–274CrossRefPubMed

Reisberg, D. (2006). Memory for emotional episodes: the strengths and limits of arousal-based accounts. In B. Uttl, N. Ohta, & A. L. Siegenthaler (Eds.), Memory and emotion: interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 15–36). Malden, MA, USA: Blacbwell Publishing Ltd

Romer, D. (2010). Adolescent risk taking, impulsivity, and brain development: implications for prevention. Developmental Psychobiology, 52(3), 263–276. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20442CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Roozendaal, B., McEwen, B. S., & Chattarji, S. (2009). Stress, memory and the amygdala. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 423–433. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2651CrossRefPubMed

Saigh, P. A., Yasik, A. E., Oberfield, R. A., Halamandaris, P. V., & Bremner, J. D. (2006). The intellectual performance of traumatized children and adolescents with or without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 115(2), 332–340. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.115.2.332CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Samuelson, K. W., Krueger, C. E., Burnett, C., & Wilson, C. K. (2010). Neuropsychological functioning in children with posttraumatic stress disorder. Child Neuropsychology, 16(2), 119–133. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09297040903190782, 915111820 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

Sanz-Martin, A., Alvarez-Nuñez, D., & Inozemtseva, O. (2018). The effect of anxiety on verbal and visual priming tasks an adolescent victims of bullying. Journal of Traumatic Stress Disorders & Treatment, 7(2), 2–7CrossRef

Sanz-Martin, A., & Calderón-Zepeda, I. (2016). EEG correlations during a working memory task with emotional stimuli in girls with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder secondary to sexual abuse. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, 6, 509–529CrossRef

Sanz-Martin, A., Preciado-Mercado, S., Inozemtseva, O., & García-León, I. A. (2019). Prefrontal dysfunction in girls with post-traumatic stress disorder secondary to child sexual abuse and its relation with basal cortisol levels. Journal of Traumatic Stress Disorders & Treatment, 7(3), doi:https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-8947.1000193

Schacter, D. L., Cooper, L. A., Delaney, S. M., Peterson, M. A., & Tharan, M. (1991). Implicit memory for possible and impossible objects: constraints on the construction of structural descriptions. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn, 17(1), 3–19CrossRefPubMed

Shin, L. M., Wright, C. I., Cannistraro, P. A., Wedig, M. M., McMullin, K., Martis, B., & Rauch, S. L. (2005). A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to overtly presented fearful faces in posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives Of General Psychiatry, 62(3), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.3.273. doi:62/3/273 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

Somerville, L. H., Hare, T., & Casey, B. J. (2011). Frontostriatal maturation predicts cognitive control failure to appetitive cues in adolescents. Journal Of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(9), 2123–2134. doi:https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21572CrossRefPubMed

Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Alink, L. R. A., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2015). The Prevalence of Child Maltreatment across the Globe: Review of a Series of Meta‐Analyses.Child Abuse Review, 24(1)

Szeszko, P. R., Lehrner, A., & Yehuda, R. (2018). Glucocorticoids and Hippocampal Structure and Function in PTSD. Harvard Review Of Psychiatry, 26(3), 142–157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000188CrossRefPubMed

Tamres, L. K., Janicki, D., & Helgeson, V. S. (2002). Sex differences in coping behavior: A meta-analytic review and an examination of relative copin. Personality and social psychology review, 6, 2–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0601_1CrossRef

Teicher, M. H., Andersen, S. L., Polcari, A. M., Anderson, C. M., Navalta, C. P., & Kim, D. M. (2003). The neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment. Neuroscience And Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(1–2), 33–44. doi:S0149763403000071 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2002). Gender and PTSD: A cognitive model. In R. Kimerling, P. Ouimette, & J. Wolfe (Eds.), Gender and PTSD (pp. 76–97). The Guilford Press

Tomoda, A., Navalta, C. P., Polcari, A., Sadato, N., & Teicher, M. H. (2009a). Childhood sexual abuse is associated with reduced gray matter volume in visual cortex of young women. Biological Psychiatry, 66(7), 642–648. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009a.04.021S0006-3223(09)00507-1 [pii]CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Tomoda, A., Sheu, Y. S., Rabi, K., Suzuki, H., Navalta, C. P., Polcari, A., & Teicher, M. H. (2011). Exposure to parental verbal abuse is associated with increased gray matter volume in superior temporal gyrus. Neuroimage, 54 Suppl(1), 280–286. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.027S1053-8119(10)00759-7 [pii]CrossRef

Tomoda, A., Suzuki, H., Rabi, K., Sheu, Y. S., Polcari, A., & Teicher, M. H. (2009b). Reduced prefrontal cortical gray matter volume in young adults exposed to harsh corporal punishment. Neuroimage, 47 Suppl 2, T66-71. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009b.03.005, S1053-8119(09)00228-6 [pii]

Walker, J. L., Carey, P. D., Mohr, N., Stein, D. J., & Seedat, S. (2004). Gender differences in the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse and in the development of pediatric PTSD. Arch Womens Ment Health, 7(2), 111–121. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-003-0039-zCrossRefPubMed

Wechsler, D. (Ed.). (2007). Escala Wechsler de inteligencia para niños-IV. México: Manual Moderno

Weniger, G., Lange, C., Sachsse, U., & Irle, E. (2008). Amygdala and hippocampal volumes and cognition in adult survivors of childhood abuse with dissociative disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scand, 118(4), 281–290. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01246.xACP1246 [pii]CrossRef

Yasik, A. E., Saigh, P. A., Oberfield, R. A., & Halamandaris, P. V. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder: memory and learning performance in children and adolescents. Biological Psychiatry, 61(3), 382–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.005. doi:S0006-3223(06)00797-9 [pii]CrossRefPubMed

Zolotor, A. J., Runyan, D. K., Dunne, M. P., Jain, D., Peturs, H. R., Ramirez, C., & Isaeva, O. (2009). Instrument development and multi-national pilot testing. Child Abuse And Neglect, 33(11), 833–841. S0145-2134(09)00197-5 [pii]ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool Children’s Version (ICAST-C)

Titel: Differential Effect of Emotional Stimuli on Performance on Verbal and Facial Priming Tasks and Their Relation to PTSD Symptoms in Girls with Intrafamiliar Sexual Abuse
Auteurs: Araceli Sanz-Martin
Ibza América García-León
Publicatiedatum: 06-07-2022
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 6/2022
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-022-10313-0

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2022

Two-Year Longitudinal Study of Children’s Cognitive Behavioral Characteristics Associated with Depressive Symptoms

Original Article

Attention Biases in Previously Depressed Individuals: A Meta-Analysis and Implications for Depression Recurrence

Original Article

Always Saying the Wrong Thing: Negative Beliefs About Losing Control Cause Symptoms of Social Anxiety

Original Article

Now I Always have to Perform Well! Effects of CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder on Negative Interpretations of Positive Social Events

Original Article

The Lasting Effects of Early Adversity and Updating Ability on the Tendency to Develop PTSD Symptoms Following Exposure to Trauma in Adulthood

Original Article

Self-discrepancy, Depression, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being: The Role of Affective Style and Self-efficacy

Open Access
Original Article