Introduction
Educational Differences in Risk Behavior
Popularity Norms as Explanation for Educational Differences in Risk Behavior
Individual Differences in Sensitivity to Classroom Influences
Present Study
Method
Participants and Procedure
Measures
Alcohol use (T2–T3)
Smoking (T2–T3)
Peer susceptibility (T1)
Impulsivity (T1)
Popularity norms (T2)
Education (T1)
Results
Descriptive Statistics
Mean (SD) | LWOO (N = 134) | VMBO-K (N = 203) | VMBO-T (N = 499) | HAVO (N = 104) | HAVO/VWO (N = 705) | VWO (N = 162) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 13.04 (0.70) | ||||||
Alcohol T2 | 0.46 (2.50) | 0.88 (2.79)a | 0.91 (3.34)a | 0.54 (2.54)ab | 0.51 (2.62)ab | 0.29 (2.38)b | 0.03 (0.16)b |
Alcohol T3 | 0.46 (2.83) | 0.53 (1.98)ab | 0.88 (2.89)a | 0.71 (4.14)a | 0.38 (1.67)ab | 0.25 (2.21)b | 0.08 (0.43)b |
Smoke T2 | 0.41 (2.31) | 1.25 (4.40)a | 1.01 (3.44)ac | 0.31 (2.10)b | 0.54 (2.07)bc | 0.22 (1.65)b | 0.03 (0.26)b |
Smoke T3 | 0.54 (2.71) | 0.90 (3.33)abc | 1.16 (3.81)a | 0.50 (2.55)bc | 1.01 (3.68)ac | 0.30 (2.09)b | 0.39 (2.54)bc |
Impulsivity | 2.39 (0.60) | 2.42 (0.64)ab | 2.50 (0.65)a | 2.39 (0.60)b | 2.37 (0.70)a | 2.35 (0.53)b | 2.43 (0.67)a |
Peer susceptibility | 1.78 (0.68) | 2.02 (0.74)a | 2.00 (0.76)a | 1.79 (0.70)bc | 1.61 (0.62)b | 1.74 (0.61)bc | 1.59 (0.65)b |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual level (N = 1815) | ||||||
(1) Sex | 1 | |||||
(2) Alcohol T2 | 0.06* | 1 | ||||
(3) Alcohol T3 | 0.03 | 0.29** | 1 | |||
(4) Smoking T2 | 0.02 | 0.46** | 0.22** | 1 | ||
(5) Smoking T3 | 0.04 | 0.31** | 0.56** | 0.32** | 1 | |
(6) Impulsivity | −0.08** | 0.08** | 0.10** | 0.10** | 0.09** | 1 |
(7) Peer pressure | 0.04 | 0.07** | 0.07** | 0.08** | 0.07** | 0.47** |
Classroom level (N = 81) | 1 | 2 | ||||
(1) Alcohol pop_norm | 1 | |||||
(2) Smoke pop_norm | 0.72** | 1 | ||||
(3) Education | −0.14 | −0.24* |
N | Mean | Sd | |
---|---|---|---|
LWOO | 10 | 0.29ab | 0.42 |
VMBO-K | 11 | 0.51b | 0.39 |
VMBO-T | 21 | 0.22a | 0.42 |
HAVO | 4 | 0.29ab | 0.33 |
HAVO/VWO | 29 | 0.22a | 0.30 |
VWO | 6 | 0.26ab | 0.38 |
N | Mean | Sd | |
---|---|---|---|
LWOO | 10 | 0.32a | 0.29 |
VMBO-K | 11 | 0.26a | 0.32 |
VMBO-T | 21 | 0.03b | 0.34 |
HAVO | 4 | 0.24a | 0.34 |
HAVO/VWO | 29 | 0.07b | 0.19 |
VWO | 6 | 0.12ab | 0.23 |
Multilevel Analyses of Alcohol Popularity Norms
b | SE | 95% CI | Deviance (AIC/BIC) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Random Intercept | 1570/1586 | |||
Variance alcohol T3 | 3.76** | 0.94 | [1.34–6.18] | |
Model 1 | 9867/9950 | |||
Variance alcohol T3 | 0.95** | 0.19 | [0.64–1.25] | |
Alcohol T2 | 0.43** | 0.10 | [0.26–0.59] | |
Sex | 0.51 | 0.31 | [0.04–1.01] | |
Within-effect peer susceptibility | 0.14 | 0.25 | [−0.27–0.55] | |
Within-effect impulsivity | 1.02** | 0.31 | [0.51–1.52] | |
Education | −0.33** | 0.09 | [−0.48–−0.18] | |
Model 2 | 9856/9944 | |||
Variance alcohol T3 | 0.69** | 0.20 | [0.37–1.16] | |
Alcohol T2 | 0.40** | 0.11 | [0.22–0.57] | |
Sex | 0.45 | 0.31 | [−0.06–0.96] | |
Within-effect peer susceptibility | 0.20 | 0.26 | [−0.23–0.63] | |
Within-effect impulsivity | 0.99** | 0.31 | [0.48–1.51] | |
Education | −0.25** | 0.09 | [−0.41–−0.10] | |
Popularity norms alcohol | 1.73** | 0.56 | [0.81–2.65] |
B | SE | 95% CI | Deviance (AIC/BIC) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Random intercept | 1746/1763 | |||
Variance smoking T3 | 3.76** | 0.94 | [2.13–5.39] | |
Model 1 | 9980/10063 | |||
Variance smoking T3 | 2.39** | 0.51 | [1.55–3.24] | |
Smoke T2 | 0.47** | 0.16 | [0.21–0.73] | |
Sex | 0.94* | 0.09 | [0.28–1.60] | |
Within effect peer susceptibility | 0.45 | 0.26 | [0.02–0.88] | |
Within-effect impulsivity | 0.63 | 0.46 | [−0.13–1.39] | |
Education | −0.36** | 0.02 | [−0.55–−0.17] | |
Model 2 | 9978/10066 | |||
Variance smoking T3 | 2.39** | 0.77 | [1.14–3.65] | |
Smoke T2 | 0.44* | 0.18 | [0.14–0.75] | |
Sex | 1.01* | 0.40 | [0.35–1.67] | |
Within effect peer susceptibility | 0.42 | 0.26 | [−0.04–0.84] | |
Within-effect impulsivity | 0.63 | 0.46 | [−0.13–1.39] | |
Education | −0.31* | 0.14 | [−0.54–−0.07] | |
Popularity norms smoke | 1.96** | 0.87 | [0.29–3.17] |