Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

01-06-2014

Developmentally Adapted Cognitive Processing Therapy for Adolescents Suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder after Childhood Sexual or Physical Abuse: A Pilot Study

Auteurs: Simone Matulis, Patricia A. Resick, Rita Rosner, Regina Steil

Gepubliceerd in: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review | Uitgave 2/2014

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Although childhood sexual abuse and childhood physical abuse (CSA and CPA) have severe psychopathological consequences, there is little evidence supporting psychotherapeutic interventions for adolescents who have experienced CSA or CPA. To provide a treatment tailored to the specific needs of adolescents suffering from abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we modified Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) by adding new treatment modules and changing the therapy setting. To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of Developmentally Adapted CPT (D-CPT), we treated 12 adolescents suffering from PTSD secondary to CSA or CPA. Patients were assessed prior to treatment (t0), post-treatment (t1), and 6 weeks after treatment (t2). Assessments included the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the UCLA PTSD Index (UCLA), the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (A-DES), and the Borderline Symptom List (BSL-23). MANOVAs revealed that posttraumatic stress measurements and associated symptom measurements significantly differed across time points. When comparing t0 with t2, Cohen’s d was large with respect to the CAPS scores (d = 1.45, p < .001) and the UCLA scores (d = 1.91, p < .001). Cohen’s d had a medium magnitude with respect to the CDI scores (d = .78, p < .001), the A-DES scores (d = 0.64, p < .05), and the BSL-23 scores (d = 0.74, p < .01). D-CPT has the potential to reduce PTSD symptoms and comorbid psychopathology in adolescents with histories of CSA or CPA.
Literatuur
go back to reference Adornetto, C., Suppiger, A., In-Albon, T., Neuschwander, M., & Schneider, S. (2012). Concordances and discrepancies between ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria for anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6(1), 40. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-6-40.PubMedCentralPubMed Adornetto, C., Suppiger, A., In-Albon, T., Neuschwander, M., & Schneider, S. (2012). Concordances and discrepancies between ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria for anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6(1), 40. doi:10.​1186/​1753-2000-6-40.PubMedCentralPubMed
go back to reference Ahrens, J., & Rexford, L. (2002). Cognitive processing therapy for incarcerated adolescents with PTSD. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 6(1), 201–216. doi:10.1300/J146v06n01_10. Ahrens, J., & Rexford, L. (2002). Cognitive processing therapy for incarcerated adolescents with PTSD. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 6(1), 201–216. doi:10.​1300/​J146v06n01_​10.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
go back to reference Annerback, E. M., Sahlqvist, L., Svedin, C. G., Wingren, G., & Gustafsson, P. A. (2012). Child physical abuse and concurrence of other types of child abuse in Sweden-Associations with health and risk behaviors. Child Abuse and Neglect, 36(7–8), 585–595. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.05.006.PubMed Annerback, E. M., Sahlqvist, L., Svedin, C. G., Wingren, G., & Gustafsson, P. A. (2012). Child physical abuse and concurrence of other types of child abuse in Sweden-Associations with health and risk behaviors. Child Abuse and Neglect, 36(7–8), 585–595. doi:10.​1016/​j.​chiabu.​2012.​05.​006.PubMed
go back to reference Armstrong, J. G., Putnam, F. W., Carlson, E. B., Libero, D. Z., & Smith, S. R. (1997). Development and validation of a measure of adolescent dissociation: The Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185(8), 491–497. doi:10.1097/00005053-199708000-00003.PubMed Armstrong, J. G., Putnam, F. W., Carlson, E. B., Libero, D. Z., & Smith, S. R. (1997). Development and validation of a measure of adolescent dissociation: The Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185(8), 491–497. doi:10.​1097/​00005053-199708000-00003.PubMed
go back to reference Bisson, J. I., Ehlers, A., Matthews, R., Pilling, S., Richards, D., & Turner, S. (2007). Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 97–104. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.021402.PubMed Bisson, J. I., Ehlers, A., Matthews, R., Pilling, S., Richards, D., & Turner, S. (2007). Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 97–104. doi:10.​1192/​bjp.​bp.​106.​021402.PubMed
go back to reference Blake, D., Weathers, F., Nagy, L., Kaloupek, D., Klauminzer, G., Charne, Y. D., et al. (2000). Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) instruction manual. Boston: National Center for PTSD. Blake, D., Weathers, F., Nagy, L., Kaloupek, D., Klauminzer, G., Charne, Y. D., et al. (2000). Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) instruction manual. Boston: National Center for PTSD.
go back to reference Bohus, M., Dyer, A., Priebe, K., Krüger, A., Kleindienst, N., Schmahl, C., et al. (2013). Dialectical behaviour therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder after childhood sexual abuse in patients with and without borderline personality disorder: A randomised controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 8, 221–233. doi:10.1159/000348451. Bohus, M., Dyer, A., Priebe, K., Krüger, A., Kleindienst, N., Schmahl, C., et al. (2013). Dialectical behaviour therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder after childhood sexual abuse in patients with and without borderline personality disorder: A randomised controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics8, 221–233. doi:10.​1159/​000348451.
go back to reference Bohus, M., Kleindienst, N., Limberger, M. F., Stieglitz, R. D., Domsalla, M., Chapman, A. L., et al. (2009). The short version of the Borderline Symptom List (BSL-23): Development and initial data on psychometric properties. Psychopathology, 42(1), 32–39. doi:10.1159/000173701.PubMed Bohus, M., Kleindienst, N., Limberger, M. F., Stieglitz, R. D., Domsalla, M., Chapman, A. L., et al. (2009). The short version of the Borderline Symptom List (BSL-23): Development and initial data on psychometric properties. Psychopathology, 42(1), 32–39. doi:10.​1159/​000173701.PubMed
go back to reference Boos, A., Scheifling-Hirschbil, I., & Rüddel, H. (1999). Therapie-Evaluation einer stationären Gruppe « Traumabewältigung » innerhalb der psychosomatischen Behandlung und Rehabilitation von Patientinnen mit chronischer PTB [Evaluation of an inpatient therapy group focusing on coping with trauma in psychosomatic treatment and rehabilitation of patients with chronic PTSD]. Verhaltenstherapie, 9, 200–210. Boos, A., Scheifling-Hirschbil, I., & Rüddel, H. (1999). Therapie-Evaluation einer stationären Gruppe « Traumabewältigung » innerhalb der psychosomatischen Behandlung und Rehabilitation von Patientinnen mit chronischer PTB [Evaluation of an inpatient therapy group focusing on coping with trauma in psychosomatic treatment and rehabilitation of patients with chronic PTSD]. Verhaltenstherapie, 9, 200–210.
go back to reference Brunner, R. M., Resch, F., Parzer, P., & Koch, E. (2008). Heidelberger Dissoziations-Inventar. HDI. Frankfurt: Pearson Assessment & Information. Brunner, R. M., Resch, F., Parzer, P., & Koch, E. (2008). Heidelberger Dissoziations-Inventar. HDI. Frankfurt: Pearson Assessment & Information.
go back to reference Bruss, G. S., Gruenberg, A. M., Goldstein, R. D., & Barber, J. P. (1994). Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale Interview guide: Joint interview and test-retest methods for interrater reliability. Psychiatry Research, 53(2), 191–202. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(94)90110-4.PubMed Bruss, G. S., Gruenberg, A. M., Goldstein, R. D., & Barber, J. P. (1994). Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale Interview guide: Joint interview and test-retest methods for interrater reliability. Psychiatry Research, 53(2), 191–202. doi:10.​1016/​0165-1781(94)90110-4.PubMed
go back to reference Chard, K. M. (2005). An evaluation of cognitive processing therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(5), 965–971. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.965.PubMed Chard, K. M. (2005). An evaluation of cognitive processing therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(5), 965–971. doi:10.​1037/​0022-006X.​73.​5.​965.PubMed
go back to reference Chard, K. M., Ricksecker, E. G., Healy, E. T., Karlin, B. E., & Resick, P. A. (2012). Dissemination and experience with cognitive processing therapy. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 49(5), 667–678. doi:10.1682/JRRD.2011.10.0198.PubMed Chard, K. M., Ricksecker, E. G., Healy, E. T., Karlin, B. E., & Resick, P. A. (2012). Dissemination and experience with cognitive processing therapy. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 49(5), 667–678. doi:10.​1682/​JRRD.​2011.​10.​0198.PubMed
go back to reference Chard, K. M., Schumm, J. A., McIlvain, S. M., Bailey, G. W., & Parkinson, R. B. (2011). Exploring the efficacy of a residential treatment program incorporating cognitive processing therapy-cognitive for veterans with PTSD and traumatic brain injury. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(3), 347–351. doi:10.1002/jts.20644.PubMed Chard, K. M., Schumm, J. A., McIlvain, S. M., Bailey, G. W., & Parkinson, R. B. (2011). Exploring the efficacy of a residential treatment program incorporating cognitive processing therapy-cognitive for veterans with PTSD and traumatic brain injury. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(3), 347–351. doi:10.​1002/​jts.​20644.PubMed
go back to reference Chard, K. M., Schumm, J. A., Owens, G. P., & Cottingham, S. M. (2010). A comparison of OEF and OIF veterans and Vietnam veterans receiving cognitive processing therapy. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(1), 25–32. doi:10.1002/jts.20500.PubMed Chard, K. M., Schumm, J. A., Owens, G. P., & Cottingham, S. M. (2010). A comparison of OEF and OIF veterans and Vietnam veterans receiving cognitive processing therapy. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(1), 25–32. doi:10.​1002/​jts.​20500.PubMed
go back to reference Cohen, J. A., Deblinger, E., & Mannarino, A. P. (2006). Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents. New York: Guilford Press. Cohen, J. A., Deblinger, E., & Mannarino, A. P. (2006). Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents. New York: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Iyengar, S. (2011). Community treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder for children exposed to intimate partner violence: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 165(1), 16–21. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.247.PubMed Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Iyengar, S. (2011). Community treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder for children exposed to intimate partner violence: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 165(1), 16–21. doi:10.​1001/​archpediatrics.​2010.​247.PubMed
go back to reference Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Perel, J. M., & Staron, V. (2007). A pilot randomized controlled trial of combined trauma-focused CBT and sertraline for childhood PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(7), 811–819. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3180547105.PubMed Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Perel, J. M., & Staron, V. (2007). A pilot randomized controlled trial of combined trauma-focused CBT and sertraline for childhood PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(7), 811–819. doi:10.​1097/​chi.​0b013e3180547105​.PubMed
go back to reference Cutajar, M. C., Mullen, P. E., Ogloff, J. R., Thomas, S. D., Wells, D. L., & Spataro, J. (2010). Psychopathology in a large cohort of sexually abused children followed up to 43 years. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34(11), 813–822. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.04.004.PubMed Cutajar, M. C., Mullen, P. E., Ogloff, J. R., Thomas, S. D., Wells, D. L., & Spataro, J. (2010). Psychopathology in a large cohort of sexually abused children followed up to 43 years. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34(11), 813–822. doi:10.​1016/​j.​chiabu.​2010.​04.​004.PubMed
go back to reference Danielson, C. K., McCart, M. R., Walsh, K., de Arellano, M. A., White, D., & Resnick, H. S. (2012). Reducing substance use risk and mental health problems among sexually assaulted adolescents: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(4), 628–635. doi:10.1037/a0028862.PubMedCentralPubMed Danielson, C. K., McCart, M. R., Walsh, K., de Arellano, M. A., White, D., & Resnick, H. S. (2012). Reducing substance use risk and mental health problems among sexually assaulted adolescents: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(4), 628–635. doi:10.​1037/​a0028862.PubMedCentralPubMed
go back to reference Deblinger, E., Lippmann, J., & Steer, R. (1996). Sexually abused children suffering posttraumatic stress symptoms: Initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreatment, 1(4), 310–321. doi:10.1177/1077559596001004003. Deblinger, E., Lippmann, J., & Steer, R. (1996). Sexually abused children suffering posttraumatic stress symptoms: Initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreatment, 1(4), 310–321. doi:10.​1177/​1077559596001004​003.
go back to reference Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A., Runyon, M. K., & Steer, R. A. (2011). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children: Impact of the trauma narrative and treatment length. Depression and Anxiety, 28(1), 67–75. doi:10.1002/da.20744.PubMed Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A., Runyon, M. K., & Steer, R. A. (2011). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children: Impact of the trauma narrative and treatment length. Depression and Anxiety, 28(1), 67–75. doi:10.​1002/​da.​20744.PubMed
go back to reference Deblinger, E., McLeer, S. V., & Henry, D. (1990). Cognitive behavioral treatment for sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic stress: Preliminary findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(5), 747–752. doi:10.1097/00004583-199009000-00012.PubMed Deblinger, E., McLeer, S. V., & Henry, D. (1990). Cognitive behavioral treatment for sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic stress: Preliminary findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(5), 747–752. doi:10.​1097/​00004583-199009000-00012.PubMed
go back to reference Deblinger, E., Stauffer, L. B., & Steer, R. A. (2001). Comparative efficacies of supportive and cognitive behavioral group therapies for young children who have been sexually abused and their nonoffending mothers. Child Maltreatment, 6(4), 332–343. doi:10.1177/1077559501006004006.PubMed Deblinger, E., Stauffer, L. B., & Steer, R. A. (2001). Comparative efficacies of supportive and cognitive behavioral group therapies for young children who have been sexually abused and their nonoffending mothers. Child Maltreatment, 6(4), 332–343. doi:10.​1177/​1077559501006004​006.PubMed
go back to reference Ertl, V., Pfeiffer, A., Schauer, E., Elbert, T., & Neuner, F. (2011). Community-implemented trauma therapy for former child soldiers in Northern Uganda: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 306(5), 503–512. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1060.PubMed Ertl, V., Pfeiffer, A., Schauer, E., Elbert, T., & Neuner, F. (2011). Community-implemented trauma therapy for former child soldiers in Northern Uganda: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 306(5), 503–512. doi:10.​1001/​jama.​2011.​1060.PubMed
go back to reference Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Ormrod, R., & Hamby, S. L. (2009). Violence, abuse, and crime exposure in a national sample of children and youth. Journal of Pediatrics, 124(5), 1411–1423. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0467. Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Ormrod, R., & Hamby, S. L. (2009). Violence, abuse, and crime exposure in a national sample of children and youth. Journal of Pediatrics, 124(5), 1411–1423. doi:10.​1542/​peds.​2009-0467.
go back to reference First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID I). New York: Biometric Research Department. First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID I). New York: Biometric Research Department.
go back to reference First, M. B., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M., Williams, J., & Benjamin, L. (1994). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II personality disorders (SCID II). New York: Biometric Research Department. First, M. B., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M., Williams, J., & Benjamin, L. (1994). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II personality disorders (SCID II). New York: Biometric Research Department.
go back to reference Foa, E. B., Dancu, C. V., Hembree, E. A., Jaycox, L. H., Meadows, E. A., & Street, G. P. (1999). A comparison of exposure therapy, stress inoculation training, and their combination for reducing posttraumatic stress disorder in female assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 194–200. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.67.2.194.PubMed Foa, E. B., Dancu, C. V., Hembree, E. A., Jaycox, L. H., Meadows, E. A., & Street, G. P. (1999). A comparison of exposure therapy, stress inoculation training, and their combination for reducing posttraumatic stress disorder in female assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 194–200. doi:10.​1037/​0022-006X.​67.​2.​194.PubMed
go back to reference Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., Cahill, S. P., Rauch, S. A., Riggs, D. S., Feeny, N. C., et al. (2005). Randomized trial of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder with and without cognitive restructuring: Outcome at academic and community clinics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(5), 953–964. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.953.PubMed Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., Cahill, S. P., Rauch, S. A., Riggs, D. S., Feeny, N. C., et al. (2005). Randomized trial of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder with and without cognitive restructuring: Outcome at academic and community clinics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(5), 953–964. doi:10.​1037/​0022-006X.​73.​5.​953.PubMed
go back to reference Foa, E. B., Keane, T. M., Friedman, M. J., & Cohen, J. A. (2009). Effective treatments of PTSD. Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (2nd ed.). New York: Guildford. Foa, E. B., Keane, T. M., Friedman, M. J., & Cohen, J. A. (2009). Effective treatments of PTSD. Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (2nd ed.). New York: Guildford.
go back to reference Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral procedures and counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(5), 715–723. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.59.5.715.PubMed Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral procedures and counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(5), 715–723. doi:10.​1037/​/​0022-006X.​59.​5.​715.PubMed
go back to reference Forbes, D., Lloyd, D., Nixon, R. D., Elliott, P., Varker, T., Perry, D., et al. (2012). A multisite randomized controlled effectiveness trial of cognitive processing therapy for military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(3), 442–452. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.006.PubMed Forbes, D., Lloyd, D., Nixon, R. D., Elliott, P., Varker, T., Perry, D., et al. (2012). A multisite randomized controlled effectiveness trial of cognitive processing therapy for military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(3), 442–452. doi:10.​1016/​j.​janxdis.​2012.​01.​006.PubMed
go back to reference Fydrich, T., Renneberg, B., Schmitz, B., & Wittchen, H.-U. (1997). SKID-II. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview f¨ur DSM-IV. Achse II: Persönlichkeitsstörungen [Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Axis II: Personality Disorders]. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe. Fydrich, T., Renneberg, B., Schmitz, B., & Wittchen, H.-U. (1997). SKID-II. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview f¨ur DSM-IV. Achse II: Persönlichkeitsstörungen [Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Axis II: Personality Disorders]. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
go back to reference Galovski, T. E., Blain, L. M., Mott, J. M., Elwood, L., & Houle, T. (2012). Manualized therapy for PTSD: Flexing the structure of cognitive processing therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(6), 968–981. doi:10.1037/a0030600.PubMedCentralPubMed Galovski, T. E., Blain, L. M., Mott, J. M., Elwood, L., & Houle, T. (2012). Manualized therapy for PTSD: Flexing the structure of cognitive processing therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(6), 968–981. doi:10.​1037/​a0030600.PubMedCentralPubMed
go back to reference Habigzang, L. F., Stroeher, F. H., Hatzenberger, R., Cunha, R. C., Ramos Mda, S., & Koller, S. H. (2009). Cognitive behavioral group therapy for sexually abused girls. Revista de Saúde Pública, 43(Suppl 1), 70–78. doi:10.1590/S0034-89102009000800011.PubMed Habigzang, L. F., Stroeher, F. H., Hatzenberger, R., Cunha, R. C., Ramos Mda, S., & Koller, S. H. (2009). Cognitive behavioral group therapy for sexually abused girls. Revista de Saúde Pública, 43(Suppl 1), 70–78. doi:10.​1590/​S0034-8910200900080001​1.PubMed
go back to reference Harned, M. S., Rizvi, S. L., & Linehan, M. M. (2010). Impact of co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder on suicidal women with borderline personality disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(10), 1210–1217. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09081213.PubMed Harned, M. S., Rizvi, S. L., & Linehan, M. M. (2010). Impact of co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder on suicidal women with borderline personality disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(10), 1210–1217. doi:10.​1176/​appi.​ajp.​2010.​09081213.PubMed
go back to reference Hawkins, A. O., Danielson, C. K., de Arellano, M. A., Hanson, R. F., Ruggiero, K. J., Smith, D. W., et al. (2010). Ethnic/racial differences in the prevalence of injurious spanking and other child physical abuse in a National Survey of Adolescents. Child Maltreatment, 15(3), 242–249. doi:10.1177/1077559510367938.PubMed Hawkins, A. O., Danielson, C. K., de Arellano, M. A., Hanson, R. F., Ruggiero, K. J., Smith, D. W., et al. (2010). Ethnic/racial differences in the prevalence of injurious spanking and other child physical abuse in a National Survey of Adolescents. Child Maltreatment, 15(3), 242–249. doi:10.​1177/​1077559510367938​.PubMed
go back to reference Imel, Z. E., Laska, K., Jakupcak, M., & Simpson, T. L. (2013). Meta-analysis of dropout in treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(3), 394–404. doi:10.1037/a0031474. Imel, Z. E., Laska, K., Jakupcak, M., & Simpson, T. L. (2013). Meta-analysis of dropout in treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(3), 394–404. doi:10.​1037/​a0031474.
go back to reference Kazdin, A. E., Mazurick, J. L., & Bass, D. (1993). Risk for attrition in treatment of antisocial children and families. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22(1), 2–16. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2201_1. Kazdin, A. E., Mazurick, J. L., & Bass, D. (1993). Risk for attrition in treatment of antisocial children and families. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22(1), 2–16. doi:10.​1207/​s15374424jccp220​1_​1.
go back to reference Kazdin, A. E., Mazurick, J. L., & Siegel, T. C. (1994). Treatment outcome among children with externalizing disorder who terminate prematurely versus those who complete psychotherapy. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(4), 549–557. doi:10.1097/00004583-199405000-00013.PubMed Kazdin, A. E., Mazurick, J. L., & Siegel, T. C. (1994). Treatment outcome among children with externalizing disorder who terminate prematurely versus those who complete psychotherapy. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(4), 549–557. doi:10.​1097/​00004583-199405000-00013.PubMed
go back to reference Kilpatrick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L. (2003). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(4), 692–700. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.4.692.PubMed Kilpatrick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L. (2003). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(4), 692–700. doi:10.​1037/​0022-006X.​71.​4.​692.PubMed
go back to reference King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Mullen, P., Myerson, N., Heyne, D., Rollings, S., et al. (2000). Treating sexually abused children with posttraumatic stress symptoms: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(11), 1347–1355. doi:10.1097/00004583-200011000-00008.PubMed King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Mullen, P., Myerson, N., Heyne, D., Rollings, S., et al. (2000). Treating sexually abused children with posttraumatic stress symptoms: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(11), 1347–1355. doi:10.​1097/​00004583-200011000-00008.PubMed
go back to reference Kirsch, V., Fegert, J. M., Seitz, D. C. M., & Goldbeck, L. (2011). Traumafokussierte kognitive Verhaltenstherapie (Tf-KVT) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen nach Missbrauch und Misshandlung [Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Tf-CBT) for children and adolescents after abuse and maltreatment: Results of a pilot study]. Kindheit & Entwicklung, 20(2), 95–102. Kirsch, V., Fegert, J. M., Seitz, D. C. M., & Goldbeck, L. (2011). Traumafokussierte kognitive Verhaltenstherapie (Tf-KVT) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen nach Missbrauch und Misshandlung [Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Tf-CBT) for children and adolescents after abuse and maltreatment: Results of a pilot study]. Kindheit & Entwicklung, 20(2), 95–102.
go back to reference Kokkevi, A., Rotsika, V., Arapaki, A., & Richardson, C. (2012). Adolescents’ self-reported suicide attempts, self-harm thoughts and their correlates across 17 European countries. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 53(4), 381–389. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02457.x. Kokkevi, A., Rotsika, V., Arapaki, A., & Richardson, C. (2012). Adolescents’ self-reported suicide attempts, self-harm thoughts and their correlates across 17 European countries. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 53(4), 381–389. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1469-7610.​2011.​02457.​x.
go back to reference Kovacs, M. (1985). The Children’s Depression, Inventory (CDI). Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 21(4), 995–998. Kovacs, M. (1985). The Children’s Depression, Inventory (CDI). Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 21(4), 995–998.
go back to reference Krakow, B., Sandoval, D., Schrader, R., Keuhne, B., McBride, L., Yau, C. L., et al. (2001). Treatment of chronic nightmares in adjudicated adolescent girls in a residential facility. Journal of Adolescent Health, 29(2), 94–100. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00195-6.PubMed Krakow, B., Sandoval, D., Schrader, R., Keuhne, B., McBride, L., Yau, C. L., et al. (2001). Treatment of chronic nightmares in adjudicated adolescent girls in a residential facility. Journal of Adolescent Health, 29(2), 94–100. doi:10.​1016/​S1054-139X(00)00195-6.PubMed
go back to reference Kubany, E. S., & Ralston, T. C. (2008). Treating PTSD in battered women. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications. Kubany, E. S., & Ralston, T. C. (2008). Treating PTSD in battered women. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications.
go back to reference Lanktree, C. B., & Briere, J. (1995). Outcome of therapy for sexually abused children: A repeated measures study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(9), 1145–1155.PubMed Lanktree, C. B., & Briere, J. (1995). Outcome of therapy for sexually abused children: A repeated measures study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(9), 1145–1155.PubMed
go back to reference Leenarts, L. E., Diehle, J., Doreleijers, T. A., Jansma, E. P., & Lindauer, R. J. (2012). Evidence-based treatments for children with trauma-related psychopathology as a result of childhood maltreatment: A systematic review. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,. doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0367-5.PubMed Leenarts, L. E., Diehle, J., Doreleijers, T. A., Jansma, E. P., & Lindauer, R. J. (2012). Evidence-based treatments for children with trauma-related psychopathology as a result of childhood maltreatment: A systematic review. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,. doi:10.​1007/​s00787-012-0367-5.PubMed
go back to reference Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Lipschitz, D. S., Rasmusson, A. M., Anyan, W., Cromwell, P., & Southwick, S. M. (2000). Clinical and functional correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder in urban adolescent girls at a primary care clinic. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(9), 1104–1111. doi:10.1097/00004583-200009000-00009.PubMed Lipschitz, D. S., Rasmusson, A. M., Anyan, W., Cromwell, P., & Southwick, S. M. (2000). Clinical and functional correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder in urban adolescent girls at a primary care clinic. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(9), 1104–1111. doi:10.​1097/​00004583-200009000-00009.PubMed
go back to reference Lobbestael, J., Arntz, A., Harkema-Schouten, P., & Bernstein, D. (2009). Development and psychometric evaluation of a new assessment method for childhood maltreatment experiences: The interview for traumatic events in childhood (ITEC). Child Abuse and Neglect, 33(8), 505–517. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.03.002.PubMed Lobbestael, J., Arntz, A., Harkema-Schouten, P., & Bernstein, D. (2009). Development and psychometric evaluation of a new assessment method for childhood maltreatment experiences: The interview for traumatic events in childhood (ITEC). Child Abuse and Neglect, 33(8), 505–517. doi:10.​1016/​j.​chiabu.​2009.​03.​002.PubMed
go back to reference Lobbestael, J., Leurgans, M., & Arntz, A. (2011). Inter-rater reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I) and Axis II Disorders (SCID II). Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(1), 75–79. doi:10.1002/cpp.693. Lobbestael, J., Leurgans, M., & Arntz, A. (2011). Inter-rater reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I) and Axis II Disorders (SCID II). Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(1), 75–79. doi:10.​1002/​cpp.​693.
go back to reference Madge, N., Hewitt, A., Hawton, K., de Wilde, E. J., Corcoran, P., Fekete, S., et al. (2008). Deliberate self-harm within an international community sample of young people: Comparative findings from the Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) Study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 49(6), 667–677. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01879.x. Madge, N., Hewitt, A., Hawton, K., de Wilde, E. J., Corcoran, P., Fekete, S., et al. (2008). Deliberate self-harm within an international community sample of young people: Comparative findings from the Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) Study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 49(6), 667–677. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1469-7610.​2008.​01879.​x.
go back to reference McDonagh, A., Friedman, M., McHugo, G., Ford, J., Sengupta, A., Mueser, K., et al. (2005). Randomized trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 515–524. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.515.PubMed McDonagh, A., Friedman, M., McHugo, G., Ford, J., Sengupta, A., Mueser, K., et al. (2005). Randomized trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 515–524. doi:10.​1037/​0022-006X.​73.​3.​515.PubMed
go back to reference McLeer, S. V., Deblinger, E., Henry, D., & Orvaschel, H. (1992). Sexually abused children at high risk for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(5), 875–879. doi:10.1097/00004583-199209000-00015.PubMed McLeer, S. V., Deblinger, E., Henry, D., & Orvaschel, H. (1992). Sexually abused children at high risk for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(5), 875–879. doi:10.​1097/​00004583-199209000-00015.PubMed
go back to reference McLeer, S. V., Dixon, J. F., Henry, D., Ruggiero, K., Escovitz, K., Niedda, T., et al. (1998). Psychopathology in non-clinically referred sexually abused children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(12), 1326–1333. doi:10.1097/00004583-199812000-00017.PubMed McLeer, S. V., Dixon, J. F., Henry, D., Ruggiero, K., Escovitz, K., Niedda, T., et al. (1998). Psychopathology in non-clinically referred sexually abused children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(12), 1326–1333. doi:10.​1097/​00004583-199812000-00017.PubMed
go back to reference Monson, C. M., Schnurr, P. P., Resick, P. A., Friedman, M. J., Young-Xu, Y., & Stevens, S. P. (2006). Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 898–907. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.898.PubMed Monson, C. M., Schnurr, P. P., Resick, P. A., Friedman, M. J., Young-Xu, Y., & Stevens, S. P. (2006). Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 898–907. doi:10.​1037/​0022-006X.​74.​5.​898.PubMed
go back to reference Nader, K., Blake, D. D., & Kriegler, J. A. (1994). Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for Children (CAPS-CA). Current and lifetime diagnosis version, and instruction manual. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA: Neuropsychiatric Institute and National Center for PTSD. Nader, K., Blake, D. D., & Kriegler, J. A. (1994). Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for Children (CAPS-CA). Current and lifetime diagnosis version, and instruction manual. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA: Neuropsychiatric Institute and National Center for PTSD.
go back to reference National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care. London: Gaskell and the British Psychological Society. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care. London: Gaskell and the British Psychological Society.
go back to reference Nolan, M., Carr, A., Fitzpatrick, C., O’Flaherty, A., Keary, K., Turner, R., et al. (2002). A comparison of two programmes for victims of child sexual abuse: A treatment outcome study. Child Abuse Review, 11(2), 103–123. doi:10.1002/car.727. Nolan, M., Carr, A., Fitzpatrick, C., O’Flaherty, A., Keary, K., Turner, R., et al. (2002). A comparison of two programmes for victims of child sexual abuse: A treatment outcome study. Child Abuse Review, 11(2), 103–123. doi:10.​1002/​car.​727.
go back to reference Nooner, K. B., Linares, L. O., Batinjane, J., Kramer, R. A., Silva, R., & Cloitre, M. (2012). Factors related to posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescence. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 13(3), 153–166. doi:10.1177/1524838012447698. Nooner, K. B., Linares, L. O., Batinjane, J., Kramer, R. A., Silva, R., & Cloitre, M. (2012). Factors related to posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescence. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 13(3), 153–166. doi:10.​1177/​1524838012447698​.
go back to reference Oldfield, V. B., Salkovskis, P. M., & Taylor, T. (2011). Time-intensive cognitive behaviour therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A case series and matched comparison group. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50(1), 7–18. doi:10.1348/014466510X490073.PubMed Oldfield, V. B., Salkovskis, P. M., & Taylor, T. (2011). Time-intensive cognitive behaviour therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A case series and matched comparison group. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50(1), 7–18. doi:10.​1348/​014466510X490073​.PubMed
go back to reference Pellerin, K. A., Costa, N. M., Weems, C. F., & Dalton, R. F. (2010). An examination of treatment completers and non-completers at a child and adolescent community mental health clinic. Community Mental Health Journal, 46(3), 273–281. doi:10.1007/s10597-009-9285-5.PubMed Pellerin, K. A., Costa, N. M., Weems, C. F., & Dalton, R. F. (2010). An examination of treatment completers and non-completers at a child and adolescent community mental health clinic. Community Mental Health Journal, 46(3), 273–281. doi:10.​1007/​s10597-009-9285-5.PubMed
go back to reference Resick, P. A., Bovin, M. J., Calloway, A. L., Dick, A. M., King, M. W., Mitchell, K. S., et al. (2012a). A critical evaluation of the complex PTSD literature: Implications for DSM-5. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 241–251. doi:10.1002/jts.21699.PubMed Resick, P. A., Bovin, M. J., Calloway, A. L., Dick, A. M., King, M. W., Mitchell, K. S., et al. (2012a). A critical evaluation of the complex PTSD literature: Implications for DSM-5. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 241–251. doi:10.​1002/​jts.​21699.PubMed
go back to reference Resick, P. A., Galovski, T. E., O’Brien Uhlmansiek, M., Scher, C. D., Clum, G. A., & Young-Xu, Y. (2008a). A randomized clinical trial to dismantle components of cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of interpersonal violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 243–258. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.243.PubMedCentralPubMed Resick, P. A., Galovski, T. E., O’Brien Uhlmansiek, M., Scher, C. D., Clum, G. A., & Young-Xu, Y. (2008a). A randomized clinical trial to dismantle components of cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of interpersonal violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 243–258. doi:10.​1037/​0022-006X.​76.​2.​243.PubMedCentralPubMed
go back to reference Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & Chard, K. M. (2008b). Cognitive processing therapy: Veteran/military version. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans’ Affairs. Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & Chard, K. M. (2008b). Cognitive processing therapy: Veteran/military version. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans’ Affairs.
go back to reference Resick, P. A., Nishith, P., & Griffin, M. G. (2003). How well does cognitive-behavioral therapy treat symptoms of complex PTSD? An examination of child sexual abuse survivors within a clinical trial. CNS Spectrums, 8(5), 340–355.PubMedCentralPubMed Resick, P. A., Nishith, P., & Griffin, M. G. (2003). How well does cognitive-behavioral therapy treat symptoms of complex PTSD? An examination of child sexual abuse survivors within a clinical trial. CNS Spectrums, 8(5), 340–355.PubMedCentralPubMed
go back to reference Resick, P. A., Nishith, P., Weaver, T. L., Astin, M. C., & Feuer, C. A. (2002). A comparison of cognitive-processing therapy with prolonged exposure and a waiting condition for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in female rape victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 867–879. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.70.4.867.PubMedCentralPubMed Resick, P. A., Nishith, P., Weaver, T. L., Astin, M. C., & Feuer, C. A. (2002). A comparison of cognitive-processing therapy with prolonged exposure and a waiting condition for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in female rape victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 867–879. doi:10.​1037/​/​0022-006X.​70.​4.​867.PubMedCentralPubMed
go back to reference Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1993). Cognitive processing therapy for rape victims: A treatment manual. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1993). Cognitive processing therapy for rape victims: A treatment manual. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Resick, P. A., Williams, L. F., Suvak, M. K., Monson, C. M., & Gradus, J. L. (2012b). Long-term outcomes of cognitive-behavioral treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder among female rape survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(2), 201–210. doi:10.1037/a0026602.PubMedCentralPubMed Resick, P. A., Williams, L. F., Suvak, M. K., Monson, C. M., & Gradus, J. L. (2012b). Long-term outcomes of cognitive-behavioral treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder among female rape survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(2), 201–210. doi:10.​1037/​a0026602.PubMedCentralPubMed
go back to reference Ruf, M., Schauer, M., & Elbert, T. (2010). UPID—UCLA PTSD Index for DSM IV. In C. Barkmann, M. Schulte-Markwort, & E. Brähler (Eds.), Fragebögen zur Diagnostik psychischer Störungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters. Göttingen: Hogrefe. Ruf, M., Schauer, M., & Elbert, T. (2010). UPID—UCLA PTSD Index for DSM IV. In C. Barkmann, M. Schulte-Markwort, & E. Brähler (Eds.), Fragebögen zur Diagnostik psychischer Störungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
go back to reference Schneider, S., Unnewehr, S., & Margraf, J. (Eds.). (2009). Diagnostisches Interview bei psychischen Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter (Kinder-DIPS) [Diagnostic interview for mental disorders in childhood and adolescence] (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. Schneider, S., Unnewehr, S., & Margraf, J. (Eds.). (2009). Diagnostisches Interview bei psychischen Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter (Kinder-DIPS) [Diagnostic interview for mental disorders in childhood and adolescence] (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer.
go back to reference Schulz, P. M., Resick, P. A., Huber, L. C., & Griffin, M. G. (2006). The effectiveness of cognitive processing therapy for PTSD with refugees in a community setting. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 13(4), 322–331. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.04.011. Schulz, P. M., Resick, P. A., Huber, L. C., & Griffin, M. G. (2006). The effectiveness of cognitive processing therapy for PTSD with refugees in a community setting. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 13(4), 322–331. doi:10.​1016/​j.​cbpra.​2006.​04.​011.
go back to reference Silverman, A. B., Reinherz, H. Z., & Giaconia, R. M. (1996). The long-term sequelae of child and adolescent abuse: A longitudinal community study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20(8), 709–723. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(96)00059-2.PubMed Silverman, A. B., Reinherz, H. Z., & Giaconia, R. M. (1996). The long-term sequelae of child and adolescent abuse: A longitudinal community study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20(8), 709–723. doi:10.​1016/​0145-2134(96)00059-2.PubMed
go back to reference Sinclair, J. J., Larzelere, R. E., Paine, M., Jones, P., Graham, K., & Jones, M. (1995). Outcome of group treatment for sexually abused adolescent females living in a group home setting: Preliminary findings. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10(4), 533–542. doi:10.1177/088626095010004011. Sinclair, J. J., Larzelere, R. E., Paine, M., Jones, P., Graham, K., & Jones, M. (1995). Outcome of group treatment for sexually abused adolescent females living in a group home setting: Preliminary findings. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10(4), 533–542. doi:10.​1177/​0886260950100040​11.
go back to reference Smith, P., Yule, W., Perrin, S., Tranah, T., Dalgleish, T., & Clark, D. M. (2007). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD in children and adolescents: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(8), 1051–1061. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e318067e288.PubMed Smith, P., Yule, W., Perrin, S., Tranah, T., Dalgleish, T., & Clark, D. M. (2007). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD in children and adolescents: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(8), 1051–1061. doi:10.​1097/​CHI.​0b013e318067e288​.PubMed
go back to reference Stauffer, L. B., & Deblinger, E. (1996). Cognitive behavioral groups for nonoffending mothers and their young sexually abused children: A preliminary treatment outcome study. Child Maltreatment, 1(1), 65–76. doi:10.1177/1077559596001001007. Stauffer, L. B., & Deblinger, E. (1996). Cognitive behavioral groups for nonoffending mothers and their young sexually abused children: A preliminary treatment outcome study. Child Maltreatment, 1(1), 65–76. doi:10.​1177/​1077559596001001​007.
go back to reference Steil, R., Dyer, A., Priebe, K., Kleindienst, N., & Bohus, M. (2011). Dialectical behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse: A pilot study of an intensive residential treatment program. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(1), 102–106. doi:10.1002/jts.20617.PubMed Steil, R., Dyer, A., Priebe, K., Kleindienst, N., & Bohus, M. (2011). Dialectical behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse: A pilot study of an intensive residential treatment program. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(1), 102–106. doi:10.​1002/​jts.​20617.PubMed
go back to reference Steinberg, A. M., Brymer, M. J., Decker, K. B., & Pynoos, R. S. (2004). The University of California at Los Angeles Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index. Current Psychiatry Reports, 6(2), 96–100. doi:10.1007/s11920-004-0048-2.PubMed Steinberg, A. M., Brymer, M. J., Decker, K. B., & Pynoos, R. S. (2004). The University of California at Los Angeles Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index. Current Psychiatry Reports, 6(2), 96–100. doi:10.​1007/​s11920-004-0048-2.PubMed
go back to reference Steinberg, A. M., Brymer, M. J., Kim, S., Briggs, E. C., Ippen, C. G., Ostrowski, S. A., et al. (2013). Psychometric properties of the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index: Part I. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(1), 1–9. doi:10.1002/jts.21780.PubMed Steinberg, A. M., Brymer, M. J., Kim, S., Briggs, E. C., Ippen, C. G., Ostrowski, S. A., et al. (2013). Psychometric properties of the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index: Part I. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(1), 1–9. doi:10.​1002/​jts.​21780.PubMed
go back to reference Stiensmeier-Pelster, J., Schürmann, M., & Duda, K. (2000). DIKJ—Depressionsinventar für Kinder und Jugendliche. Handanweisung. Göttingen: Hogrefe. Stiensmeier-Pelster, J., Schürmann, M., & Duda, K. (2000). DIKJ—Depressionsinventar für Kinder und Jugendliche. Handanweisung. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
go back to reference Storch, E. A., Geffken, G. R., Merlo, L. J., Mann, G., Duke, D., Munson, M., et al. (2007). Family-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comparison of intensive and weekly approaches. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(4), 469–478. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31803062e7.PubMed Storch, E. A., Geffken, G. R., Merlo, L. J., Mann, G., Duke, D., Munson, M., et al. (2007). Family-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comparison of intensive and weekly approaches. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(4), 469–478. doi:10.​1097/​chi.​0b013e31803062e7​.PubMed
go back to reference Swift, J. K., & Greenberg, R. P. (2012). Premature discontinuation in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(4), 547–559. doi:10.1037/a0028226.PubMed Swift, J. K., & Greenberg, R. P. (2012). Premature discontinuation in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(4), 547–559. doi:10.​1037/​a0028226.PubMed
go back to reference Taylor, J. E., & Harvey, S. T. (2009). Effects of psychotherapy with people who have been sexually assaulted: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(5), 273–285. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.03.006. Taylor, J. E., & Harvey, S. T. (2009). Effects of psychotherapy with people who have been sexually assaulted: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(5), 273–285. doi:10.​1016/​j.​avb.​2009.​03.​006.
go back to reference Tourigny, M., Hebert, M., Daigneault, I., & Simoneau, A. C. (2005). Efficacy of a group therapy for sexually abused adolescent girls. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 14(4), 71–93. doi:10.1300/J070v14n04_04.PubMed Tourigny, M., Hebert, M., Daigneault, I., & Simoneau, A. C. (2005). Efficacy of a group therapy for sexually abused adolescent girls. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 14(4), 71–93. doi:10.​1300/​J070v14n04_​04.PubMed
go back to reference Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2001). Clinician-administered PTSD scale: A review of the first ten years of research. Depression and Anxiety, 13(3), 132–156. doi:10.1002/da.1029.PubMed Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2001). Clinician-administered PTSD scale: A review of the first ten years of research. Depression and Anxiety, 13(3), 132–156. doi:10.​1002/​da.​1029.PubMed
go back to reference Weiß, R. H. (2006). CFT 20-R. Grundintelligenztest Skala 2-Revision. Göttingen: Hogrefe. Weiß, R. H. (2006). CFT 20-R. Grundintelligenztest Skala 2-Revision. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
go back to reference Wittchen, H. U., Wunderlich, U., Gruschwitz, S., & Zaudig, M. (1996). Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview f¨ur DSM-IV (SKID) [Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SKID)]. Göttingen, Germany: Beltz-Test. Wittchen, H. U., Wunderlich, U., Gruschwitz, S., & Zaudig, M. (1996). Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview f¨ur DSM-IV (SKID) [Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SKID)]. Göttingen, Germany: Beltz-Test.
go back to reference Zanarini, M. C., Skodol, A. E., Bender, D., Dolan, R., Sanislow, C., Schaefer, E., et al. (2000). The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study: Reliability of axis I and II diagnoses. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14(4), 291–299. Zanarini, M. C., Skodol, A. E., Bender, D., Dolan, R., Sanislow, C., Schaefer, E., et al. (2000). The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study: Reliability of axis I and II diagnoses. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14(4), 291–299.
go back to reference Zlotnick, C., Zakriski, A. L., Shea, M. T., Costello, E., Begin, A., Pearlstein, T., et al. (1996). The long-term sequelae of sexual abuse: Support for a complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(2), 195–205. doi:10.1002/jts.2490090204.PubMed Zlotnick, C., Zakriski, A. L., Shea, M. T., Costello, E., Begin, A., Pearlstein, T., et al. (1996). The long-term sequelae of sexual abuse: Support for a complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(2), 195–205. doi:10.​1002/​jts.​2490090204.PubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Developmentally Adapted Cognitive Processing Therapy for Adolescents Suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder after Childhood Sexual or Physical Abuse: A Pilot Study
Auteurs
Simone Matulis
Patricia A. Resick
Rita Rosner
Regina Steil
Publicatiedatum
01-06-2014
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review / Uitgave 2/2014
Print ISSN: 1096-4037
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2827
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0156-9