Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

23-10-2021 | Original Article

Developmental Precursors of Primary and Secondary Callous-Unemotional Traits in Youth

Auteurs: Stephanie G. Craig, Natalie Goulter, Brendan F. Andrade, Robert J. McMahon

Gepubliceerd in: Child Psychiatry & Human Development | Uitgave 2/2023

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

There is growing evidence of diverse etiological pathways to the development of callous-unemotional (CU) traits, known as primary and secondary CU variants. The purpose of the present study was to extend previous cross-sectional research and examine theoretical predictors of CU variants prospectively from childhood to adolescence. Participants included high-risk control and normative samples from the Fast Track project (N = 754, male = 58%, Black = 46%). Using structural equation modelling, primary CU traits, identified in early adolescence, were associated with higher levels of childhood emotion regulation and lower levels of prosocial behavior. Secondary CU traits were associated with lower levels of childhood emotion regulation and low parental warmth, but not prosocial behaviour. Neither CU variant was related to harsh parenting. Parental warmth moderated emotion regulation and prosocial behavior on secondary CU traits. Results were not moderated by sex. A greater understanding of theoretical developmental precursors of CU variants may better guide intervention efforts.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Voetnoten
1
Results are presented as T-scores in Table 2. Results were the same for T-scores and raw scores on the CBCL.
 
Literatuur
1.
go back to reference Frick PJ, Ray JV, Thornton LC, Kahn RE (2014) Annual research review: a developmental psychopathology approach to understanding callous-unemotional traits in children and adolescents with serious conduct problems. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 55:532–548 Frick PJ, Ray JV, Thornton LC, Kahn RE (2014) Annual research review: a developmental psychopathology approach to understanding callous-unemotional traits in children and adolescents with serious conduct problems. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 55:532–548
2.
go back to reference Frick PJ, White SF (2008) Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49:359–375PubMedCrossRef Frick PJ, White SF (2008) Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49:359–375PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Viding E, Blair RJR, Moffitt TE, Plomin R (2005) Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year-olds. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 46:592–597PubMedCrossRef Viding E, Blair RJR, Moffitt TE, Plomin R (2005) Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year-olds. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 46:592–597PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Karpman B (1941) On the need of separating psychopathy into two distinct clinical types: the symptomatic and the idiopathic. J Crim Psychopathol 3:112–137 Karpman B (1941) On the need of separating psychopathy into two distinct clinical types: the symptomatic and the idiopathic. J Crim Psychopathol 3:112–137
5.
go back to reference Kimonis ER, Frick PJ, Munoz LC, Aucoin KJ (2008) Callous-unemotional traits and the emotional processing of distress cues in detained boys: testing the moderating role of aggression, exposure to community violence, and histories of abuse. Dev Psychopathol 20:569–589PubMedCrossRef Kimonis ER, Frick PJ, Munoz LC, Aucoin KJ (2008) Callous-unemotional traits and the emotional processing of distress cues in detained boys: testing the moderating role of aggression, exposure to community violence, and histories of abuse. Dev Psychopathol 20:569–589PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Bennett DC, Kerig PK (2014) Investigating the construct of trauma-related acquired callousness among delinquent youth: differences in emotion processing. J Trauma Stress 27:415–422PubMedCrossRef Bennett DC, Kerig PK (2014) Investigating the construct of trauma-related acquired callousness among delinquent youth: differences in emotion processing. J Trauma Stress 27:415–422PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Porter S (1996) Without conscience or without active conscience? The etiology of psychopathy revisited. Aggress Violent Behav 1:179–189CrossRef Porter S (1996) Without conscience or without active conscience? The etiology of psychopathy revisited. Aggress Violent Behav 1:179–189CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Craig SG, Goulter N, Moretti MM (2020) A systematic review of primary and secondary callous-unemotional traits and psychopathy variants in youth. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 24:65PubMedCrossRef Craig SG, Goulter N, Moretti MM (2020) A systematic review of primary and secondary callous-unemotional traits and psychopathy variants in youth. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 24:65PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Kimonis ER, Skeem JL, Edens JF, Douglas KS, Lilienfeld SO, Poythress NG (2010) Suicidal and criminal behavior among female offenders: the role of abuse and psychopathology. J Pers Disord 24:581–609PubMedCrossRef Kimonis ER, Skeem JL, Edens JF, Douglas KS, Lilienfeld SO, Poythress NG (2010) Suicidal and criminal behavior among female offenders: the role of abuse and psychopathology. J Pers Disord 24:581–609PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Taipale J (2016) Self-regulation and beyond: affect regulation and the infant–caregiver dyad. Front Psychol 7:1–13CrossRef Taipale J (2016) Self-regulation and beyond: affect regulation and the infant–caregiver dyad. Front Psychol 7:1–13CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Cicchetti D (2016) Socioemotional, personality, and biological development: Illustrations from a multilevel developmental psychopathology perspective on child maltreatment. Annu Rev Psychol 67:187–211PubMedCrossRef Cicchetti D (2016) Socioemotional, personality, and biological development: Illustrations from a multilevel developmental psychopathology perspective on child maltreatment. Annu Rev Psychol 67:187–211PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Shepherd L, Wild J (2014) Emotion regulation, physiological arousal and PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed individuals. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 45:360–367PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Shepherd L, Wild J (2014) Emotion regulation, physiological arousal and PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed individuals. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 45:360–367PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Hinnant JB, Nelson JA, O’Brien M, Keane SP, Calkins SD (2013) The interactive roles of parenting, emotion regulation and executive functioning in moral reasoning during middle childhood. Cogn Emot 27:1460–1468PubMedCrossRef Hinnant JB, Nelson JA, O’Brien M, Keane SP, Calkins SD (2013) The interactive roles of parenting, emotion regulation and executive functioning in moral reasoning during middle childhood. Cogn Emot 27:1460–1468PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Fanti KA (2018) Understanding heterogeneity in conduct disorder: a review of psychophysiological studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 91:4–20PubMedCrossRef Fanti KA (2018) Understanding heterogeneity in conduct disorder: a review of psychophysiological studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 91:4–20PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Kimonis ER, Fanti KA, Goulter N, Hall J (2017) Affective startle potentiation differentiates primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy. Dev Psychopathol 29:1149–1160PubMedCrossRef Kimonis ER, Fanti KA, Goulter N, Hall J (2017) Affective startle potentiation differentiates primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy. Dev Psychopathol 29:1149–1160PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Craig SG, Moretti MM (2019) Profiles of primary and secondary callous-unemotional features in youth: the role of emotion regulation. Dev Psychopathol 31:1489–1500PubMedCrossRef Craig SG, Moretti MM (2019) Profiles of primary and secondary callous-unemotional features in youth: the role of emotion regulation. Dev Psychopathol 31:1489–1500PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Kochanska G (1997) Multiple pathways to conscience for children with different temperaments: from toddlerhood to age 5. Dev Psychol 33:228–240PubMedCrossRef Kochanska G (1997) Multiple pathways to conscience for children with different temperaments: from toddlerhood to age 5. Dev Psychol 33:228–240PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Docherty M, Boxer P, Huesmann LR, O’Brien M, Bushman BJ (2016) Exploring primary and secondary variants of psychopathy in adolescents in detention and in the community. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 45:564–578PubMedCrossRef Docherty M, Boxer P, Huesmann LR, O’Brien M, Bushman BJ (2016) Exploring primary and secondary variants of psychopathy in adolescents in detention and in the community. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 45:564–578PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Fanti KA, Demetriou CA, Kimonis ER (2013) Variants of callous-unemotional conduct problems in a community sample of adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 42:964–979PubMedCrossRef Fanti KA, Demetriou CA, Kimonis ER (2013) Variants of callous-unemotional conduct problems in a community sample of adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 42:964–979PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Kimonis ER, Skeem JL, Cauffman E, Dmitrieva J (2011) Are secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy more reactively violent and less psychosocially mature than primary variants? Law Hum. Behav 35:381–391 Kimonis ER, Skeem JL, Cauffman E, Dmitrieva J (2011) Are secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy more reactively violent and less psychosocially mature than primary variants? Law Hum. Behav 35:381–391
21.
go back to reference Meehan AJ, Maughan B, Cecil CA, Barker ED (2017) Interpersonal callousness and co-occurring anxiety: developmental validity of an adolescent taxonomy. J Abnorm Psychol 126:225–236PubMedCrossRef Meehan AJ, Maughan B, Cecil CA, Barker ED (2017) Interpersonal callousness and co-occurring anxiety: developmental validity of an adolescent taxonomy. J Abnorm Psychol 126:225–236PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Fanti KA, Kimonis E (2017) Heterogeneity in externalizing problems at age 3: association with age 15 biological and environmental outcomes. Dev Psychol 53:1230–1241PubMedCrossRef Fanti KA, Kimonis E (2017) Heterogeneity in externalizing problems at age 3: association with age 15 biological and environmental outcomes. Dev Psychol 53:1230–1241PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. APA, ArlingtonCrossRef American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. APA, ArlingtonCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Eisenberg N, Eggum ND, Spinrad TL (2015) The development of prosocial behavior .The Oxford Handbook of Prosocial Behavior. Oxford University Press, Oxford Eisenberg N, Eggum ND, Spinrad TL (2015) The development of prosocial behavior .The Oxford Handbook of Prosocial Behavior. Oxford University Press, Oxford
26.
go back to reference Eremsoy CE, Karanci AN, Berument SK (2011) Psychometric properties of the antisocial process screening device in a non-clinical sample of Turkish children. Proc Soc Behav Sci 30:2319–2323CrossRef Eremsoy CE, Karanci AN, Berument SK (2011) Psychometric properties of the antisocial process screening device in a non-clinical sample of Turkish children. Proc Soc Behav Sci 30:2319–2323CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Zwaanswijk W, van Geel M, Andershed H, Fanti KA, Vedder P (2018) Variants of psychopathy and the dependence on gender, age, and ethnic background. J Pers Disord 32:721–737PubMedCrossRef Zwaanswijk W, van Geel M, Andershed H, Fanti KA, Vedder P (2018) Variants of psychopathy and the dependence on gender, age, and ethnic background. J Pers Disord 32:721–737PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Kimonis ER, Frick PJ, Cauffman E, Goldweber A, Skeem J (2012) Primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy differ in emotional processing. Dev Psychopathol 24:1091–1103PubMedCrossRef Kimonis ER, Frick PJ, Cauffman E, Goldweber A, Skeem J (2012) Primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy differ in emotional processing. Dev Psychopathol 24:1091–1103PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Goulter N, Kimonis ER, Hawes SW, Stepp S, Hipwell AE (2017) Identifying stable variants of callous-unemotional traits: a longitudinal study of at-risk girls. Dev Psychol 53:2364–2376PubMedCrossRef Goulter N, Kimonis ER, Hawes SW, Stepp S, Hipwell AE (2017) Identifying stable variants of callous-unemotional traits: a longitudinal study of at-risk girls. Dev Psychol 53:2364–2376PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Kimonis ER, Fanti KA, Isoma Z, Donoghue K (2013) Maltreatment profiles among incarcerated boys with callous-unemotional traits. Child Maltreat 18:108–121PubMedCrossRef Kimonis ER, Fanti KA, Isoma Z, Donoghue K (2013) Maltreatment profiles among incarcerated boys with callous-unemotional traits. Child Maltreat 18:108–121PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Kimonis ER, Goulter N, Hawes DJ, Wilbur RR, Groer MW (2017) Neuroendocrine factors distinguish juvenile psychopathy variants. Dev Psychobiol 59:161–173PubMedCrossRef Kimonis ER, Goulter N, Hawes DJ, Wilbur RR, Groer MW (2017) Neuroendocrine factors distinguish juvenile psychopathy variants. Dev Psychobiol 59:161–173PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Humayun S, Kahn RE, Frick PJ, Viding E (2014) Callous-unemotional traits and anxiety in a community sample of 7-year-olds. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 43:36–42PubMedCrossRef Humayun S, Kahn RE, Frick PJ, Viding E (2014) Callous-unemotional traits and anxiety in a community sample of 7-year-olds. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 43:36–42PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Pasalich DS, Dadds MR, Hawes DJ, Brennan J (2011) Do callous-unemotional traits moderate the relative importance of parental coercion versus warmth in child conduct problems? An observational study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52:1308–1315PubMedCrossRef Pasalich DS, Dadds MR, Hawes DJ, Brennan J (2011) Do callous-unemotional traits moderate the relative importance of parental coercion versus warmth in child conduct problems? An observational study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52:1308–1315PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Pasalich, DS, Witkiewitz K, McMahon RJ, Pinderhughes EE, and Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (2016) Indirect effects of the Fast Track intervention on conduct disorder symptoms and callous-unemotional traits: distinct pathways involving discipline and warmth. J Abnorm Child Psychol 44:587–597CrossRef Pasalich, DS, Witkiewitz K, McMahon RJ, Pinderhughes EE, and Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (2016) Indirect effects of the Fast Track intervention on conduct disorder symptoms and callous-unemotional traits: distinct pathways involving discipline and warmth. J Abnorm Child Psychol 44:587–597CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (2019) The fast track program for children at risk: preventing antisocial behavior. Guildford Press, New York Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (2019) The fast track program for children at risk: preventing antisocial behavior. Guildford Press, New York
36.
go back to reference Goulter N, McMahon RJ, Pasalich DS, Dodge KA (2019) Indirect effects of early parenting on adult antisocial outcomes via adolescent conduct disorder symptoms and callous-unemotional traits. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 1:1–13 Goulter N, McMahon RJ, Pasalich DS, Dodge KA (2019) Indirect effects of early parenting on adult antisocial outcomes via adolescent conduct disorder symptoms and callous-unemotional traits. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 1:1–13
37.
go back to reference Werthamer-Larsson L, Kellam S, Wheeler L (1991) Effect of first-grade classroom environment on shy behavior, aggressive behavior, and concentration problems. Am J Community Psychol 19:585–602PubMedCrossRef Werthamer-Larsson L, Kellam S, Wheeler L (1991) Effect of first-grade classroom environment on shy behavior, aggressive behavior, and concentration problems. Am J Community Psychol 19:585–602PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Achenbach TM (1991) Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR, and TRF profiles. University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry Achenbach TM (1991) Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR, and TRF profiles. University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry
39.
go back to reference Hollingshead, AB, Four factor index of social status. 1975, Yale University, New Haven, CT. pp 47–55 Hollingshead, AB, Four factor index of social status. 1975, Yale University, New Haven, CT. pp 47–55
40.
go back to reference Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (1995) Social Competence Scale (Parent Version). Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (1995) Social Competence Scale (Parent Version). Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
41.
42.
go back to reference Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (1992) A developmental and clinical model for the prevention of conduct disorder: the FAST Track Program. Dev Psychopathol 4:509–527CrossRef Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (1992) A developmental and clinical model for the prevention of conduct disorder: the FAST Track Program. Dev Psychopathol 4:509–527CrossRef
43.
go back to reference McMahon RJ, Estes A (1994) Fast Track parent–child interaction task: observational data collection manuals. University of Washington, Seattle McMahon RJ, Estes A (1994) Fast Track parent–child interaction task: observational data collection manuals. University of Washington, Seattle
44.
go back to reference Crnic KA, Greenberg MT (1990) Minor parenting stresses with young children. Child Dev 61:1628–1637PubMedCrossRef Crnic KA, Greenberg MT (1990) Minor parenting stresses with young children. Child Dev 61:1628–1637PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Frick PJ, Hare RD (2001) Antisocial Process Screening Device: APSD. Multi-Health Systems, Toronto Frick PJ, Hare RD (2001) Antisocial Process Screening Device: APSD. Multi-Health Systems, Toronto
46.
go back to reference Frick PJ, Bodin SD, Barry CT (2000) Psychopathic traits and conduct problems in community and clinic-referred samples of children: further development of the Psychopathy Screening Device. Psychol Assess 12:382–393PubMedCrossRef Frick PJ, Bodin SD, Barry CT (2000) Psychopathic traits and conduct problems in community and clinic-referred samples of children: further development of the Psychopathy Screening Device. Psychol Assess 12:382–393PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Read KL, Settipani CA, Peterman J, Kendall PC, Compton S, Piacentini J et al (2015) Predicting anxiety diagnoses and severity with the CBCL-A: improvement relative to other CBCL scales? J Psychopathol Behav Assess 37:100–111PubMedCrossRef Read KL, Settipani CA, Peterman J, Kendall PC, Compton S, Piacentini J et al (2015) Predicting anxiety diagnoses and severity with the CBCL-A: improvement relative to other CBCL scales? J Psychopathol Behav Assess 37:100–111PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Straus MA (1979) Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: the conflict tactics (CT) scales. J Marriage Fam 41:75–88CrossRef Straus MA (1979) Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: the conflict tactics (CT) scales. J Marriage Fam 41:75–88CrossRef
49.
go back to reference IBM Corp. (2019) IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. 2019, IBM Corp. Version 26.0 [computer software], Armonk, NY IBM Corp. (2019) IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. 2019, IBM Corp. Version 26.0 [computer software], Armonk, NY
50.
go back to reference Muthén L, Muthén B (2019) Mplus. The comprehensive modelling program for applied researchers: user’s guide 5 Muthén L, Muthén B (2019) Mplus. The comprehensive modelling program for applied researchers: user’s guide 5
51.
go back to reference Moran P, Rowe R, Flach C, Briskman J, Ford T, Maughan B et al (2009) Predictive value of callous-unemotional traits in a large community sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48:1079–1084PubMedCrossRef Moran P, Rowe R, Flach C, Briskman J, Ford T, Maughan B et al (2009) Predictive value of callous-unemotional traits in a large community sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48:1079–1084PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Fontaine NMG, Rijsdijk FV, McCrory EJP, Viding E (2010) Etiology of different developmental trajectories of callous-unemotional traits. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:656–664PubMed Fontaine NMG, Rijsdijk FV, McCrory EJP, Viding E (2010) Etiology of different developmental trajectories of callous-unemotional traits. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:656–664PubMed
53.
go back to reference Cecil CA, McCrory EJ, Barker ED, Guiney J, Viding E (2018) Characterising youth with callous–unemotional traits and concurrent anxiety: evidence for a high-risk clinical group. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27:885–898PubMedCrossRef Cecil CA, McCrory EJ, Barker ED, Guiney J, Viding E (2018) Characterising youth with callous–unemotional traits and concurrent anxiety: evidence for a high-risk clinical group. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27:885–898PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Cecil CAM, McCrory EJ, Barker ED, Guiney J, Viding E (2018) Characterising youth with callous-unemotional traits and concurrent anxiety: evidence for a high-risk clinical group. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27:885–898PubMedCrossRef Cecil CAM, McCrory EJ, Barker ED, Guiney J, Viding E (2018) Characterising youth with callous-unemotional traits and concurrent anxiety: evidence for a high-risk clinical group. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27:885–898PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Gao Y, Raine A, Chan F, Venables PH, Mednick SA (2010) Early maternal and paternal bonding, childhood physical abuse and adult psychopathic personality. Psychol Med 40:1007–1016PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gao Y, Raine A, Chan F, Venables PH, Mednick SA (2010) Early maternal and paternal bonding, childhood physical abuse and adult psychopathic personality. Psychol Med 40:1007–1016PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Larstone RM, Craig SG, Moretti MM (2018) An attachment perspective on callous and unemotional characteristics across development. In: Larstone RM, Livesley WJ (eds) Handbook of personality disorders: Theory, research, and treatment. Guildford Press, New York, pp 324–336 Larstone RM, Craig SG, Moretti MM (2018) An attachment perspective on callous and unemotional characteristics across development. In: Larstone RM, Livesley WJ (eds) Handbook of personality disorders: Theory, research, and treatment. Guildford Press, New York, pp 324–336
57.
go back to reference Belsky J, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van IJzendoorn MH. (2007) For better and for worse: differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 16:300–304CrossRef Belsky J, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van IJzendoorn MH. (2007) For better and for worse: differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 16:300–304CrossRef
58.
go back to reference Gill AD, Stickle TR (2016) Affective differences between psychopathy variants and genders in adjudicated youth. J Abnorm Child Psychol 44:295–307PubMedCrossRef Gill AD, Stickle TR (2016) Affective differences between psychopathy variants and genders in adjudicated youth. J Abnorm Child Psychol 44:295–307PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Kimonis ER, Fleming G, Briggs N, Brouwer-French L, Frick PJ, Hawes DJ et al (2019) Parent-child interaction therapy adapted for preschoolers with callous-unemotional traits: an open trial pilot study. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 48:S347–S361PubMedCrossRef Kimonis ER, Fleming G, Briggs N, Brouwer-French L, Frick PJ, Hawes DJ et al (2019) Parent-child interaction therapy adapted for preschoolers with callous-unemotional traits: an open trial pilot study. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 48:S347–S361PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Dadds MR, Cauchi AJ, Wimalaweera S, Hawes DJ, Brennan J (2012) Outcomes, moderators, and mediators of empathic-emotion recognition training for complex conduct problems in childhood. Psychiatry Res 199:201–207PubMedCrossRef Dadds MR, Cauchi AJ, Wimalaweera S, Hawes DJ, Brennan J (2012) Outcomes, moderators, and mediators of empathic-emotion recognition training for complex conduct problems in childhood. Psychiatry Res 199:201–207PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Şchiopu D (2010) Applying TwoStep cluster analysis for identifying bank customers’ profile. Buletinul 62:66–75 Şchiopu D (2010) Applying TwoStep cluster analysis for identifying bank customers’ profile. Buletinul 62:66–75
63.
go back to reference Sarstedt M, Mooi E (2014) Cluster analysis in A concise guide to market research. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg Sarstedt M, Mooi E (2014) Cluster analysis in A concise guide to market research. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
64.
go back to reference Hu L, Bentler PM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling 6:1–55 Hu L, Bentler PM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling 6:1–55
65.
go back to reference Schermelleh-Engel K, Moosbrugger H, Müller H (2003) Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods Psychol Res Online 8:23–74 Schermelleh-Engel K, Moosbrugger H, Müller H (2003) Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods Psychol Res Online 8:23–74
Metagegevens
Titel
Developmental Precursors of Primary and Secondary Callous-Unemotional Traits in Youth
Auteurs
Stephanie G. Craig
Natalie Goulter
Brendan F. Andrade
Robert J. McMahon
Publicatiedatum
23-10-2021
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Child Psychiatry & Human Development / Uitgave 2/2023
Print ISSN: 0009-398X
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3327
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01271-x